Sale Of Wood Research Articles

SUSTENTABILIDAD ECONÓMICA DE LAS CONCESIONES FORESTALES DEL DEPARTAMENTO HUÁNUCO, PERÚ

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Nowadays, recent concepts such as “forest sustainability” and “sustainable forest management” have been adopted by most countries in the world, in addition to sustainable development, because they consider continuous use of forests and their perpetual ecological integrity to satisfy the needs of current and future generations. In that sense, sustainability indicators can realistically estimate whether the management of the system is correct, which is why various governments and organizations have set a variety of local, national, and international criteria and indicators (C&I) to evaluate the sustainability of forest ecosystems. <strong>Objective</strong>: To create and validate indicators and determine the economic sustainability of forest concessions located in Huánuco department, Perú, applying multicriteria analysis based on the indicators. <strong>Methodology</strong>: Standardized indicators were defined as scales from 0 to 4, with the latest as the highest sustainability value. Afterward, they were weighted by multiplying them by a coefficient according to their importance related to sustainability. A forest concession is considered economically sustainable if its economic sustainability index (ISK) is ≥ 2. In view of this, a survey was applied to forest concessions managers and workers. The Chi-square non-parametric statistical test was used to determine if ISK exceeds the value 2 in 40% of forest concessions. On the other hand, Pearson correlation was used among indicators with 95% of confidence. <strong>Results</strong>: The Chi-square test proves that forest concessions which exploit forest resources mechanically (40% of the whole) are economically sustainable (X2 = 0.000, p-value = 1.000). Furthermore, it was found that the following indicators: “profit from the sale of wood” and “economic risk” are independent of each other (r = 0.091, p-value > 0.05). <strong>Implications</strong>: Finding out the economic sustainability of forest concessions will lead to design more solid forest policies in Huanuco, Peru. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Mechanical forest exploitation leads to economically sustainable productive processes and higher profitability. Finally, developing value added products make possibilities bigger for forest concessions to be economically sustainable.</p>

Assessment of timber value and carbon credits provided by pure and mixed forests in Taiwan

IntroductionClear-cutting an even-aged pure forest is a conventional forest operation for wood production. However, this type of operation is unsuitable for sustainable management with multiple disadvantages. By contrast, mixed forests are a forestation strategy that accommodates diversity. This study aims to assess and compare the timber value and carbon credits of a pure forest and a mixed forest, which is transformed from a pure forest. Two alternative options in managing plantations of pure forest (with Cryptomeria japonica) and mixed forest (with part of C. japonica cut and Cinnamomum camphora replanted) are evaluated considering both timber value and carbon credits. Scenarios with various harvesting intensities and carbon payments were also considered.MethodA theoretical model was applied, converting pure forest into mixed forest, then two species are cut or replanted in the second round. By contrast, in the pure forest situation, the setting for the second rotation period is a pure forest for 20 years. The model was applied in a simulation experiment and the study area is Taiwan. The selected tree species are representative and have been chosen for analysis.ResultsThis study showed that even-aged pure forests had higher wood sales and lower carbon payments than uneven-aged mixed forests. The net present value from market value would be from −255,403 NTD ha−1 to −74,134 NTD ha−1 and that from carbon value will be from 156,076 NTD ha−1 to 208,937 NTD ha−1.DiscussionThis study showed strategies by which values could be increased during the transition from an even-aged pure forest to a mixed forest. Feasible methods included reducing the costs of reforestation, management, and cutting while increasing carbon prices to increase profits from wood and carbon income. A higher harvesting intensity could contribute to greater production and increase the area available for planting, resulting in greater profits from wood and carbon income.

Sustainable use of forests

Sustainable use of forests

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОГНИТИВНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННЫМ ПОТЕНЦИАЛОМ ЛЕСНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

In this article, the subject of study is the process of cognitive management and modeling of the innovative potential of the forest complex. The purpose of the study is to create a combined approach of cognitive management of information and innovation flows in the forest complex. The theoretical basis of cognitive management of the innovative potential of the forest complex was studied. 
 The system of sustainable modern management and planning in the forest complex is an urgent task. The multicomponent criteria taken into account in the framework of managerial decision-making includes consideration of various criteria, such as the estimated income from the sale of wood, soil erosion, the likelihood of natural forest fires. 
 In a situation of global economic and environmental challenges, awareness of the need for sustainable economic growth and in the transition from a resource economy to an innovative one, the concept of cognitive management helps to select priority areas of innovative development. Also in this article, in order to realize the innovative potential, a cognitive model of innovation management is presented; the areas and specifics of the implementation of this model at various stages of management are shown. The creation of a cognitive management system is conditioned by the values of many variables of the definitions under study, such as income, demand for wood, biodiversity of forest lands, risks, intellectual capital, intellectual potential, digitalization component.

Review on Food in Security Status and Its Major Coping Strategies in Rural Ethiopia

The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. According to the most recent studies, 842 million people or 12 percent of the world's population were unable to meet their dietary energy needs globally. According to recent studies, Ethiopia is one of the world's poorest nations, with a significant portion of its population living below the poverty line and the majority of the rural population (roughly 9.7 million people) experiencing food insecurity. Coping Strategies against Food Insecurity used by farm households in the rural area of Ethiopia include livestock sales, agricultural employment and, sale of wood or charcoal, small scale trading, selling cow dung and crop residues, reduction of food consumption. Finally, the current food security policy programs in Ethiopia are Sustainable Production & Market Systems, Business & Entrepreneurship, Resilience Nutrition, Cross-Cutting Issues, Small scale irrigation and Policy options to minimize food insecurity based on Strengthen productivity and incomes, Linkages maximizing synergy and Provide direct access to food. Improve the coping mechanism of the rural households by improving their capacity to protect themselves from food insecurity through enhancing their knowledge on preservation and storage of food and credit schemes, diversification of income, and employment.

ПУТИ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ДРЕВЕСИНЫ РЕГИОНА

The article presents an overview of ways to improve the efficiency of wood sales in the regions of the Russian Federation, in particular, the exchange mechanism was considered. The purpose of the study is to consider the features of the sale of wood through the exchange mechanism, to identify the advantages and disadvantages of such a scheme. The methodological basis was the methods of comparative and settlement-analytical analyses, including the collection and analysis of the main indicators of the operation of the stock exchange. A review of the literature on the subject of the study was made. Statistical data on the work of the stock exchange were analyzed. A SWOT-analysis of the factors influencing the sale of wood through tenders was made. An overview of the legislative framework on the sale of wood through exchange trading and over-the-counter trading platform is presented, and the responsibilities of each participant are grouped. The mechanism of exchange trading is described and its efficiency is analyzed. The mechanism allows different players to receive their benefits from exchange interaction. Conclusions are drawn about the expediency of choosing this mechanism and ways to improve its efficiency. Exchange trading allows you to get the necessary information about the basis of delivery, volume, type of wood much earlier than the auction itself. Thus, equalization of large and small market participants is ensured.

The productivity and cost of harvesting whole trees from early thinnings with a felling head designed for continuous cutting and accumulation

ABSTRACT The main problem with the utilization of untended stands for energy use is that small-diameter trees are expensive to harvest, and the value of the harvest fails to exceed the harvesting cost. Until now, the equation has appeared difficult to solve, but a wood harvesting innovation – the Risupeto II accumulating felling head – which works on a continuous basis, could provide a solution to the harvesting cost problem of young stands with a dense undergrowth. The novel accumulating felling head is attached to the boom of the crawler excavator, and trees are harvested at full-tree length. The crosscutting is done later during loading by a forwarder equipped with a grapple saw. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to define the productivity; 2) produce time consumption models for the Risupeto II harvesting unit in selective thinnings and 3) to determine the harvesting cost of whole trees from the early thinnings based on the above described two-machine configuration. Time study data from the 16 study plots consisted of 3,099 whole trees where the average tree volume varied between 14.2 and 52.0 dm3 resulting in 73 m3 of whole trees. The productivity varied between 11.2 and 26.6 m3/PMh on the time study plots indicating that felling-bunching productivity was relatively high compared to the latest studies with the Nordic harvesting technology in early thinning. According to the profitability analysis, the harvesting costs could be covered by the revenue from energy wood sales.

Cost- Benefit Analysis of Collaborative Forest Management: A Case Study of Tororo Central Forest Reserve, Eastern Uganda

Forests provide multitude of benefits to humanity in terms of local socio-economic, development, and environmental protection which are often not valued at national level because of lack of a valuation system for the ecosystem services. This study undertook a cost-benefit analysis of Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) implementation at Tororo Central Forest Reserve (TCFR) between Nyangole community and National Forestry Authority (NFA) using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The result showed that Nyangole community incurred total discounted costs of USD 74,440.0 on tree planting, forest resource management and protection, tree nursery activities and agriculture. Meanwhile they received total discounted economic benefits of USD 396,720.0 from sale of poles, tree seedlings, training opportunities, fire wood, mango fruits, and food stuffs. Other benefits that accrued to the community were opportunity of receiving visitors at the project, training allowances and other ecosystem services provided by the forest. The benefit-cost ratio of CFM to Nyangole community was 5:1 with positive Net Present Value (NPV). We concluded that the CFM partnership between government and Nyangole yielded benefits to the both parties and recommend that this approach be rolled to other sites within the country

Teak Wood Marketing Mix and It’s Contribution to Communities Around the Forest Area at Perum Perhutani KPH Tasikmalaya

Perum Perhutani's revenue is dominated by the sale of teak and rosin. Sales of teak wood from Perum Perhutani KPH Tasikmalaya has been decreasing during the Covid-19 pandemic, due to some marketing constraints. The objectives of this study were: (1) to analyze the marketing efficiency of teak wood at Perum Perhutani KPH Tasikmalaya, (2) to analyze the marketing mix strategy of teak wood at Perum Perhutani KPH Tasikmalaya, and (3) to analyze the contribution of the utilization of teak by Perum Perhutani to the total household income of the community. around the forest in KPH Tasikmalaya. The marketing efficiency of teak wood is analyzed using three indicators, namely marketing margin, farmer's share, and the ratio of profit to the marketing cost. Marketing mix strategy analysis and contribution analysis were conducted by in-depth interviews with respondents and observation techniques. This study indicates that the marketing of teak wood is relatively efficient and profitable for producers because it has a large farmer's share value and K/B ratio (profits to marketing costs), namely 100% and 19.60, respectively. In addition, the marketing margin on the marketing of teak produces a very low value of IDR0. The implementation of the marketing mix strategy is well implemented by Perum Perhutani KPH Tasikmalaya. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the promotion aspect, namely the expansion of the marketing system through the internet, and the production aspect, namely the policy on teak wood product guarantees. The utilization of teak wood in Perum Perhutani KPH Tasikmalaya contributes to the total household income by 32%. The contribution of teak wood utilization in PHBM activities is only as additional income because overall the income from non-PHBM activities is greater than the income from PHBM activities.

Socio-demographic characteristics of a criminal offender committing illegal logging or illegal transportation, storage, sale of wood

Socio-demographic characteristics of a criminal offender committing illegal logging or illegal transportation, storage, sale of wood

The Analysis Of Marketing Mix Strategy Of Wood Processing In Increasing The Salling Margin

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the application of the marketing mix strategy through the SWOT formulation can increase the sales volume of processed wood. This research was conducted at the office of PT. Three "Rs" located at Jalan Sultan Abdullah No. 75 Makassar, with the research time required by the author is approximately 3 (three) months starting from the beginning of May to July 2009. The population in this study are all consumers who use processed wood products, for housing development purposes in South Sulawesi, especially in the city of Makassar in the last year, so the population in this study is unknown. While the sample is as many as 300 respondents. Sampling was used using a non-probability sampling approach and the judgment method. Based on the results of the application of SWOT analysis, it appears that the strategy used by PT. The three "Rs" of Makassar in increasing processed wood sales are implementing the SO strategy, which is to make strengths to take advantage of opportunities, then the WO strategy by minimizing weaknesses to maintain opportunities, then the ST strategy using strengths to overcome threats and WT strategies that minimize weaknesses and avoid threats.

The Analysis Of Marketing Mix Strategy Of Wood Processing In Increasing The Salling Margin

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the application of the marketing mix strategy through the SWOT formulation can increase the sales volume of processed wood. This research was conducted at the office of PT. Three "Rs" located at Jalan Sultan Abdullah No. 75 Makassar, with the research time required by the author is approximately 3 (three) months starting from the beginning of May to July 2009. The population in this study are all consumers who use processed wood products, for housing development purposes in South Sulawesi, especially in the city of Makassar in the last year, so the population in this study is unknown. While the sample is as many as 300 respondents. Sampling was used using a non-probability sampling approach and the judgment method. Based on the results of the application of SWOT analysis, it appears that the strategy used by PT. The three "Rs" of Makassar in increasing processed wood sales are implementing the SO strategy, which is to make strengths to take advantage of opportunities, then the WO strategy by minimizing weaknesses to maintain opportunities, then the ST strategy using strengths to overcome threats and WT strategies that minimize weaknesses and avoid threats.

Vandra Costello. Irish Demesne Landscapes, 1660–1740.

Vandra Costello. <i>Irish Demesne Landscapes, 1660–1740</i>.

ОЦЕНКА СОСТОЯНИЯ ЛЕСНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The article analyzes and evaluates the state of forest resources, including the Voronezh region. Based on the assessment and analysis, the following problems of the forestry complex were identified: failure to perform thinning; insufficient investment level; lack of development of the use of forests for the purpose of carrying out recreational activities; wear and tear of vehicles; the lack of information on the markets for the sale of wood from the Voronezh region in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, here the negative aspects are that almost all the wood of the region is consumed within the region, only a small part of the wood is exported. The main problem of the forestry complex is the lack of a comprehensive information resource (lack of up-to-date forest inventory data in electronic formats; centralized database; inconsistency and dissociation of forest data stored in various information systems of subordinate institutions of Rosleskhoz; lack of reliable information on the volumes of harvesting, turnover and export of timber etc.). In addition to the problems, the article outlines the prospects for the development of the forest complex of the Voronezh region: zoning of the forest fund by the types of planned forest development; formation of forest plots for use and putting them up for auctions taking into account demand; determination of the initial rent, taking into account the demand for forest plots in various forest districts.

Logging Amazon forest increased the severity and spread of fires during the 2015–2016 El Niño

Forest fires degrade Amazon forest and its natural functions. Logging, deforestation and the increased frequency of prolonged droughts have contributed to the high recurrence of forest fires in the Amazon. Fires have impacted areas that, until recently, were considered immune to fire, such as the southern portion of the Brazilian state of Roraima, which is characterized by forest types that occur in environments with high natural humidity but that are now strongly impacted by selective logging (SL). The objective of this study was to determine the severity and spread of fire in the forests of southern Roraima, taking as a reference the great forest fire that occurred during the 2015–2016 El Niño. We mapped fire scars and forest biomass from remote sensing and data from forest inventories in a 6657.3 km2 study area, of which 6512.4 km2 (97.8%) had originally been forest and 5412.3 km2 (81.3%) was still forest in 2016. The 2015/2016 fires affected an estimated at 682.2 km2, or 12.6% of the area that was still forest in 2016. Vulnerability maps of the forest were made using the weights-of-evidence method. The biomass impacted by fire totaled 26.4 × 106 Mg, representing 9.5% of the total mapped for the study area (277.4 × 106 Mg). The biomass killed by the fire totaled 5.9 × 106 Mg, representing 22.3% of the biomass affected by the fires. The highest level of fire severity (very strong) proportionally affected 84.6% more forest biomass inside than outside SL areas. Forest vulnerability to fires increased by 265.5% in terms of area and by 400.7% in terms of biomass when exposed to SL. Logging also increased the severity of fires when they occurred: a hectare of burned forest was 85.9% more likely to have a “very strong” fire if it had been previously logged, and burned areas that had been logged lost, on average, 2.9% more of their pre-fire biomass to the fire than those that had not been logged (86.5 Mg ha−1 versus 84.0 Mg ha−1). Considering only the ombrophilous forest, the mean biomass of forest that was logged and burned was 310.7 Mg ha−1, or 30.8% lower than the mean biomass of 448.7 Mg ha−1 in logged but unburned areas, showing a substantial biomass loss to fire (average of 138.0 Mg ha−1). SL more than doubled the impact of fire on biomass loss as compared to the impact of the logging itself. In addition to its contribution to carbon emissions and other impacts, the amplifying effect of SL on forest fires indicates that the assumption that authorized forest management projects in Amazonia are sustainable is unwarranted. The future role of this practice should be rethought, existing projects should be subject to close inspection and control, and unauthorized logging should be identified and repressed. The policy of allowing sale of wood from clearcutting projects should be rethought because it provides a loophole for laundering wood from illegal logging.

Long-term profitability of crop-livestock systems, with and without trees

CONTEXTIntegrated crop-livestock systems have been encouraged worldwide as they align with the principles of cleaner production. However, studies on these systems have mainly explored agronomic and environmental indicators; thus, fewer studies have been conducted considering an economic perspective, particularly when trees are introduced. OBJECTIVEThis study sought to compare the economic profitability of two integrated systems, crop-livestock only (CL) and crop-livestock-trees (CLT), crossed with two nitrogen fertilization levels (90 and 180 kg N ha−1, N90 and N180, respectively). METHODSOur analysis (gross revenue, costs and profit) relies on experimental data obtained over 10 years. In 2006, eucalyptus, pink pepper, and silver oak were planted in six of the 12 experimental units at 3 × 14 m spacing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSIn the first years (2007–2009), black oat was used as a cover crop during the winter, preceding summer cash crops (rice, soybean, and maize), to recover a degraded pasture and because most of the trees had not attained enough size to support animal impact. This period was marked by economic losses because only summer crops provided revenue. From 2010, when cattle grazing on cool-season pastures was integrated, preceding maize or soybean crops, the systems began to generate profit, and profit stability was observed in crop-livestock systems thereafter. Fertilizers accounted for the largest production cost (41% of total costs), and an increase in N level slightly increased the profit (+6%) in crop-livestock systems. The CLT N90 was as profitable as the crop-livestock treatments, despite high annual economic fluctuations with mature trees (i.e., + and - profit). However, the sale of wood from eucalyptus and silver oak contributed to cover these losses. Considering the complete production cycle of 10 years, the net accumulated profit was positive for all treatments, with values of US$ 1486, 2039, 2109 and 2238 ha−1 for CLT N180, CLT N90, CL N90, and CL N180, respectively. We conclude that crop-livestock performs better than crop-livestock-trees in terms of profit stability. An increase in the N level did not guarantee a significant increase in income revenue. SIGNIFICANCEOur findings indicate that CL provide profit stability, even in unfavored areas, thereby contributing to sustainable development goals globally. However, despite the importance of income from wood for farmers, mature trees impair the attainment of a stable profit over the years in CLT systems. Therefore, innovative agronomic practices combined with agricultural policies are needed to encourage the adoption of CLT systems and to adequately take advantage of their ecological benefits.

RESOURCES OF WOODY PLANTS OF NORTH CAUCASUS BEECH FORESTS

The aim of this study is to investigate material and monetary valuation of forest resources in the beech forests of the North Caucasus. The plots were selected in the Central part of the North Caucasus, on the territory of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Kartсinsky ridge), between 1200-1350 m above sea level. Two objects are located on the northern macroslopes and two on the southern macroslope. The characteristics of phytocenoses on the experimental plots were established based on the results of a continuous enumeration of trees on a test area of 50x100 m. The number of undergrowth and undergrbrush, their composition and distribution by height groups, are established on circular areas of 10 m2. The average wood volume is about 300 m3/ha, and the average stand density is 248 trees per 1 hctare. The average number of undergrowth is 8988 per hectare, and underbrush 1998 per hectare. The average height of the young generation is 0.65 m, and the undergrowth is 0.86 m. The weight of one plant of average height in the air-dry state is 0.24 kg for undergrowth and 0.55 kg for undergrbrush. Phytomass of undergrowth and underbrush by species was set by weighing in a fresh and airdry state. Prices for all types of wood resources used average market prices as of 2019. The main income can be obtained from the sale of wood – about 650 thousand RUB/ha. Undergrowth and underbrush can give in a total about 43 thousand RUB/ha. At the same time, the period of maturation for the harvest of beech and related species is 100-140 years. During this period, it can be carried out about 15-20 harvests of undergrowth and underbrush, which together can generate income comparable to the amount from the sale of wood.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ЛІСОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the study of such an important component of the competitiveness of the forestry complex as its production potential. To do this, the volume of harvested timber from felling for general use, indicators and structure of wood sales for export, the volume of wood residues in warehouses and the cost of sales of one impersonal m3 of wood are analyzed. In addition, the author examines the trends in the formation of appropriate forest infrastructure, which will help optimize the cost of transporting harvested timber as a result of saving fuel and lubricants and reducing the time of delivery of logging equipment to the main felling sites (forest formation and care). Negative factors of reduction of capital construction of various objects of forestry, ecological and social purpose are revealed, and also tendencies of decrease in level of updating of fixed assets of forest branch due to corresponding reduction of volumes of purchase of forestry and road-building technics, ecologically safe cars and mechanisms are investigated. The presented material presents the main reasons for the low level of competitiveness of the forest industry, in particular, among them there is a lack of investment and innovation processes; monopoly position of forestry entities in regional markets; inertia of the industry management system in the conditions of existing decentralization processes, residual principle of enterprise financing, export to foreign markets is characterized by raw materials of the industry without a significant share of value added, high share of completely depreciated fixed assets, etc. The author proposes the main directions of strengthening the competitiveness of the forestry complex through the introduction of a system of control over the quality and quantity of felling formation and care of the forest, which will increase the completeness of forest stands and the corresponding volumes of timber from felling; regulatory and legal support for the possibility of attracting investment resources to the industry and its modernization; formation of an effective financial and economic mechanism for financing forestry enterprises as a basis for investment and innovation development of a competitive forest industry.

Possibilities for Harmonisation between Recreation Services and Their Production within the Forest Sector—A Case Study of Municipal Forest Enterprise Hradec Králové (CZ)

This paper deals with the possibility of harmonising the needs of society and the possibilities of the forest property manager. The Municipal forest enterprise of the city of Hradec Králové (MLHK) in the Czech Republic (CZ) is an example of this principle, which proves that the intensive development of a recreational service is possible without limiting this principle. The forest enterprise manages 3707 ha of forest in the immediate vicinity of the city with 92,000 inhabitants. The forest enterprise pays the city rent and makes a profit. The data were obtained by analysing the economic data of the surveyed company, the annual observation of the forest attendance, the surveys of the characteristics of the forest visitors and the surveys of selected 16 companies (from seven countries) managing the forests of some European cities. The main results concerning MLHK are as follows: the share of recreational service costs in the total costs of the forestry activities is 19.7%. The recreational services of the forest are financed from 71.5% from revenues from the sale of raw wood, 17.5% from revenues from the sale of sand from its own quarry, 3.9% from revenues from the recreational services and 7.1% from subsidies. The operation of the gravel quarry contributes to the economic result of the forest enterprise roughly by an amount corresponding to the costs of the recreational services. An average annual forest attendance is 243 people/ha. The inhabitants of the city account for 61.5% of the visitors, 20.4% of the visitors live within a distance of up to 30 km, and 18.1% of the visitors live at a distance of more than 30 km. The main results of the survey among the forest enterprises managing the forests of the selected European cities are as follows: the share of costs for the recreational services in the total costs of the forestry activities is 21–72% for cities with a population of over 100,000, and 3–14% for cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants. As a source of financing recreational services, the forest enterprises from mentioned cities with over 100,000 inhabitants, the money especially came from the city budget (70–100%). Forest enterprises from cities under 100,000 inhabitants stated that they fund a recreational service with 95–100% of the revenues from the sale of raw wood. Data on the MLHK show that it is possible to finance a recreational forest service from its own resources if this is the owner’s priority. However, this only applies under certain conditions, such as that, in addition to the income from forest management, there are other sources of income (in this case, sand mining or subsidies from public programmes). If the forest owner did not have these resources, they would have to pay for the recreational service from their own other resources (e.g., from the city budget).

Illegal Logging Criminal Investigation Process

This study aims to determine the investigation process of illegal logging in the Rembang Police jurisdiction and to find out the obstacles and the resolution of the handling of these obstacles. Illegal logging is basically an activity that begins with logging the forest to get wood, transportation, to the sale of wood which is not in accordance with the rules or is illegal because it does not have an official permit from the competent authority. The approach method used is juridical empirical, descriptive analytical research specifications. The data used are secondary data. Data collection methods are library research and field studies. The data analysis method uses qualitative analysis. As a tool of analysis, law enforcement theory, legal certainty theory and structural functional theory are used. The results showed that the investigation process for illegal logging in the Rembang Police jurisdiction was carried out based on KUHAP and Perkap Polri No. 16 of 2019. The basis for the investigation was a report from Perhutani that had secured the perpetrators and evidence. Then a Police Report is prepared, which is then carried out to carry out an investigation. Obstacles in the enforcement of criminal law on illegal logging in the Rembang Police jurisdiction are obstacles from the law, the return of case files from the public prosecutor, requests for old expert witnesses and lack of legal awareness from the public. Resolutions in dealing with obstacles to criminal law enforcement against illegal logging crimes in the Rembang Police jurisdiction are completing the investigation process in accordance with procedures, completing the case files according to the instructions of the public prosecutor, waiting for expert witnesses to be present or conducting examinations at the location of expert witnesses, and coordinating with Perhutani and Bhabinkamtimas for socialization to the community.