Sales Income Research Articles

Utilization of Marketplace in Increasing Sales Revenue of UMKM Products in Langsa City

Background: Information technology which is developing so rapidly has had a major impact on changes in all fields, including the economic/business sector. The digital era and the increasing number of internet users provide various conveniences in various activities. The research is entitled Analysis of Marketplace Utilization in Increasing Revenue for Sales of MSME Products in Langsa City. This type of research uses qualitative. The formulation of this research problem is 1) how to use the marketplace to increase income for sales of MSME products in Langsa City, 2) what is the impact of using the marketplace on the economy of MSMEs in Langsa City. The results of the research are 1) The use of online marketplace media has a big impact on the sales income of business people, especially for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in West Langsa District, Langsa City. With support and assistance from the Langsa City Government for micro business actors to increase their production and sales capacity, considering that business actors can indirectly help the government in alleviating poverty, 2) The impact of using the marketplace on Facebook has the potential to support economic growth for business actors. The role of the marketplace is very influential in promotion and marketing, disseminating information to consumers to meet their needs. In terms of material (economic) welfare, marketplace users bring changes to the economy of small and medium businesses in Langsa City.

Pelatihan Dan Pendampingan Digital Marketing Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Omset Pada Ud. Matahari Desa Kertasada Kec.Kalianget Kab.Sumenep

The digital world currently has a very beneficial impact, including in the business world. The application of digital marketing in the business world opens up communication between potential consumers and sellers which can now be done without distance and time limitations. However, in this digital era, it turns out that there are still business actors who have not utilized digital marketing. Some still market their products conventionally so their market share is still limited. This results in sales income tending to remain constant. This internship program aims to increase the awareness and skills of UD. Matahari produces amplang crackers in Kertasada Village, District. Kalianget District. Sumenep regarding the importance of digital marketing to increase sales income with training and mentoring methods. Through this internship program, it is hoped that the market share will increase, so it has the potential to increase sales income.

Planning Policies and Public Health in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) and Its Policies to Combat COVID-19 in Duhok City

Purpose: The Kurdistan region of Iraq had been affect by the covid pandemic like the rest of the part in the world and Duhok city specifically faced several problems as the city and health policy were not ready to ace the crises. It had a negative impact on the sustainability of health sector specifically the economic side. This study tries to identify the problems to achieve tan appropriate standard of good health among Kurdistan's general population, especially in the city of Duhok, to ensure more equitable access to health services throughout the country's social and geographic expansion, take into account poverty and to strive to get better treatment, understand the condition of the city of Duhok via COVID-19, and how the government deals with the medical system in this condition, protect and encourage the right to health care for individuals and create equality in the health care system for both genders, beliefs and positions. Methodology: Through conducting the qualitative research approach by using two types for collecting data ( Data Collection Methods) which are primary data and secondary data, primary data for collecting direct information from patients and IDPs and refugees to know their health conditions and whether they are satisfied or not for public health system, physicians as well to know their treatment to patients, and secondary data to gather information from health directorate in Duhok city, camp health administration and humanitarian health organizations to understand better the situation. Findings: The findings of the study indicates that the pandemic struck at a time when public faith in the government was low, the economy was damaged by lower oil sales income, protests were common across the country, and violent extremist acts were on the rise. COVID-19 has worsened long-standing and sometimes deep-seated political, economic, social, and security issues. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a dramatic loss of human life around the world, posing an unprecedented challenge to public health, food systems, and the workplace. The pandemic's economic and social impact is devastating: tens of millions of people are at risk of falling into extreme poverty, while the number of undernourished people is currently estimated to be nearly 690 million, By the end of the year, the number could have risen to 132 million. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Food security, public health, and employment and labor issues, particularly worker health and safety, all intersect during the COVID-19 crisis. However, in Azadi hospital we cannot talk to people because of virus, the risk of contracting COVID-19 via an infected person's feces appears to be low. The COVID-19 virus may cause intestinal infection and be found in feces, according to some data.

Implications of Education for Entrepreneurial Abilities: Formal Versus Non-Formal Education

Entrepreneurship is one of the driving factors in economic development and entrepreneurial ability requires education, both formal and non-formal, to develop individual knowledge and experience in carrying out entrepreneurial activities. This research aims to determine the implications of education for entrepreneurial abilities: formal vs non-formal education through the responses of business actors, as well as the differences in entrepreneurial abilities between individuals who have attended formal education and individuals who have attended non-formal education. This research uses a quantitative research design with case studies in Indonesia. Sample selection using purposive sampling. The data used is primary data (demographic data, attitudes, and views of business actors) and secondary data in the form of sales volume or income from business. The data collection technique used was by distributing questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using the ANOVA test. The research results show that non-formal education has a more significant influence on entrepreneurial abilities compared to formal education. Through direct experience, practical skills, and the flexibility of non-education, it can encourage entrepreneurial abilities and offers opportunities to adapt to the dynamics of the business world which are changing rapidly in line with the needs of the business world which continues to develop. Through non-formal education, we can gain practical skills, direct experience, and readiness to face real business challenges.

Oriented pyrolysis of biomass for hydrogen-rich gas and biochar production: An energy, environment, and economic assessment based on life cycle assessment method

This study aimed to analyze a technology of hydrogen-rich gas from full-component oriented pyrolysis (FCOP) of biomass using energy, economic, and environmental life cycle assessment. Firstly, the study taked corn straw (CS) as the research object, the yield of hydrogen-rich gas and char produced by the oriented pyrolysis method are 78.26% and 20.35%, and the yield of biochar produced by activating char with phosphoric acid is 40%. Secondly, the system boundary of FCOP of biomass to produce hydrogen-rich gas and biochar was creatively designed, establishing the energy, environmental, and economic analysis comprehensive model. Various energy, economic, and environmental indicators were computed to facilitate process optimization for hydrogen-rich gas co-production biochar and explored the feasibility of the process. The results show that the stage of hydrogen-rich gas prepared by FCOP of biomass is an important factor affecting energy output and input, and has the highest standard pollutant emissions (92.11%). This process has low carbon emissions and GHG emissions, showing good sustainability and application prospects, which has important guiding significance for realizing cleaner production and solving the energy crisis. Thirdly, taking the large-scale system of producing hydrogen-rich gas co-production biochar, which processes 40,000 t of CS per year, as an example, the economic benefit analysis results were obtained, that is, IRR, NPV, and Pm are 22%, 6.33 million yuan, and 7.3 years, respectively. Meanwhile, the key factors, including the initial investment, expenses of biomass and catalyst, and the sale income of hydrogen and biochar, which are the main factors affecting the economic efficiency of technology, and uncertainties were identified through sensitivity analysis. Finally, we put forward in the background of ecological civilization, the research focus and thinking for the development of hydrogen production technology from pyrolysis/gasification of biomass were proposed. The results obtained can be valuable in practical applications to enhance the sustainability and viability of hydrogen production in biomass conversion and utilization activities. The applied energy, economic, and environmental methodologies appear to be reliable and comprehensive tools for assessing the whole-life sustainability and viability of biofuel.

Empirical Analysis of African Aubergine (Solanum gilo) – Marketing and Income Disparity among Traders in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

African Aubergine is an indigenous tropical crop cultivated in Nigeria. Agricultural marketing creates incentives that accelerate the promotion of further production and consumption of harvested produce. Therefore, this study analysed African Aubergine marketing and income disparity among traders in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Primary data collected via multistage sampling from ninety-five (95) respondents was analysed using descriptive statistics, marketing margin and efficiency analysis, Ordinary Least Square regression and Gini Coefficient index. The results show that the mean age, years spent in school, household size, trading experience and quantity of bags sold were 37 years, 8 years, 7 people, 9 years and 8 bags per month, respectively. The estimated marketing margin and efficiency index were ₦1,250 and 0.36, respectively. The estimated coefficients of Ordinary Least Square regression (R2) were 0.773. Thus, the variables (marketing experience, cost price, quantity sold and marketing cost) in the regression model accounted for 77% of the variation in the marketing margin of African Aubergine traders in the study area. The estimated Gini Coefficient was 0.59, indicating a moderate level of income disparity (inequality) in the sales income of the respondents. Several marketing constraints were observed in the study area. Therefore, this study recommends improved credit access and market information dissemination, commodity cost subsidisation, storage technology adoption, market infrastructure development and interventions, commodity price control and policy modification that regulates market activities.

164 Effect of distillers grains supplementation and fertilization rate on performance of stocker cattle grazing wheat pasture and stand performance

Abstract Within this study, the objectives were to determine how varied Nitrogen (N) fertilization rates and inclusion of dried distiller’s grains plus solubles (DDGS) impacted stocker and wheat stand performance within a no-till (NT) production system. A total of twenty-four 1.62-ha pastures were split between 3 unsupplemented treatments with urea spread at fixed rates of 50.44, 67.25, 84.06 kg N/ha in autumn and again in spring along with an additional 6 pastures fertilized with 50.44 kg N/ha each growing season plus supplemented with DDGS. From fall of 2021 to Spring of 2023, 576 beef steers (286.62 ± 36.67 kg) were randomly allocated at fixed stocking rates of 2.47 steers/ha (4 steers/pasture) in the fall, and 4.94 steers/ha (8 steers/pasture) in the spring. Steers were weighed upon arrival, at turnout, every 28 d, and when pulled off pasture. Steers were pulled off pasture when forage mass (FM) became insufficient, temperatures became too cold to support regrowth, or forage entered reproductive phase. Sampling dates to determine forage mass and quality coincided with weigh dates, where 20 plate meter readings were taken in every field and were recorded with a 0.25m2 plate meter, and 0.25m2 grass clippings were obtained from 15 fields every sampling date to estimate FM. Pairwise comparisons using the Mixed Model procedure in JMP were used to analyze data, with N rates with and without supplementation as a single fixed categorical variable, and year modeled as a random effect. In the fall, supplemented pastures produced greater ADG than 67.25 and 84.06 kg N/ha pastures (P < 0.05), along with greater total costs of supplemented pastures compared with all unsupplemented treatments (P < 0.0001). In the spring, supplemented pastures produced greater end weights, gain per hectare, forage mass and ADG than all unsupplemented treatments (P < 0.0001), and supplementation provided more grazing days (P < 0.05). While total sale income for supplemented pastures were greater than all unsupplemented treatments (P < 0.05), total costs of supplemented pastures were all increased (P < 0.0001), resulting in less income after variable costs (P < 0.0002). Response changes to supplementation were more pronounced than responses to increased fertilization. In conclusion, these results indicate that DDGS supplementation provided greater performance benefits to stocker cattle grazing wheat pasture than increased N fertilization rate, but the added costs associated with feeding resulted in lower profitability. However, the addition of DDGS supplementation may provide an opportunity to increase stocking rates to potentially improve profitability.

Simulasi Sistem Dinamis Produksi Tape Ketan

<p><em>This study aims to find out what factors shape the production system of the sticky tape business, and find out how to model the dynamic system of the sticky tape business for the next 10 months. The research data were obtained from interviews with respondents who owned sticky tape businesses. Based on the research results, there are three sub-systems in the sticky tape production system, namely the raw material sub-system and raw material costs, the production sub-system and the sales value (receipt) sub-system, income and business feasibility. Dynamic system modeling in the sticky tape business for the next 10 months is carried out using a scenario approach without improvement and scenario with improvement. The average income per month in the scenario without improvement is Rp. 12,996,269, - and a scenario with an improvement of Rp. 17,200,732,-,- with a feasibility value in the scenario without improvement of 1.84 and the scenario with improvement of 2.01.</em></p><p><em>Keywords : Simulation, Dynamic, Business, Sticky, Tape</em></p>

업무지원시설의 특성이 서울과 경기도 지식산업센터 분양가격에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the characteristics of business support facilities on the sales price of knowledge industry centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. For this study, the characteristics of regions, locations, buildings, individual units, timing, and business support facilities are used as independent variables, and the sale price of the Knowledge Industry Centers is used as the dependent variable. This study analyzes 7,180 units of the Knowledge Industry Centers using the multiple regression analysis. As a result, It is found that the higher the area of business support facilities and the ratio of commercial facilities, the more positive factors affect the sale price. Therefore, if the ratio of business support facilities and commercial facilities can be properly combined, it will increase the productivity and work efficiency of tenant companies, leading to the improvement of sales income.

Foreign M&A and inventory adjustment: Evidence from Chinese manufacturers

With China’s deepening opening-up to the world, its favorable business environment and investment attraction policies appeal to a growing number of multinational enterprises to enter the Chinese market. As a major form of FDI, foreign M&A has raised scholars' attention to explore its role in China's economic development. As one of these academic explorations, this study makes a pioneering effort to identify the inventory adjustment effect of Foreign M&A by adopting a large-scale, firm-level dataset from the Annual Survey of Industrial Firms (ASIF) database and the Bureau Van Dijk (BVD) database. The conclusions are presented as follows: (1) Foreign M&A has a significantly positive impact on non-finished products inventory through the effect of market scale. The result remains robust when we controlled a series of control variables, using PSM+DID method and carrying out heterogeneity test. (2) Foreign M&A has a significantly negative impact on the overall inventory. In addition, foreign M&A also shows a preference for top performers, a tendency that enterprises with higher total assets and capital, higher output value, higher added value, export trade competitiveness and high sales income are prone to be targets hunted by multinational enterprises.

Comparative Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Estee Lauder and Lin Qingxuan in Response to COVID-19

The multibillion-dollar cosmetic sector may suffer monetary damages as a consequence of COVID-19 in 2020. Employment had decreased by 3.91% and sales had plummeted by 7.4%. Marketers must understand the shifts in customer behavior and attitudes in order to develop new tactics when revenue and jobs are declining. The author will compare the online data, related literature and past paper to investigate the application of different marketing strategies used by two typical cosmetic brands during the pandemic. The two examples are Estee Lauder and Lin Qingxuan respectively. They both recognized the benefits of social media, live streams, and advertisement. However, Estee Lauder focused more on advertisements whereas Lin Qingxuan paid more attention to the social media factor. Such differences also lead to the differ of increasing sales. As a result, due to the tactics used, the sales income of both brands has increased a lot. However, further steps needed to be taken by Estee Lauder and Lin Qingxuan to maintain the leading positions in the cosmetic industry due to the competitive environment and uncertain future.

Intelligent financial decision support system based on big data

Abstract In the era of big data, data information has exploded, and all walks of life are impacted by big data. The arrival of big data provides the possibility for the realization of intelligent financial analysis of enterprises. At present, most enterprises’ financial analysis and decision-making based on the analysis results are mainly based on human resources, with poor automation and obvious problems in efficiency and error. In order to help the senior management of enterprises to conduct scientific and effective management, the study uses big data web crawler technology and ETL technology to process data and build an intelligent financial decision support system integrating big data together with Internet plus platform. J Group in S Province is taken as an example to study the effect before and after the application of intelligent financial decision support system. The results show that the crawler technology can monitor the basic data and the big data in the industry in real time, and improve the accuracy of decision-making. Through the intelligent financial decision support system which integrates big data, the core indexes such as profit, net asset return, and accounts receivable of the enterprises can be clearly displayed. The system can query the causes of financial changes hidden behind the financial data. Through the intelligent financial decision support system, it is found that the asset liability ratio, current assets growth rate, operating income growth rate, and financial expenses of J Group are 55.27, 10.38, 20.28%, and 1,974 million RMB, respectively. The growth rate of real sales income of J Group is 0.63%, which is 31.27% less than the excellent value of the industry 31.90%. After adopting the intelligent financial decision support system, the monthly financial statements of the enterprises increase significantly, and the monthly report analysis time decreases. The maximum number of financial statements received by the Group per month is 332, and the processing time at this time is only 2 h. According to the results, it can be seen that the intelligent financial decision support system integrating big data as the research result can effectively improve the financial management level of enterprises, improve the usefulness of financial decision-making, and make practical contributions to the field of corporate financial decision-making.

Understanding the Nitty-Gritty of Up-to-Date of Pakistan’s Customs Act, 1969

Pakistan’s Customs Act, 1969 was enacted consolidating and amending the various laws on Customs. There are mainly six methods of valuation of goods including transaction value method, identical goods method, similar goods method, deductive methods, computed method and fall back method. Under Section 79 of the Act, Goods Declaration is filed duly supported by various documents for assessment of leviable duty and taxes. In case of misdeclaration, untrue statement or error etc. section 32 comes into play. Search Warrant is to be obtained by the Gazetted Officer of Customs from the Judicial Magistrate to recover the secreted goods under Section 162 of the Act, Seizure of things liable to confiscation is made under Section 168 of the Act. Section 156 provides the scope of offence(s), nature of breach and penalty thereof. Section 187 of the Act fixes initial burden of proof upon the person involved, which may be rebutted by the Customs authorities. The purpose of adjudication includes confiscation of goods, recovery of duty and other taxes not levied or short levied, recovery of erroneously refunded amount and imposition of fine. An option to fine in lieu of confiscation of goods can be given under Section 181 of the Act. The pecuniary power of adjudication is provided under Section 179 of the Act, whereas there are Appellate forums available in the form of Collector Appeals, Customs Appellate Tribunal and High Court. In addition to this, another mechanism under Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) is available under Section 195-C of the Act. In case of commission of cognizable offence, a FIR is lodged and a Special Judge takes cognizance of the offence(s) under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1989. An appeal or Revision can be filed before the Court having the Powers High Court. The main challenge before the Customs is determination of value of goods paid or payable in relation to the item being valued. In case inaccurate value, either it is the business class who suffers or the state’s fiscal interests are jeopardized on account of lack of requisite capacity of the Customs Officer to successfully address the issue of value of goods and pass the buck onto the importer for charging misdeclaration and a lengthy process of adjudication is initiated against the importer and exporter as well as Clearing Agent as this value holds good for the imposition of Sales Tax, Income Tax and Federal Excise duty.

Measurement and Analysis of the Scientific and Technological Innovation Efficiency of Industrial Enterprises above a Designated Scale in China

To explore the technological innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises above designated size and its influencing factors under the China’s economic census industry classification, using the stochastic frontier approach to estimates the innovation efficiency of the 34 industry from 2008 to 2018. Taking the sales revenue of new products as the dependent variable, R&D capital stock and R&D personnel equivalent are taken as the independent variable, control variables are reasonably selected. The characteristics and influencing factors of innovation efficiency between industries are analyzed. The results show that the innovation efficiency of all industries in China is steadily improving, and the difference between industries is gradually narrowing. Industries with high innovation efficiency are related to future competition and national economy and people’s livelihood, while industries with low innovation efficiency are concentrated in mining and supply industry. The low input and low output industries are in the majority. The influence of innovation capital input on output is greater than that of personnel input. The proportion of state-owned property rights and capital constraints have a negative effect on innovation output, while the sales income has a positive effect on innovation output. Therefore, China should further improve the innovation efficiency of industrial industries, adopt classified policies, and increase the number of industries with low input and high output. The conclusion of the paper is of reference value to the development of China’s 14th five-year industry and the medium and long term planning.

Microstructure of Surface Pollutants and Brush-Based Dry Cleaning of a Trough Concentrating Solar Power Station

The accumulation of pollutants on the surface of a Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) station reduces the power generation efficiency of the whole power plant, affects electricity output, and decreases sales income; therefore, it is particularly important to develop a reasonable and effective cleaning process. Surface pollutants which have a strong interaction with the cleaning process of power stations can determine the quality of cleaning to a certain extent. In this paper, the pollutants on the surface of a trough CSP station with different usage times were collected and characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a particle size analyzer (PSA), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It was found that most of the surface pollutants were of a fine size and included amorphous particles which mainly resulted from the sedimentation of particles suspended for a short time or particles in the process of atmospheric circulation for a long time. Considering the service life of the mirror and the scarcity of water resources in the area where the trough CSP power station is located, a brush-based dry cleaning process with different cleaning times was developed. By comparing the changes in the reflectivity and micro-morphology of the mirror surface before and after cleaning, the feasibility and superiority of the brush-based dry cleaning process were fully confirmed.

Beyond the Freebie Mentality: A News User Typology of Reasonings About Paying for Online Content

ABSTRACT Online news providers struggle to pull audiences behind their paywalls in order to complement (insufficient) advertising revenue with sales income. But what do consumers think about paying for—once freely available—online news content and how does it affect their payment behavior? The present study complements the existing research by developing a typology of attitudes and behavior toward paying for online news content based on qualitative interviews (n = 64) conducted in Germany. Five types of mindsets were identified: paying subscribers, free riders, promisers (users who do not pay but announce to do so in the future), occasional buyers, and convinced deniers. The typology organizes the diversity in positions toward paid news content, thus enabling a more powerful explanatory research on consumer valuation and monetization in journalism. In addition, it can assist online news providers in developing targeted strategies for converting online readers into purchasing customers.

Fuzzy Decision-Based Energy Management of Energy Grids with Hubs considering Participation of Hubs and Networks in the Energy Markets

With the creation of competitive environments, such as electricity market, it is expected that energy networks and active consumers such as energy hubs participate in the market to promote their economic situation. So, the article proposes the optimal involvement of energy networks and hubs in energy markets in two wholesale and retail designs based on the energy management system at the same time. The proposed scheme is expressed as two-objective optimization. The first objective is to minimize the cost of different types of energy in electricity-gas-thermal networks. In another objective function, the cost of energy (which is the difference between the energy purchase cost and energy sale income) of energy hubs in the retail market is minimized. The scheme is bound to optimal power flow equations of the mentioned networks and operating model of power sources and active loads. Then, the Pareto optimization mixed with the sum of weighted functions helps extract an optimal compromise solution on the basis of fuzzy decision-making. Finally, the scheme is applied to a test system, and the obtained numerical results confirm that energy hubs are improved financially, and economic and operation conditions of the electricity-gas-thermal networks are enhanced simultaneously. So, significant profit can be achieved for EHs in the retail energy market. The economic situation of the networks enhances up to roughly 10% compared with that of power flow studies. Also, operating situation of the networks enhances by about 12% to 53% compared with a case without EHs.

The impact of short sale prospect on income smoothing

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of short sale prospect on future income smoothing.Design/methodology/approachThis study examines how short sale prospect impacts future income smoothing. This study follows prior research and uses two measures of income smoothing. One is the correlation between the change in prediscretionary income and the change in discretionary accruals. The other is the variability of earnings relative to the variability of cash flows.FindingsThis study finds that short sale prospect has a negative impact on future income smoothing. This finding is robust to use different measures of short sale prospect and income smoothing and to subsample tests. Additional analysis reveals that short sale prospect, by curbing income smoothing, reduces future stock price crash risk.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine the impact of short selling on firms’ subsequent smoothing of reported income. This study contributes to the earnings quality literature by demonstrating the governance role of short selling on future earnings smoothness.

Multiagent Game of Intelligent Building Detection and Its Harm Rumor Analysis

The “14th Five‐Year” development plan of the construction industry of the Chinese government makes it clear that intelligent buildings are the general direction of future construction development. However, the occurrence of construction accidents in recent years has brought huge casualties. With the rapid development of third‐party inspection institutions, their judgment has become an important threshold for the access to smart buildings. The failure of inspection institutions to detect the renewal of leases may lead to the failure of intelligent systems, leading to the failure of construction equipment and causing major safety accidents such as the uncontrolled fall of construction elevators and the fall of tower crane items. As the supervisor of third‐party inspection institutions, government functional departments are responsible for the failure of intelligent systems. All of them undertake the important role of intelligent building security. This paper builds an evolutionary game model with government regulatory authorities, third‐party testing institutions, and intelligent construction enterprises as the three game parties, based on variables that affect the factors of the players, and discusses the possible scenarios of the stabilization strategy, which draws the following points: (1) the increase of incentives and penalties by the government is conducive to promoting the construction of high‐quality intelligent buildings and the normative behavior of the third party without intention to seek rent, but the increase of incentives will not be conducive to the government fulfilling its regulatory responsibilities. (2) The reasonable reward and punishment mechanism set by the government must meet the condition that the sum of rewards and punishments for all parties is greater than their speculative returns so as to ensure the safety of intelligent buildings in the evolving and stable market environment. (3) The accountability of the superior government for the dereliction of duty of the regulatory authorities is of great significance to enhancing the stability of enterprises in building high‐quality intelligent buildings. (4) It is also an effective way to avoid the construction of low‐quality smart buildings by improving the listed sales income of enterprises and increasing the rent‐seeking cost of enterprises. Combined with the improved SIR model, it is calculated that after the occurrence of a construction accident, when the rumor first appears, the rumor will quickly spread out of control without timely management and supervision. The conclusion of the game model provides a great reference value for the government’s regulatory behavior. The quality of the government’s regulatory behavior is directly related to the future of high‐quality development of intelligent construction and also expands the application field of evolutionary game theory and SIR theory. The government should actively manage third‐party testing institutions and intelligent building enterprises before construction accidents happen. After the accident, strict management and supervision should be carried out on well‐known bloggers before the emergence of rumors so as to reduce the possibility of standardizing individuals’ reprinting of rumors and avoid the uncontrollable negative impact in the later period, thus seriously affecting the credibility of government supervision.

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE, CONDUCT AND PERFORMANCE OF GINGER MARKETING IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

The study analysed the structure, conduct and performance of ginger marketing in Benue State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling techniques were used in selecting 256 respondents. Data were obtained from primary source with well-structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics, gini coefficient, marketing margin and marketing efficiency analysis. Results from the socio-economic characteristics of marketers showed that 35.2% were male and 64% were female with a mean active workforce of 46.82 years. Majority of ginger marketers (77.3%) were married with mean household size of 9; ginger marketers had a mean marketing experience of 10years, and the mean formal education attained was 7years indicating that most ginger marketers had formal education. The result of the Gini coefficient calculated for structure of the marketers was 0.46 for the retailers and 0.27 for the wholesalers indicating inequitable distribution of sales income for retailers while wholesalers was perfectly competitive. The marketers were faced with the problem of heavy taxation and high cost of transportation. It is recommended that tax payment should be properly conducted to avoid multiple taxation and good roads should be provided to reduce transportation cost.