Salicornia Herbacea Research Articles

Assessment of the Effects of Salt and Salicornia herbacea L. on Physiochemical, Nutritional, and Quality Parameters for Extending the Shelf-Life of Semi-Dried Mullets (Chelon haematocheilus).

Mullet, a coastal fish species, is commonly used as a salted dried fish in many countries, including Korea, Japan, and the southeastern United States. The purpose of this investigation was to develop high-quality products of salted semi-dried mullet (SSDM) using natural salt and Salicornia herbacea L. (SAL). The antioxidant activity of SAL was investigated by in vitro studies. The physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of fresh mullet (FM), salted control (SSDM-CON), and SAL-treated (SSDM-SAL) mullet groups were analyzed. The moisture, ash, and crude protein contents were significantly increased in the SSDM-SAL group, whereas the salinity was decreased when compared with the SSDM-CON group. Lipid oxidation occurred in the FM and SSDM groups, as indicated by the increase in peroxide (PV), acid (AV), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values during the storage period. The protein pattern on the sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed similarities between the groups, while the amino acid and fatty acid contents also varied in the FM and SSDM groups depending on their processing methods. Initially, the total bacterial count was significantly higher in the SSDM groups than in the FM group. However, the SSDM-SAL group had a markedly lower total bacteria count than the FM and SSDM-CON groups during 21 days of refrigerated storage. This result indicates that SAL treatment can improve mullet’s safety from microorganisms, includes beneficial biochemical parameters, and can extend their shelf-life through refrigerated storage.

함초 분말을 첨가한 소시지의 품질특성

함초 분말을 첨가한 소시지의 품질특성

Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and inflammatory process in macrophages by different solvent fractions of Glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) extract

Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and inflammatory process in macrophages by different solvent fractions of Glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) extract

소금 종류가 멸치액젓의 품질에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted the change of physico-chemical characteristics according to salt types; sun-dried salt, refined salt, Chinese sun-dried salt, salicornia herbacea salt and bamboo salt. As a results, volatile basic nitrogen(VBN) contents were 143.24-148.32 mg/100g, amino nitrogen(AN) contents were 1050.37-1096.91 mg/100g, total nitrogen(TN) contents were 1.62-1.78 %, moisture contents were 64.19-66.00 % and pH were 5.23-5.98. There are various type of salts that have difference in content of salinity, moisture, various mineral content, size and shape of salt crystal, granularity and chromaticity. In this study, Than the difference in the salt, difference in the fish sauce is determined to be insignificant, that is, there are no significant effect on the quality of the fish sauce according to the kind of salt.

The effect of swimming exercise and powdered-Salicornia herbacea L. ingestion on glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Salicornia herbacea L. powder ingestion on carbohydrate metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats.MethodsTo achieve this objective, 35 Sprague-Dawley male rats were raised with feed mixed with Salicornia herbacia L. powder and given specific periods to swim for 5 weeks. There was no significant difference in the insulin increase rate while ingesting Salicornia herbacea L. powder and simultaneously exercising.ResultsCompared to the diabetes mellitus group, HOMA-IR was significantly decreased in the diabetes mellitus + exercise group, diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea group, and the diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea + exercise group. However, changes in blood glucose were significant in each group. Thus, for the result of GLUT-4 and GLUT-2, which are the glycose transporters of the liver and muscle, diabetes mellitus + exercise group, diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea group, and diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea + exercise group showed significantly higher expressions. The glycogen concentration of the liver and muscle was significantly increased in the diabetes mellitus + exercise group, diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea group, and diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea + exercise group.ConclusionWith the results above, it seems that taking Salicornia herbacea L. powder and exercise will help prevent various diabetic complications. Therefore, the findings of this study could justify Salicornia herbacea L. powder with its basal data of physiological activities and pharmacological components as a type of health functional food.

Effect of the Samwondan Ethanol Extract on Obesity Inducer

ABSTRACT Objectives : In this study, we investigated the biological activities such as anti-obesity using Samwondan ethanol extract (SWD). SWD is a complex with Salicornia herbace a Linnaeus, Saururus chinensis Baill and Houttuynia cordata Thunberg as the main raw material.Methods : The SWD was extracted 80% ethanol. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced adipogenesis by differentiation media with SWD at 1 µg/mL, 10µg/mL, and 100µg/mL. Effect of SWD performed using MTT assay, oil red O staining (observation by microscope), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Also we measured production of triglyceride (TG), fatty acid, and acetyl-CoA car boxylase (ACC).Results : Non-cytotoxicity was in all test group from range of 1µg/mL to 100µg/mL on pre-adipocyte. The droplet and production of lipid were decreased significantly by the SWD. And TG was decreased by approximately 89%, 85% and 82%, upon the SWD treatment at concentration of 1 µg/mL, 10µg/mL, and 100µg/mL. Moreover, the SWD showed inhibitory effects on the expres sion of the C/EBP (CCAAT/enhaner binding protein)β, C/EBPα, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ genes in adipocytes. The SWD at 100 µg/mL concentration showed inhibitory effect on fatty acid production by 79%. Also ACC production were decreased dose-dependently.Conclusions : From the results above, we concluded that the SWD indicated significantly anti-obesity effects.Key words : Obrsity, Adipogenesis, Salicornia herbacea Linnaeus, Saururus chinensis Baill, Houttuynia

Preventive Effect of the Korean Traditional Health Drink (Taemyeongcheong) on Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatic Damage in ICR Mice.

This study was to investigate the preventive effect of taemyeongcheong (TMC, a Korean traditional health drink) on acetaminophen (APAP, 800 mg/kg BW)-induced hepatic damage in ICR mice. TMC is prepared from Saururus chinensis, Taraxacum officinale, Zingiber officinale, Cirsium setidens, Salicornia herbacea, and Glycyrrhizae. A high dose of TMC (500 mg/kg BW) was found to decrease APAP-induced increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase. TMC pretreatment also increased the hepatic levels of hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione, and reduced serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in mice administered APAP (P<0.05). TMC (500 mg/kg BW) reduced hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS by 87%, 84%, 89%, 85%, and 88%, respectively, in mice treated with APAP (P<0.05). Furthermore, histological observations suggested TMC pretreatment dose-dependently prevented APAP-induced hepatocyte damage. These results suggest that TMC could be used as a functional health drink to prevent hepatic damage.

Phytochemistry and bioactivity of triterpene saponins from Amaranthaceae family

The family Amaranthaceae comprises more than 175 genera and 2,000 species of herbs, shrubs, subshrubs and small trees. It is a widespread and cosmopolitan family that can be found from the tropics to cool temperate regions. Some of the Amaranthaceae plants have economic importance and are used as herbal medicines or vegetables in various parts of the globe. The phytochemical profile of Amaranthaceae plants comprises essential oils, betalains, phenolic compounds and terpenoids. This review focuses on distribution, structure and pharmacological properties of triterpene saponins present in Amaranthaceae plants. These include oleanane-, ursane- and lupane-type of compounds possessing a very broad array of structures. Different pattern of triterpene saponin occurrence was characterised in almost 30 species belonging to Amaranthaceae family, i.e. Achyranthes bidendata Blume, Achyranthes faureri Leveille. & Vahiot., Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb., Alternanthera repens L., Anabasis articulata Moq, Anabasis setifera Moq, Atriplex glauca L., Atriplex semibaccata R. Br., Bassia muricata L., Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris L., Gomphrena globosa Spreng., Celosia argentea L., Celosia cristata L., Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium foliosum L., Chenopodium quinoa Willd., Climacoptera obtusifolia L., Kochia scoparia L., Pfaffia glomerata Speng., Pfaffia paniculata Mart., Salicornia bigelovii Torr., Salicornia europaea L., Salicornia herbacea L. The bioactivity of saponin mixtures or individual saponins in vitro and in vivo include cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antiosteoporosis, antiviral, antifungal as well as anthelmintic actions. Herbal and edible Amaranthaceae plants can be considered as promising and highly available sources of biologically active triterpene saponins.

Salicornia herbacea prevents weight gain and hepatic lipid accumulation in obese ICR mice fed a high-fat diet.

Foods that are rich in fat and or sodium chloride promote obesity and associated diseases, whereas intake of dietary fiber averts obesity development. Salicornia herbacea (SH) is a rich source of dietary fiber and high in sodium chloride; therefore, we investigated whether replacing common salt with SH in a high-fat diet could prevent obesity development. Mice were divided into five groups: group ND was fed a normal diet, group HD was fed a high-fat diet, group HD-NaCl was fed a high fat diet with sodium chloride 10 g kg(-1) , group HD-CL was fed a high-fat diet with cellulose 30 g kg(-1) and group HD-SH was fed a high-fat diet with SH powder 50 g kg(-1) . The amount of sodium chloride and cellulose added in the respective diet was equivalent to their amount in SH. Data from our study showed that, SH supplementation significantly decreased body weight gain, liver weight, hepatic triglyceride, serum leptin and insulin, along with the mRNA level of key lipid anabolic genes such as SREBP-1c, PPARγ and FAS compared to the HD group. The results of this study demonstrated that SH is a potential natural anti-obesity agent that can be used in place of sodium chloride.

Antioxidant Effects of Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea L.) and Quality Characteristics of Pettitoes (jokbal) added with Hamcho

This study was conducted to ascertain the antioxidant properties of Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea L.) and as well as manufacture pettitoes using Hamcho as a natural antioxidant material for diverse applications. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of 25, 50, 100 ㎎/mL in methanol extracts from Salicornia herbacea L. increased significantly (p＜0.05) to 12.8%, 21.6% and 39.1%, respectively. The total phenolic content was 38.58±4.25 ㎛ as tannic acid equivalent for 100 ㎎/mL of methanol extracts from Hamcho. FRAP value was 448.58±14.01 ㎛ as ascorbic acid equivalent in reducing power. To apply Hamcho to food as a natural antioxidant, pettitoes were prepared with added Hamcho. To manufacture pettitoes added with Hamcho, general quality characteristics of pettitoes added with 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% based on 100 g of pettitoes were determined. In conclusion, mineral components increased according to the added amount of Salicornia herbacea L. Crude protein showed the highest value with 2% added Hamcho. Overall, the addition of Hamcho led to hardening of the meat texture. As a result of measuring color in terms of brightness, redness, and yellowness with chromaticity, the L value (brightness) increased with added amount of Hamcho. There was no significant difference in redness or yellowness. As a result of the sensory evaluation of pettitoes according to addition of Hamcho, the group with 4% added Hamcho showed enhanced overall preference with improved flavor, taste and textural properties.

Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Extraction and Separation of Phenolic Acids from Salicornia Herbacea L.

This study reports the application of a dispersive extraction method for the extraction and separation of phenolic acids from Salicornia Herbacea L. using silica-confined ionic liquids as the sorbent. A suitable sorbent for phenolic acid extraction and separation was first identified based on the adsorption behavior of phenolic acids on different silica-confined ionic liquids. The sample was then mixed with the optimized sorbent and solvent to achieve dispersive extraction. After transferring the supernatant to an empty cartridge, a solid phase extraction process was used to separate the three organic acids from other interferences. Through systematical optimization, the optimal conditions were obtained with high recovery rates of protocatechuic acid (98.1%), caffeic acid (89.4%), and ferulic acid (92.2%). Overall, the proposed method expected to have wide applicability.

Effects of Salicornia herbacea Powder on Quality Traits of Sun-Dried Hanwoo Beef Jerky during Storage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of sun-dried Hanwoo beef jerky added with Salicornia herbacea (SH). Sliced Hanwoo beef shank were marinated and sun-dried at <TEX>$28-30^{\circ}C$</TEX>, relative humidity (RH) 30-35% for 3.5 h. The physicochemical and microbiological traits of the Hanwoo beef jerky were analyzed during the aerobically packaged storage at <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>. The water activities of beef jerky with 0.5% and 1.0% SH were lower than those of the control at 0 d (p<0.05). The pH values of beef jerky with SH were significantly higher than those of the control (p<0.05). The beef jerky with SH and ascorbic acid showed significantly lower TBARS values than the control (p<0.05). The beef jerky with SH showed a significantly lower redness (<TEX>$a^*$</TEX>) than the control (p<0.05). Total plate count (TPC) of beef jerky with 1.0% SH was significantly lower than that of the control during the storage of 20 d (p<0.05). Yeast/mold was detected in the control and beef jerky with SH after storage periods of 10 and 20 d, but was not detected in jerky with ascorbic acid. With regard to the sensory properties, beef jerky with SH showed significantly greater flavor scores than the others (p<0.05). The result shows that SH powder can be used to increase the sensory quality and microbial safety of beef jerky.

Study on Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of &lt;i&gt;Salicornia herbacea&lt;/i&gt; Extracts

This paper researched the bacteriostatic of Salicornia herbacea (SH)extracts by method of spectrophotometry and plate culture, which showed Salicornia herbacea extracts have certain inhibition to both bacteria and streptomyces, and the inhibition rate to bacteria higher than which to streptomyces. At same times, this research studied the antioxidant of Salicornia herbacea extracts on peanut oil by iodometry. And the results showed that the POV (peroxide value) which added a certain amount of Salicornia herbacea extracts to peanut oil were smaller than the reference.

The Effect of Functional Foods on the Abdominal Obesity

The purpose of this study was verifying efficacy of body weight reduction in functional foods as Salicornia herbacea L. diet on the blood cholesterol and abdominal obesity by performing clinical trial. As study method, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, SOD and minerals including Mg, Zn, Ca, P, Fe, K, Na were analyzed, and body measurements (size), BMI, body fat weight, body fat ratio, WHR were measured for investigating anti-obesity effect before and after clinical trial. The result of this study Based on this analysis, the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, FBS(blood glucose) were found to be significantly decreased in the SH (Salicornia herbacea) pill group and SOD, Ca, K, Mg and Zn were shown to be significantly increased in the group that received the SH pill group after 12 week trials. In the case of body composition measurements, BMI, body weight, waist circumference, WHR, body fat were significantly decreased in the SH pill group. Therefore, it was confirmed that overall body composition and serum components was improved due to Salicornia herbacea diet. This research result can contribute so demonstrate the potential of actively using that the Salicornia herbacea can be actively developed as body weight reduction in functional food, and a medication.

ヤギにおけるアッケシソウ(Salicornia herbacea L.)混合飼料の消化試験

ヤギにおけるアッケシソウ(Salicornia herbacea L.)混合飼料の消化試験

Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea) with probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics for broiler production.

A study was conducted with 140 Ross 1-day old broilers having four treatments to know the potentiality of Salicornia herbacea (Hamcho) probiotics (SHP) and suitable level in replacing antibiotic. The groups were control (basal diet), antibiotic (basal diet + 0.05% OTC) and SHP 0.5% and 1.0% with basal diet. The birds were arranged in a completely randomized design having 5 replications with 7 chicks per replication in wire cage. Recorded data were analyzed by SAS package program. Addition of feed additives in the diet did not show any adverse effect on growth, feed intake and FCR (feed: gain) in broilers. Addition of SHP has significant effect on increase of crude protein in meat compared to control as well as antibiotic (p < 0.05). S. herbacea probiotics showed significantly lower fat content in carcass like the antibiotic than control (p < 0.05). The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value of meat in 0.5% SHP group showed significantly lower value compared to control (p < 0.05) at fresh and first weeks of preservation although statistically similar with antibiotic for both the levels of SHP up to 3 weeks of preservation. Development of internal organs has no adverse effect among the groups, moreover reducing and positive trend in cecum and large intestine weight after addition of SHP. Considering the findings, 0.5 to 1.0% S. herbacea probiotics can be replaceable to antibiotic for broiler production. Key words: Salicornia herbacea probiotics, oxytetracycline (OTC), crude protein, TBA value, fatty acids profile, broiler meat.

Salicornia herbacea: botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of halophyte marsh plant.

Salicornia (S.) herbacea L. (Chenopodiaceae) is a salt marsh plant and one of the most salt tolerant species on Western coast of Korea. In a long time, S. herbacea has been prescribed in traditional medicines for the treatment ofintestinal ailments, nephropathy, and hepatitis in Oriental countries. In addition,S. herbacea has recently reported to be effective on the atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. A variety of pharmacological experiments have revealed that solvent-extracted fractions of S. herbacea exhibited anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting rationale behind its several traditional uses. Tungtungmadic acid, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside have been isolated from S. herbacea, and identified as active ingredients of biological and pharmacological activities. Due to the easily collection of the plant and remarkable biological activities, this plant has become the food and medicine in seashore area of Korea. This review presents comprehensively analyzed information on the botanical, chemical, and pharmacological aspects of S. herbacea. Key words: Salicornia herbacea, salt marsh plant, anti-oxidative effect, anti-inflammatory activity, Tungtungmadic acid.

Effect of Preparation Methods on the Characteristics of Salicornia herbacea Salt

Salicornia herbacea salt was prepared by both the incineration and the extraction methods and their effects on physicochemical properties of the salt were tested. As the incineration temperature increased, the yield, pH, and alkalinity of Salicornia herbacea salt were decreased. The content of Na, K and Ca of the Salicornia herbacea salt increased with increase in the incineration temperature, while that of Mg decreased. On the other hand, the yield and NaCl content of Salicornia herbacea salt prepared by the extraction method were increased in proportion of adding sea water, while those of alkalinity were decreased. The pH and ORP of Salicornia herbacea salts prepared by the extraction method were lower than those prepared by the incineration method and their chromaticity was dark with a low L-value and high a- and b-values. The mineral content of Salicornia herbacea salt by the extraction method increased with increase in the addition of sea water. The Mg content of the Salicornia herbacea salts by extraction method was remarkably higher than those by the incineration method, while those of K and Ca content were lower. Result of sensory evaluation showed that the salts prepared by the extraction method with 10-15 times of distilled water were more palatable than that extracted with sea water.

새만금 간척지일대 염습지 생태복원을 위한 식생학적 연구 - 염생식물 발아 전략 및 특성 -

A study on vegetation in the Mangyeong River and Dongjin River basins and the surrounding regions of the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land was conducted in a series of efforts to determine the expected ecological changes in the salt marshes, to restore their vegetation, to explore the restoring force of halophyte, to examine the community mechanism and, ultimately, to rehabilitate marshy land vegetation along the lakeside, coastal dune and salt marshes of the Saemangeum Project Area. The findings of the study may be summed up as follows: Five species such as Suaeda japonica, Salicornia herbacea, Atriplex gmelini, Aster tripolium and Suaeda asparagoides that are mostly distributed in the estuary of the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land were analyzed to examine the mechanism of halophyte to maintain their community. To find out the strategies of plants for survival and the cause of forming community structure, a research was made as for appearance ratio of young sapling. From the results of laboratory analysis into dynamics of the saplings of halophyte, it was revealed that the germination ratio of the dry area and submerged area decreases in the order of Suaeda asparagoides, Suaeda japonica, Salicornia herbacea, Atriplex gmelini and Aster tripolium.

Antioxidative and Skin-Whitening Effect of an Aqueous Extract ofSalicornia herbacea

Salicornia herbacea (SH) is a halophyte that grows in the salt marshes along the coastline of South Korea, and is known to have antioxidative activity. In this study, the antioxidative and skin-whitening effects of SH aqueous extract were investigated in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and B16 melanoma cells. The water extract of SH had potent antioxidative capacity and protected HDFs from tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tbOOH)-induced oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. In a cell cycle analysis, pretreatment with SH reversed the apoptotic cell death induced by tbOOH in HDFs. Additionally, the incubation of SH in mushroom tyrosinase inhibited the oxidation of l-dopa to o-dopaquinone, which implies that SH is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor. An SH treatment to B16 melanoma cells decreased the synthesis of melanin and inhibited tyrosinase activity. These results collectively indicate that SH had antioxidative and whitening effects on skin and would be a good candidate for skin rejuvenating agent.