Degradation Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

Activation of Persulphate by a Waste-Extracted Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Iron Oxide as a Photocatalyst for Effective Degradation of Salicylic Acid

Activation of Persulphate by a Waste-Extracted Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Iron Oxide as a Photocatalyst for Effective Degradation of Salicylic Acid

The MdVQ37-MdWRKY100 complex regulates salicylic acid content and MdRPM1 expression to modulate resistance to Glomerella leaf spot in apples.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola, is considered one of the most destructive diseases affecting apples. The VQ-WRKY complex plays a crucial role in the response of plants to biotic stresses. However, our understanding of the defensive role of the VQ-WRKY complex on woody plants, particularly apples, under biotic stress, remains limited. In this study, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the defensive role of the apple MdVQ37-MdWRKY100 module in response to GLS infection. The overexpression of MdWRKY100 enhanced resistance to C. fructicola, whereas MdWRKY100 RNA interference in apple plants reduced resistance to C. fructicola by affecting salicylic acid (SA) content and the expression level of the CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene MdRPM1. DAP-seq, Y1H, EMSA, and RT-qPCR assays indicated that MdWRKY100 inhibited the expression of MdWRKY17, a positive regulatory factor gene of SA degradation, upregulated the expression of MdPAL1, a key enzyme gene of SA biosynthesis, and promoted MdRPM1 expression by directly binding to their promotors. Transient overexpression and silencing experiments showed that MdPAL1 and MdRPM1 positively regulated GLS resistance in apples. Furthermore, the overexpression of MdVQ37 increased the susceptibility to C. fructicola by reducing the SA content and expression level of MdRPM1. Additionally, MdVQ37 interacted with MdWRKY100, which repressed the transcriptional activity of MdWRKY100. In summary, these results revealed the molecular mechanism through which the apple MdVQ37-MdWRKY100 module responds to GLS infection by regulating SA content and MdRPM1 expression, providing novel insights into the involvement of the VQ-WRKY complex in plant pathogen defence responses.

MdWRKY71 promotes the susceptibility of apple to Glomerella leaf spot by controlling salicylic acid degradation.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, severely affects apple (Malus domestica) quality and yield. In this study, we found that the transcription factor MdWRKY71 was significantly induced by C. fructicola infection in the GLS-susceptible apple cultivar Royal Gala. The overexpression of MdWRKY71 in apple leaves resulted in increased susceptibility to C. fructicola, whereas RNA interference of MdWRKY71 in leaves showed the opposite phenotypes. These findings suggest that MdWRKY71 functions as a susceptibility factor for the apple-C. fructicola interaction. Furthermore, MdWRKY71 directly bound to the promoter of the salicylic acid (SA) degradation gene Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (DMR6)-Like Oxygenase 1 (DLO1) and promoted its expression, resulting in a reduced SA level. The sensitivity of 35S:MdWRKY71 leaves to C. fructicola can be effectively alleviated by knocking down MdDLO1 expression, confirming the critical role of MdWRKY71-mediated SA degradation via regulating MdDLO1 expression in GLS susceptibility. In summary, we identified a GLS susceptibility factor, MdWRKY71, that targets the apple SA degradation pathway to promote fungal infection.

Development of a 10-litre pilot scale micro-nano bubble (MNB)-enhanced photocatalytic system for wastewater treatment

ABSTRACT A 10-litre pilot scale micro-nano bubble (MNB)-enhanced photocatalytic degradation system was developed using ZnO as the photocatalyst and salicylic acid (SA) as the model pollutant. The effectiveness of the MNB/ZnO/UV system was systematically compared with those of MNB, UV, MNB/UV, MNB/ZnO and ZnO/UV degradation systems. The effects of process parameters, including catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration, air-intake rate, pH and salt content on the degradation of SA, were comprehensively investigated. Optimum performance was obtained at neutral conditions with a catalyst dosage of 0.3 g/L and an air-intake rate of 0.1 L/min. For the degradation of SA, a kinetic constant of 0.04126/min was achieved in the MNB/ZnO/UV system, which is 4.5 times greater than that obtained in the conventional ZnO/UV system. The substantial increase in the degradation rate can be attributed to that the air MNB not only enhanced the gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency but also elevated the concentration of dissolved oxygen. A 10-litre pilot scale MNB/ZnO/UV system was successfully applied to the purification of lake water and river water, demonstrating great application potential for wastewater treatment.

Fe3O4/biochar modified with molecularly imprinted polymer as efficient persulfate activator for salicylic acid removal from wastewater: Performance and specific recognition mechanism

In this study, a novel Fe3O4-based biochar coupled surface-imprinted polymer was constructed via simple hydrothermal route for salicylic acid recognition and degradation in advanced oxidation processes. The material exhibited excellent adsorption capability, up to 118.23 mg g−1, and efficient degradation performance, 87.44% removal rate within 240 min, based on integrating the advantages of both huge specific surface area as well as abundant functional groups from biochars and specific recognition sites from imprinted cavities. Moreover, high selectivity coefficient (11.67) showed stable recognition in single and binary systems. SO4•− and •OH were confirmed as reactive oxygen species in catalytic reaction according to quenching experiments and EPR analysis. The degradation mechanism and pathway were unraveled by DFT calculations and LC-MS. Furthermore, the results of toxicity evaluation, stability and reusability demonstrated application potential in the field of water environment restoration. This study confirmed that molecular imprinting provided a promising solution to targeted removal of emerging environmental pollutants by degrading after the enrichment of pollutants to the composites surface.

Food-waste-derived hydrochar to a low-cost p-type semiconducting photocatalyst (Zn–Al@HC): multifunctional role in real wastewater treatment and environmental sustainability

Valorisation of food waste digestate-based hydrochar to a photocatalyst (Zn–Al@HC). Effective salicylic acid degradation (94.45 ± 0.65%) by waste-derived Zn–Al@HC. Energy-economic valuation implies practical feasibility of Zn–Al@HC for upscaling.

Anodic oxidation of salicylic acid using multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon felt with simultaneous CO2 reduction by electrocoagulated sludge derived MIL-53(Fe/Cu) metal-organic framework cathode decorated with CuFe2O4

Salicylic acid (SA) used to treat inflammation and swelling is frequently identified in water habitats. Exposure to SA can affect aquatic species, making it imperative to remediate SA-contaminated water. Besides, plastic waste and electrocoagulated sludge can be hazardous as unscientific management can result in severe environmental damage. Hence, converting them into electrocatalysts can be a feasible choice to combat environmental problems. Herein, a novel anodic oxidation (AO) coupled electrocatalytic reduction (ER) system for CO2 was developed to degrade SA in the presence of persulfate (PS) to convert SA into formic acid (HCOOH). The SA was mineralized into CO2 in AO using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) coated carbon felt (CF) anode, and the resulting CO2 was subsequently reduced to HCOOH at electrocoagulated sludge-based sFe-Cu@MOF cathode. The AO demonstrated 99.1±0.9 % breakdown of SA at 0.033 min−1 in 120 min with the MWCNT-CF + PS system, indicating 1.7-fold (58.0±1.5 %) higher degradation than CF + PS. In addition, the maximum yield of HCOOH was 0.024 mM in the AO-ER system. The stability tests of MWCNT-CF and sFe-Cu@MOF revealed SA degradation and yield of HCOOH were slightly dropped by 9 % and 6 %, respectively; thus, possess exceptional stability. Radical scavenging tests showed SO4•− as the primary radical involved in the degradation of SA. Phytotoxicity revealed that MWCNT-CF + PS significantly decreased the toxicity of SA towards Cicer arietinum L. Total operating cost of AO-ER was about 0.468 $/m3, suggesting it could be cost-effectively used to treat wastewater in practical field scenarios.

Photodegradation of salicylic acid in aqueous phase by TiO2 / UV System

Man uses the background where he lives and transforms it; he becomes the factor controlling the ecosystem conditions and the main reason of degradation of environment especially by industrialization and rejecting wastewaters. Water pollution can be soluble or not. The main categories of the water soluble pollution are represented by: inorganic pollutants, biological pollutants and organic pollutants. There are numerous methods to treat wastewaters; they depend on the characteristics of pollution. This study aims to examine the application of the advanced oxidation process, particularly heterogeneous photocatalysis. This process has been applied for degradation of salicylic acid dissolved in water; its degradation occurs in a photocatalytic reactor made up of a titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a semiconductor supported on a glass plate placed at the middle of the reactor and subjected to the U.V irradiation. The assessment of the parameters influence related to the reactor such as recirculation flow and initial concentration of pollutant has shown that at low recirculation flow, the photodegradation of pollutant was accelerated about 98 % of salicylic acid was degraded after 3 hours of irradiation, in addition the heterogeneous photocatalysis process is applied even at low concentration. Kinetic analyses indicated that the photodegradation of pollutant can be described by a pseudo-first-order reaction. The Langmuir Hinshelwood model was used to assess the kinetics of the heterogeneous photocatalytic process, the rate constant, kapp for the photocatalytic degradation was determined at different concentrations.

Photosensitization of TiO2 by Polyaniline for Salicylic acid Degradation Under Visible Light

Photosensitization of TiO2 by Polyaniline for Salicylic acid Degradation Under Visible Light

A magnetite catalysed heterogeneous solar photo electro-Fenton system enhanced with lanthanum doped bismuth ferrite photoanode for the degradation of aspirin in water

The effect of photoanode on a solar photo electro-Fenton system (SPEF) consisting of a magnetite nanoparticle catalyst impregnated carbon felt cathode is studied by coupling the SPEF system to a lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite (La-BFO) photoanode. The resulting system, referred to as La-BFO /SPEF, was used in the degradation of acetyl salicylic acid in wastewater. The synthesised La-doped/undoped BFO photoanodes and magnetite nanoparticles were characterised with SEM, XRD and FTIR. The heterogeneous electro-Fenton system was prepared by attaching the magnetite nanoparticle to a carbon felt electrode through magnetisation. The effects of La dopant concentration in the photoanode material (doped and undoped BFO on a fluorine doped tin oxide substrate), pH values, current density and anodic oxidation contribution to the SPEF system were explored through parameters such as total organic carbon (TOC) measurements and mineralization current efficiency. A TOC removal of 68 % and 54 % was recorded for the La-doped photoanode (La-BFO/SPEF) and undoped system (BFO/SPEF) respectively, thus reflecting the contribution from the band gap tuning of the photoanode material. The predominant species in the degradation of acetyl salicylic acid were deduced by radical scavenging experiments. The coupling approach and the irradiation with visible light, enhanced the overall performance of the degradation system.

Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>: Percentage Effect of T/H Phase and Evaluation of Catalytic Activity, a Preliminary Study

Due to its similar characteristics to titanium, niobium has become an attractive alternative in photocatalytic processes. Research indicates that titania has an optimal percentage of phases resulting in a commercial catalyst, P25, that contains more than 70% anatase with a minor amount of rutile and a small amount of amorphous phase. On the other hand, for Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, percentage optimization was little explored in the literature, which consists of studying the phases obtained via heat treatment individually and in different percentages via chemometric studies. In this context, the present research proposes to study the T/H phases of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and their mixture. The catalysts were used to assess the catalytic activity in salicylic acid (SA) degradation. The results demonstrated that a theoretical mixture of T/H phase, with an optimal ratio of 69.1% of the H phase, had more significant SA degradation than the tests with the pure phases. The mixture was able to degrade 87.9% of SA in 60 minutes.

N-Doped TiO2-Nb2O5 Sol–Gel Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, Adsorption Capacity, Photocatalytic and Antioxidant Activity

TiO2-based semiconductors are formidable photocatalysts for redox reaction applications. Although N-doped TiO2-Nb2O5 catalysts have already been explored in the literature, studies on their antioxidant activity are scarce, and systematic investigations on the effects of synthesis parameters over a wide range of %Nb and NH4OH concentrations are limited. In addition, the relationship between optimal pH and %Nb has not yet been adequately explored. In the present work, the sol–gel synthesis of N-doped TiO2-Nb2O5 catalysts was optimized using a design of experiments approach focused on photocatalysis, adsorption, and antioxidant applications. The samples were characterized by TGA, SEM/EDS, XRD, PZC tests, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and N2-adsorption/desorption experiments. The salicylic acid (SA) degradation tests and DPPH radical scavenging assays demonstrated the superior photocatalytic activity (up to 72.9% SA degradation in 30 min, pH 5) and antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 88.9 μg mL−1) of pure TiO2 compared to the N-doped TiO2-Nb2O5 catalysts. The photocatalytic activity, however, proved to be intensely dependent on the pH and %Nb interaction, and at pH 3, the 25Nb-1N-400 catalyst promoted more significant SA degradation (59.9%) compared to pure TiO2 (42.8%). In the methylene blue (MB) adsorption tests, the catalysts N-doped TiO2-Nb2O5 showed removals at least seven times greater than TiO2 catalysts without Nb.

Solar-based photocatalytic ozonation employing novel S-scheme ZnO/Cu2O/CuO/carbon xerogel photocatalyst: effect of pH, salinity, turbidity, and temperature on salicylic acid degradation.

This paper proposes the study of a solar-based photocatalytic ozonation process for the degradation of salicylic acid (SA) using a novel S-scheme ZnO/Cu2O/CuO/carbon xerogel photocatalyst. The incorporation of CuO and Cu2O aims to enhance charge mobility through the formation of p-n heterojunctions with ZnO, whereas the carbon xerogel (XC) was selected due to its eco-friendly nature, capacity to stabilize S-scheme heterojunctions as a solid-state electron mediator, and ability to function as a reducing agent under high temperatures. The characterization of the composites demonstrates that the presence of the XC during the calcination step led to the reduction of a fraction of the CuO into Cu2O, forming a ternary semiconductor heterojunction system. In terms of photocatalysis, the XC/ZnO-CuxO 5% composite achieved the best efficiency for salicylic acid degradation, mainly due to the stabilization of the S-scheme charge transfer pathway between the ZnO/CuO/Cu2O semiconductors by the XC. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal during heterogeneous photocatalysis was 80% for the solar-based process and 68% for the visible light process, after 300 min. The solar-based photocatalytic ozonation process was highly successful regarding the degradation of SA, achieving a 75% increase in the apparent reaction rate constant when compared to heterogeneous photocatalysis. Furthermore, a 78% TOC removal was achieved after 150 min, which is half the time required by the heterogeneous photocatalysis to obtain the same result. Temperature, salinity, and turbidity had major effects on the efficiency of the photocatalytic ozonation process; the system's pH did not cause any major performance variation, which holds relevance for industrial applications.

SmCSP4 from aphid saliva stimulates salicylic acid-mediated defence responses in wheat by interacting with transcription factor TaWKRY76.

Aphid salivary proteins are critical in modulating plant defence responses. Grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi is an important wheat pest worldwide. However, the molecular basis for the regulation of the plant resistance to cereal aphids remains largely unknown. Here, we show that SmCSP4, a chemosensory protein from S. miscanthi saliva, is secreted into wheat plants during aphid feeding. Delivery of SmCSP4 into wheat leaves activates salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant defence responses and subsequently reduces aphid performance by deterring aphid feeding behaviour. In contrast, silencing SmCSP4 gene via nanocarrier-mediated RNAi significantly decreases the ability of aphids to activate SA defence pathway. Protein-protein interaction assays showed that SmCSP4 directly interacts with wheat transcriptional factor TaWRKY76 in plant nucleus. Furthermore, TaWRKY76 directly binds to the promoter of SA degradation gene Downy Mildew Resistant 6 (DMR6) and regulates its gene expression as transcriptional activator. SmCSP4 secreted by aphids reduces the transcriptional activation activity of TaWRKY76 on DMR6 gene expression, which is proposed to result in increases of SA accumulation and enhanced plant immunity. This study demonstrated that SmCSP4 acts as salivary elicitor that is involved in activating SA signalling defence pathway of wheat by interacting with TaWRKY76, which provide novel insights into aphid-cereal crops interactions and the molecular mechanism on induced plant immunity.

Efficient Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Removal of Salicylic Acid Using Sulfur-Doped Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub>/TiO<sub>2 </sub>Composite

This research has prepared Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-S composite materials as magnetic photocatalysts. Detailed characterization of the composite materials was undertaken using FTIR, XRD, TEM, VSM and DRUV. The photocatalytic activity of composite materials was conducted through salicylic acid degradation under visible light illumination. The result based on the infrared spectra and XRD diffractogram revealed the appearance of the characteristic peak of Fe3O4, SiO2, and S-TiO2. The sulfur doping causes an absorption edge shifts toward a higher wavelength. Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2-S 3% composite material had the narrowest band gap energy of 2.77 eV and presented good photocatalytic activity with a percentage degradation of 91.6% under visible light during 60 minutes of illumination time. The composite exhibited recoverable efficiency due to its magnetic properties.

Conversion of clay minerals to photocatalysts for CrVI reduction and salicylic acid decomposition

This study investigates the conversion of biotite, a subgroup of clay minerals, into photocatalysts through heat treatment with CaCl2. The resulting reaction products were analyzed in terms of their composition, structure, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity against CrVI and salicylic acid (SA). Biotite and CaCl2 mixtures could be heated to 600 °C while retaining the biotite crystal structure, whereas heating to 700 °C resulted in transformation to octahedral wadalite crystals. The band gap of the wadalite obtained after heat treatment was approximately 3.10 eV. The photocatalytic reduction rate per unit surface area increased markedly with increasing heat-treatment temperature, and the CrVI reduction and SA degradation rates of the sample calcined at 800 °C were approximately 18 and 9 times greater, respectively, than those of the sample calcined at 500 °C. Leaching tests of the reaction products revealed that the elution of Ca2+ and Cl− was particularly significant. Even the samples that retained the biotite structure after heat treatment displayed some photocatalytic activity, indicating that this method may be applicable to preparing photocatalysts from mica and related minerals with similar structures.

Rock Powder Applied in the Discoloration of Industry Dye of Molded Pulp Packages Effluent

In the present work, rock dust was evaluated as an adsorbent and heterogeneous photocatalyst in the discoloration of Basazol Yellow 46 L dye, which is widely used in the dyeing of molded pulp packages. Although rock dust is produced in large quantities in quarries as a byproduct of rock exploration, little is known about its application as a photocatalyst. Rock dust was characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and N2 physisorption and had its photocatalytic activity assessed through phenol and salicylic acid degradation tests. The characterization results showed that the rock dust is mainly composed of silica and alumina in a triclinic structure, has a bandgap energy of 2.36 eV, and has a specific area of 1.5 m2/g. Rock dust was proven to be photocatalytically active in phenol and salicylic acid degradation tests and also presented the adsorptive and photocatalytic capacity for the discoloration of effluent containing Basazol Yellow 46 L dye.

Insights into the metabolic specificities of pathogenic strains from the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex.

All the strains grouped under the species Ralstonia solanacearum represent a species complex responsible for many diseases on agricultural crops throughout the world. The strains have different lifestyles and host range. Here, we investigated whether specific metabolic pathways contribute to strain diversification. To this end, we carried out systematic comparisons on 11 strains representing the diversity of the species complex. We reconstructed the metabolic network of each strain from its genome sequence and looked for the metabolic pathways differentiating the different reconstructed networks and, by extension, the different strains. Finally, we conducted an experimental validation by determining the metabolic profile of each strain with the Biolog technology. Results revealed that the metabolism is conserved between strains, with a core metabolism composed of 82% of the pan-reactome. The three species composing the species complex could be distinguished according to the presence/absence of some metabolic pathways, in particular, one involving salicylic acid degradation. Phenotypic assays revealed that the trophic preferences on organic acids and several amino acids such as glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, and asparagine are conserved between strains. Finally, we generated mutants lacking the quorum-sensing-dependent regulator PhcA in four diverse strains, and we showed that the phcA-dependent trade-off between growth and production of virulence factors is conserved across the R. solanacearum species complex. IMPORTANCE Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important threats to plant health worldwide, causing disease on a very large range of agricultural crops such as tomato or potato. Behind the R. solanacearum name are hundreds of strains with different host range and lifestyle, classified into three species. Studying the differences between strains allows to better apprehend the biology of the pathogens and the specificity of some strains. None of the published genomic comparative studies have focused on the metabolism of the strains so far. We developed a new bioinformatic pipeline to build high-quality metabolic networks and used a combination of metabolic modeling and high-throughput phenotypic Biolog microplates to look for the metabolic differences between 11 strains across the three species. Our study revealed that genes encoding enzymes are overall conserved, with few variations between strains. However, more variations were observed when considering substrate usage. These variations probably result from regulation rather than the presence or absence of enzymes in the genome.

Effect of ascorbic acid to improve the catalytic performance of metallurgical copper slag in the photo-Fenton type process for hydroxyl radical production applied to the degradation of antibiotics

This study proposes an efficient strategy for enhancing metallurgical copper slag (CS) performance, which has photodegradation properties for a photo-Fenton-like reaction. The addition of ascorbic acid in the reaction promotes the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox cycle on the surface of copper slag due to its reducing and chelating properties, which help to produce Fe(II) species and avoid iron precipitation as hydroxides. Generally, in the reaction process, the values of salicylic acid (SA) degradation, H2O2 decomposition, and •OH production increase as ascorbic acid (AA) increases. At the same time, the iron leaching remains below 1 mg/L. The system with the best result is CS0.100/AA0.150/H2O2, where the percentage of SA degradation, •OH production, and H2O2 degradation present twelve, thirty, and sixteen times more than that using the CS alone with H2O2, respectively. Also, the reusability experiments of CS in the CS0.100/AA0.150/H2O2 system suggest their outstanding chemical stability. The CS0.100/AA0.100/H2O2 system was used to degrade two antibiotics of the quinolones group, extensively used in respiratory diseases as a practical example of an application. The optimal system to photodegrade levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was CS0.100/AA0.100/H2O2, where the AA addition significantly affected the degradation speed of the levofloxacin than in the ciprofloxacin. It reaches 98.8 ± 0.4% of levofloxacin degradation at 60 min of reaction and 94.6 ± 1.2% for ciprofloxacin, with mineralization efficiencies higher than 60% and, in the reusability experiments, the percentage of antibiotics degradation stayed above 90%.

Efficient upcycling of iron scrap and waste polyethylene terephthalate plastic into Fe3O4@C incorporated MIL-53(Fe) as a novel electro-Fenton catalyst for the degradation of salicylic acid

The current research demonstrates the efficiency of a low-cost MIL-53(Fe)-metal-organic framework (MOF) derived Fe3O4@C (MIL-53(Fe)@Fe3O4@C) electrocatalyst in a batch-scale electro-Fenton (EF) process for the degradation of salicylic acid (SA) from wastewater. The electrocatalyst was prepared from the combination of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and iron scrap wastes. The result showed 91.68 ± 3.61% degradation of 50 mg L−1 of SA under optimum current density of 5.2 mA cm−2, and pH of 7.0 during 180 min of electrolysis time. The degradation of SA from waste catalyst was similar to the chemical-based MIL-53(Fe)-derived Fe3O4@C (cFe) cathode catalyst. The presence of chloride ions (Cl−) in the water matrix has shown a strong inhibitory effect on the elimination of SA, followed by nitrate (NO3−), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) ions. The multiple cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis and reusability test of waste cathode catalyst showed only 8.03% drop of current density at the end of the 20th cycle and 5% drop of degradation efficiency after 6th cycle with low leaching of iron. The radical scavenging experiment revealed that the HO• generated via electrochemical generation of H2O2 had a prominent contribution in the removal of SA compared to HO2•/O2•−. Besides, possible catalysis mechanism and degradation pathways were deduced. Furthermore, a satisfactory performance in the treatment of SA spiked in real water matrices was also observed by waste-derived Fe3O4@C cathode catalyst (wFe). Additionally, the total operating cost and toxicity analysis showed that the as-synthesized wFe cathode catalyst could be appropriate for removing organic pollutants from wastewater in the large-scale application.