Saleable Product Research Articles

Licensing of a new technology by an outside and uninformed licensor

We examine the licensing decision of a non-producer innovator with a new technology that enables the manufacture of a saleable product. The technology is licensed and each user privately knows its innovation-related production cost, whereas the licensor only knows, with a certain probability, that this cost may be low (the user is efficient) or high (the user is inefficient). When a single licence is granted through separating contracts, only the contract intended for the inefficient user involves a per-unit royalty, but when two licences are granted through separating contracts, the contracts intended for the inefficient and efficient users both feature a per-unit royalty. However, screening is less likely as the number of licences increases, to the point that the licensor does not screen users when granting three licences. Additionally, whereas the diffusion of the innovation is socially insufficient under symmetric information, with asymmetric information it may be socially optimal. Finally, when licensing with contracts involving an ad-valorem royalty is also feasible the licensor finds it less attractive than licensing with a per-unit royalty.

The Case of Herdade do Freixo do Meio in the Emergence of a Scientific Broadcasting Documentary Supported by Agricultural Reengineering

In the text, we identify what we call stages of a project that aims to be “innovative” of “scientific broadcasting documentary” organized in steps of a unique experience. The conditions of the case study are of a quasi-laboratory nature. The context is presented as that of an “agroforestry eco-archaeo-history” of the Mediterranean-peninsular settlement pattern. Instead of choosing a rationalist approach to reflect on the facts under discussion, we follow a Gabriel Garcia Marques approach to make common people experience the essence of what is at stake. But instead of a romance, we opt for choosing the strength of a space to explore, as can only be done on a tourist tour, placing the space (in the image of a character) at the centre of the narrative. The HFM space effectively tells a story that is radically different from the dominant narrative, and which makes sedentarization dependent on the so-called “cereal revolution”. In fact, this text seeks to describe a “conceptual journey”, in nine stages, deduced from our direct observation on the ground, complemented by several interviews with the actors mentioned in the text, covering around 6,000 years of settlement, in space of Herdade do Freixo do Meio (HFM), in Foros de Vale Figueira – municipality of Montemor o Novo, a property that allows to demonstrate the possibility of full sustainability (and viability) from all points of view, that is, from values based on the point of view of social, economic, demographic or ecological justice. The idealized tourist itinerary project (as a possible salable product) aims to amplify the remarkable work carried out at HFM, on the side of stimulating demand. This project aims to “help” publicize the collective action of actors in the agroforestry experience, and in this way, to consolidate itself, in turn, on the side of stimulating supply. Furthermore, in this consolidation of demand, a particular interest can be conceived from the study now proposed, as we think, analysing it from a third angle, that of its effectively “easy” repeatability across the interior territories of our country and not only.

Estimating body composition using CT scans of cross-bred lambs fed at 2feeding levels and 2stages of maturity to inform predictive growth models.

Livestock producers would benefit from more precise predictions of the growth response from nutrients consumed. Previously published models are often limited by the realities of data collection and are unable to account for alterations to body composition, due in part to the response of visceral organs to an alternate diet. The computerized tomography (CT) scanning of lambs enables the analysis of changes in body composition of individual animals over time, potentially supporting better model development and testing. The aim of this experiment was to develop a repeatable method for the analysis of live lamb body composition using CT scans. A secondary aim was to compare the data collected from CT scanning during a feeding trial to 2 predictive lamb growth models. Cross-bred lambs were fed 2 feeding levels at 2 stages of maturity, with CT scans at the beginning and end of each 8-wk feeding period. The CT scan-derived values for body composition taken at the beginning of feeding periods were used as inputs for 2 existing lamb growth models. Predictions of body composition were compared with CT scan-derived values at the end of feeding periods. The CT scan analysis method used a proportion of images from each lamb to reduce manual image editing. The method was developed by comparing the estimated mass and volume of empty body components using all available CT scans to estimated values using a reduced number of scans from 12 lambs. The CT scan-derived lean tissue mass aligned with model predictions at the end of each feeding period, however, CT scan-derived fat mass was greater than predictions by both models especially for the high feeding level at the later stage of maturity. These results highlight that the analysis of body composition using CT scans requires further validation, particularly for the viscera, and that models likely require refinement to better predict the efficiency of energy utilization by different tissues. The use of live animal CT scans can provide more accurate predictions of the growth of saleable products than measuring liveweight alone and will enable ruminant growth models to better adapt to different genetics and changing diets than comparative slaughter. To replicate the current data using comparative slaughter would require 4 times the animals, as individual lambs were CT scanned 4 times in this study, demonstrating the potential value of CT scanning in live animal research.

Assessing Sustainable Development Goals Implementation in Pasuruan’s Great Disability House

Sustainable development is a form of achieving social justice for every generation that aims to support economic growth based on social and environmental development. Pasuruan City as one of the cities in Pasuruan Regency which forms a sustainable development program by presenting Great Disability House which was established to facilitate persons with disabilities in Pasuruan City to receive various skills training. The purpose of this study was to determine the goals of sustainable development at Great Disability Home based on OJK (Authority Service Finance) sustainable indicators, and the role of Great Disability House in the sustainable development of Pasuruan City. To conduct research related to these objectives, researchers used a mix-method approach, namely a quantitative method on the results of direct interviews with Great Disability House in Pasuruan City, and a qualitative method with an indicators of sustainable development goals in Indonesia study approach. The results of the study show that indicators of sustainable development can be identified as follows: (1) ecologically sustainable, through creating salable products through recycling both organic and inorganic waste; (2) economic sustainability, through good product marketing through an online sales platform where the output is able to prosper the members of Great Disability House; (3) socio cultural sustainability, through handmade craft products that reflect the local culture of Pasuruan City (4) sustainable politics, defense and security, through the creation of various types of products that do not oppose elements of SARA (Ethnicity, Religion, Race, and Inter-group), elements of political campaign means and elements of plagiarism.

Energy efficiency in the South African mining sector: A case study at a coal mine in Mpumalanga

Energy efficiency is a cost-effective way of both bolstering energy security and limiting the harmful effects of energy use on the environment. Mining is an inherently energy-intensive activity, and the 2008 revision of South Africa's National Energy Efficiency Strategy (NEES) set a target of a 10% reduction in energy consumption by 2015 for the mining sector. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of the NEES in improving energy efficiency in the South African coal mining sector by surveying energy intensity at a number of operations, and analysing energy efficiency trends and energy use by process and energy carrier at an underground coal mine in Mpumalanga. Most mines surveyed exhibit an increase in energy intensity over time. At the case study mine, the increase was primarily due to increased energy use in the beneficiation and discard reclaiming processes. Trends in energy consumption are a poor reflection of trends in energy intensity, as a decline in energy consumption is most easily achieved by reducing production. A more appropriate metric for energy efficiency at coal mines is energy intensity, defined as energy use per unit of saleable product, relative to a multi-year baseline. The evidence suggests that the NEES has been ineffective in promoting energy efficiency in South African coal mines. We propose that greater success could be achieved by monitoring and reporting on energy intensity at the process level, and by incentivizing energy efficiency gains.

STUDY OF THE VARIABILITY OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER-BASED BIOPOLYMER DISPERSIONS IN DRILLING FLUIDS

Link for citation: Lambin A.I., Averkina E.V. Study of the variability of rheological properties of water-based biopolymer dispersions in drilling fluids. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 8, рр. 91-97. In Rus. The relevance. Water-based biopolymer drilling fluids have become quite widespread in the technology of oil and gas well construction. Much attention is paid to the methods of regulating the physical and mechanical properties of biopolymer systems. In particular, rheological properties of solutions based on xanthan gum are of great practical interest. The effectiveness of the use of polymers is determined by the amount of the main reagent and modifying additives necessary to impart the required properties to the washing liquid. Biopolymer water drilling fluids based on xanthan gum have shown their effectiveness in many regions of the Russian Federation. However, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the solutions is difficult due to the differences in the saleable products of the producing companies in solubility, swelling and composition, which affects the optimized performance of the drilling mud. The main aim: consideration of the differences in aqueous solutions of a number of samples of xanthan gum in terms of power dependence: K-coefficient of consistency and n-degree of deviation from the Newtonian flow regime of the study. Objects: rheology of aqueous solutions of several xanthan samples, both purely aqueous and based on aqueous brines of potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium (NaCl). Methods: instrumental methods for determining the parameters of drilling fluids according to SS 33213-2014; the difference in the parameters of the power rheological dependence was determined by comparing its indicators after measuring the viscosity of solutions on a viscometer with direct indications. Results. The influence of a fixed concentration of NaCl and KCl salts on the considered indicators of the power model is shown. A generalized optimization indicator is proposed for solutions obeying a power-law rheological law. The calculated dependence of the accuracy of approximation of experimental data by a power model, which showed acceptable accuracy, is presented.

Network optimization for optimal product mix decisions in a graphite mining production process

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop a novel general mathematical model to find the optimal product mix of commercial graphite products, which has a complex production process with alternative sub-processes in the graphite mining production process.Design/methodology/approachThe network optimization was adopted to model the complex graphite mining production process through the optimal allocation of raw graphite, byproducts, and saleable products with comparable sub-processes, which has different processing capacities and costs. The model was tested on a selected graphite manufacturing company, and the optimal graphite product mix was determined through the selection of the optimal production process. In addition, sensitivity and scenario analyses were carried out to accommodate uncertainties and to facilitate further managerial decisions.FindingsThe selected graphite mining company mines approximately 400 metric tons of raw graphite per month to produce ten types of graphite products. According to the optimum solution obtained, the company should produce only six graphite products to maximize its total profit. In addition, the study demonstrated how to reveal optimum managerial decisions based on optimum solutions.Originality/valueThis study has made a significant contribution to the graphite manufacturing industry by modeling the complex graphite mining production process with a network optimization technique that has yet to be addressed at this level of detail. The sensitivity and scenario analyses support for further managerial decisions.

The improvement in whiteness index of calcite tailings using attrition-scrubbing process

ABSTRACT Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an essential mineral critical for various applications in many industries like plastic, rubber, paint, and paper manufacturing. However, salable CaCO3 products need to meet specific requirements. For the paint and paper manufacturing industries, the whiteness index (WI) of CaCO3 is an important property because it strongly influences the final color of paper and paint products. In this study, the effects of retention time and pulp density on the WI after attrition-scrubbing of calcite tailings were investigated. To increase the whiteness index, an attrition scrubber was used to remove impurities on the CaCO3 surface with different pulp densities—40, 45, 50, 55, 60, and 70% solids—and retention time—10, 15, 20, and 25 min—as process variables. The results of laboratory-scale experiments found that the attrition-scrubbing process improved the whiteness index of CaCO3 tailings and reduced its iron content. The optimum condition was at the pulp density of 55% solids, which was used in the pilot-scale experiments. The results of the pilot-scale tests were consistent with the laboratory-scale, indicating that the attrition-scrubbing process can be used to improve the quality of CaCO3 tailings.

Prolonged heat waves reduce the condition index and alter the molecular parameters in the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

The entire shellfish farming sector is negatively affected by heat waves. Predictive models show that while heat waves are not predicted to exceed 28 °C in the northern Adriatic Sea over the coming decades, their duration will increase to periods of up to 30 days. Knowledge regarding the effects of heat waves on bivalves at physiological and molecular level is still limited. This study attempted to simulate what will happen in the future in Pacific oysters exposed to prolonged heat waves, assessing morphometric and physiological indices, and investigating the expression level of a number of genes, including the chaperone heat shock proteins HSP70, HSP72 and HSP90, and the factor P53. A state of stress in the heat wave-exposed animals was found, with loss of body weight and energy resources: despite showing a higher clearance rate, these animals were unable to absorb the nutrients required to maintain homeostasis, as well as demonstrating an alteration in hemolymphatic AST activity, total calcium and magnesium concentration. mRNA levels of all examined genes increased in response to thermal stress, with long-term overexpression, activating cell stress defense mechanisms and modulating the cycle cell. The results of this study indicate that heat waves affect oyster welfare, with consequences for the productivity of the sector due to the lack of salable products.

РАЗРАБОТКА И ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИМИТАЦИОННОЙ МОДЕЛИ ЦЕХА КОМПАУНДИРОВАНИЯ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ БЕНЗИНОВ

Compounding commercial fuels is an important final stage of the entire production process chain in an oil refinery which defines the economic effectiveness of the company’s manufacturing activities. This paper addresses a simulation model for the compounding process for commercial gasolines. The Model is based on discrete linear programming. The target function for the optimization model is the ratio of the difference between the value of the salable product and the costs incurred by manufacturing components and electrical power to the final volume of the salable product, as well as the time it takes to prepare. The optimization model leads to the conclusion about the practicability of the in-flow blending, as well as of the necessity of selecting the right pumping equipment. The optimization model can be applied to primary calculations of economic effectiveness of the various options of organizing the process for the compounding of commercial gasolines.

A simulation model for a compounding process for commercial gasolines

Compounding commercial fuels is an important final stage of the entire production process chain in an oil refinery which defines the economic effectiveness of the company’s manufacturing activities. This paper addresses a simulation model for the compounding process for commercial gasolines. The Model is based on discrete linear programming. The target function for the optimization model is the ratio of the difference between the value of the salable product and the costs incurred by manufacturing components and electrical power to the final volume of the salable product, as well as the time it takes to prepare. The optimization model leads to the conclusion about the practicability of the in-flow blending, as well as of the necessity of selecting the right pumping equipment. The optimization model can be applied to primary calculations of economic effectiveness of the various options of organizing the process for the compounding of commercial gasolines.

Evaluation of Spinning Cone Column Distillation as a Strategy for Remediation of Smoke Taint in Juice and Wine.

Where vineyard exposure to bushfire smoke cannot be avoided or prevented, grape and wine producers need strategies to transform smoke-affected juice and wine into saleable product. This study evaluated the potential for spinning cone column (SCC) distillation to be used for the remediation of 'smoke taint'. Compositional analysis of 'stripped wine' and condensate collected during SCC treatment of two smoke-tainted red wines indicated limited, if any, removal of volatile phenols, while their non-volatile glycoconjugates were concentrated due to water and ethanol removal. Together with the removal of desirable volatile aroma compounds, this enhanced the perception of smoke-related sensory attributes; i.e., smoke taint intensified. Stripped wines also became increasingly sour and salty as ethanol (and water) were progressively removed. A preliminary juice remediation trial yielded more promising results. While clarification, heating, evaporation, deionization and fermentation processes applied to smoke-tainted white juice gave ≤3 µg/L changes in volatile phenol concentrations, SCC distillation of smoke-tainted red juice increased the volatile phenol content of condensate (in some cases by 3- to 4-fold). Deionization of the resulting condensate removed 75 µg/L of volatile phenols, but fermentation of reconstituted juice increased volatile phenol concentrations again, presumably due to yeast metabolism of glycoconjugate precursors. Research findings suggest SCC distillation alone cannot remediate smoke taint, but used in combination with adsorbents, SCC may offer a novel remediation strategy, especially for tainted juice.

Hybrid Technique for Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water

AbstractAmalgamation of a supported liquid membrane (SLM) and electrocoagulation are carried out to remove As(III) and As(V) from drinking water to achieve a high treatment efficiency. The process is based on uphill transport of arsenic ions against their concentration gradients across phases and has the advantage of simultaneous extraction and recovery followed by electrocoagulation of arsenic. The aim of the process is selective separation of arsenic from drinking water and to reduce its concentration below 10 ppb. An iron‐arsenic precipitate is obtained by using an iron anode and the said precipitate is a value‐added saleable product. Various adsorption isotherms are evaluated to understand the removal mechanism of arsenic by the formation of iron‐arsenic precipitates. The Freundlich isotherm and Dubinin‐Radushkevich model are found to fit well with the adsorption data of the removal of arsenic ions.

Economic and Environmental Implications of Biomass Commercialization in Agricultural Processing

Motivated by the agricultural industries, this paper studies the economic and environmental implications of biomass commercialization; that is, converting organic waste into a saleable product from the perspective of a processor that uses a commodity input to produce both a commodity output and biomass. We characterize the economic value of biomass commercialization and examine how input and output spot price uncertainties affect this value. Using a model calibration, we find that lower input spot price variability or higher output spot price variability or correlation between the two spot prices increases this value for a typical palm oil mill. To measure the environmental impact, we use total expected carbon emissions resulting from profit-maximizing decisions and characterize the change in total expected emissions after commercialization. Our analysis reveals that, although higher biomass demand or biomass price always increases the value of biomass commercialization, these changes are not necessarily environmentally beneficial as they may increase the emissions associated with biomass commercialization. We also characterize conditions under which biomass commercialization is environmentally beneficial or harmful; that is, it leads to a reduction or an increase in the total expected emissions, respectively. In comparison with the existing understanding which does not take into account optimization of operational decisions, our analysis highlights two types of misconceptions (and characterizes the specific conditions under which they appear): (i) we would mistakenly think that biomass commercialization is environmentally beneficial when it is not, and (ii) we would mistakenly think that biomass commercialization is environmentally harmful when it is not. This paper was accepted by Victor Martínez-de-Albéniz, operations management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4518 .

Economic impacts of food safety incidents in a modern supply chain: E. coli in the romaine lettuce industry

AbstractFood‐safety incidents disrupt impacted markets, cause destruction of edible product, shake consumer confidence, and impose economic losses upon participants across the implicated supply chain. Despite the prevalence of such incidents, we know surprisingly little about their supply chain impacts, especially in modern produce markets where contracts may impede the diffusion of price impacts through the supply chain. The November 2018 E. coli incident for romaine lettuce in Central California roiled North American produce markets throughout the fall of 2018 and well into 2019. Our study of the economic impacts of this incident benefited from access to disaggregate information on prices and sales for romaine and substitute leafy greens at all stages of the supply chain, enabling us to overcome data limitations that have impeded prior studies. We decompose impacts from the incident into price and quantity components. Romaine growers were largely protected from damage due to fixed‐price provisions in grower‐processor contracts. Economic losses were incurred mostly by romaine shippers and processors, and grocery retailers who pulled saleable product from the supply chain and lost sales during and well after the incident due to reduced consumer demand. We estimate that the total societal loss from the incident was in the range of $276–$343 million. Widespread and long‐lasting impacts from a food‐safety incident demonstrate the economic benefit of industries adopting mandatory food‐safety standards and improved traceability to minimize the occurrence and impacts of such incidents.

Pharmaceutical Serialization : A Challenge for Small Manufacturers

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the Challenges faced by Small Manufacturers due to the Serialization compliance. Pharmaceutical serialization is the process of assigning unique serial number to each saleable product pack. Each product pack contains information about product source, Global Trade Identification Number (GTIN), Batch number, Expiry date and unique serial number. Pharmaceutical serialization is not new compliance, and it was initially introduced by Turkey in 2010, and other market such as the China and South Korea. Since many years China made compulsory for all supply chain partners to record drug distribution information of individuals drugs units in a traceability system. As we are approaching to 2023, It will be final phase of 10 yearlong implementation of Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) since compliance enacted in 2013. Verification router services (Saleable Return) is another compliance which was scheduled to enforce on 2020 but it is now push back to 2023 due to Covid-19 impact. Under 2023 DSCSA Act, manufacturers need to provide product tracing information in secure and interoperable manner electronically to distributors and wholesaler in supply chain. Wholesaler must transfer product tracing information to dispensers and pharmacy and verify saleable returns receive from supply chain stakeholders. Dispenser/Pharmacy should be able to receive Electronic Product Code Information Services (EPCIS) and product tracing information electronically and to be able to reconcile physical product unique identifier with electronic records. Finally, everyone in supply chain must be connected electronically through interoperable network which will allow regulatory bodies to track and trace the information’s. The importance of drug traceability has been increasingly emphasized and mandated by several countries across the world. The Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) has been working on a pilot project with big pharmaceutical companies, wholesalers and distributors to design and test interoperable network to trace pharmaceutical prescribed drug electronically at package level. This will help supply chain stakeholders to verify the authenticity of drug in United States.

CLASSIFICATION OF OPTIMIZATION TASKS FOR REFINERIES

Optimizing oil refineries to meet current market and regulatory demands poses significant challenges for today’s oil industry. Environmental standards make new projects more costly and complex. All operations must reduce air pollution emissions (NOX), which means costly upgrades to existing installations. The low sulfur fuel demand increases the value of the hydrogen required for its production. Competitive printing demands high performance with maximum security and production flexibility. 50 % ratio of streams passing through hydro processors for conversion, processing, and pretreatment at US refineries to total streams. Hydrodesulphurization is the largest application of catalytic technology in terms of volume of material processed. Accurate and reliable measurement of crude oil distillation columns; Calculating yield is critical for achieving production goals, planning and programming. The feed rate should be maximized while ensuring that the crude oil mixture meets environmental requirements. Furthermore, errors in measurements can result in costly downtime or out-of-spec products. The purpose of the refining process is to convert crude oil, which is a natural raw material, into salable products. Products from refineries include cars, trucks, airplanes, ships and fuel for other vehicles, fuel for heat and power generation for industrial, and domestic use, raw materials, lubricating oils, waxes, bitumen for the petrochemical and chemical industry. Special products such as energy, heat (steam), also power (electricity) can be grouped as by-products. For the production of petroleum products, raw materials are processed at different distillation plants. crude oil of these processing units, which transform them into products with the help of supporting units and facilities. This combination is called refining. Market demand for the product type, available raw quality and the requirements set by the authorities include the size, configuration, and configuration of a refinery. Affect its complexity. Since these factors vary from region to region, the facility structures of refineries are also different. These are the basic production departments, process units and auxiliary facilities of the refineries.

An Examination of Velocity and Initial Coin Offerings

Blockchain technology offers firms a novel method of raising capital via so-called initial coin offerings (ICOs). In the most common form of an ICO, a firm creates digital assets called “utility tokens” that are tracked on a blockchain-based ledger, requires that its product be purchased only with those tokens, and then, raises capital by selling these tokens to investors prior to creating any saleable product. (Some nonfungible tokens (NFTs) may function in a similar fashion.) We model a fundamental paradox with the use of ICOs involving utility tokens and similar structures. To increase capital raised by an ICO, the firm may attempt to reduce blockchain operating costs, thus expanding the quantity of goods sold. However, because of the mechanics of miner compensation, doing so increases the number of utility token transactions that take place in any time interval (i.e., increases token velocity and thus, the effective supply of tokens). By Fisher’s equation, this lowers the dollar value of tokens and the amount investors are willing to pay for them. We show that this paradox limits the value of utility token ICOs as an alternative to traditional financing options. We discuss alternatives to and variations of utility tokens that can mitigate the conundrum and promote ICOs as a more viable form of financing. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.

Oil quality of by- products of marine fish during processing methods

By- products that are not regarded as ordinary saleable products (fillet, round, eviscerated or beheaded fish), but which can be recirculated after treatment. Normally oil is produced from by-products of marine fatty fish species such as cod, anchovy, capelin, sardine, salmon, tuna, mackerel, Norway pout, Atlantic herring, sand eel etc. It is possible to extract oil by different process such as wet reduction, hydrolysis, silage, dry rendering and acid - alkali aid. Fish roe has high concentrations of lipids. Hydrolysis was better than wet rendering method as there was a chance for lipid oxidation in the wet rendering method. High quantity and quality of phospholipids were generated from the lipid fraction in the dry rendering process. To ensure high quality of produced products, it is important to process by-products immediately after production. It is also needed to increase the utilization of marine by- products by increasing knowledge on the chemical composition and stability of the by- products.

Using corporate sustainability reporting to assess the environmental footprint of titanium and zirconium mining

The growing focus on environmental responsibility from the community, investors and regulators presents immense challenges and opportunities to mining companies. Titanium and zirconium minerals are vital, unrecyclable, and often irreplaceable components of modern infrastructure and technology. The companies which supply these minerals often have a long-history of sustainability reporting. Such reports have been used here to analyse energy usage, carbon dioxide emissions and water usage from mining and processing these minerals. Mining operations and titanium-slag producers in Australia, Canada, China, Mozambique, Madagascar, Norway, and South Africa were analysed. This paper presents both site-specific data as well as data generalized to heavy mineral sand (HMS) deposits vs igneous hard-rock style deposits, as well as those products which have undergone beneficiation. In terms of averages, energy use was higher for HMS (yearly average of between 0.90 – 2.95 GJ/t valuable heavy mineral (VHM)) compared to ilmenite-dominant hard-rock mining (yearly average of between 0.21 – 0.49 GJ/t ilmenite) and Ti-slag production required between ∼10 – 14 GJ/t of saleable product (including titanium slag and pig-iron). Emissions from ilmenite-dominant hard rock mining produced ∼0.01 t CO2e/t ilmenite concentrate while HMS mining produced 0.07-0.38 t CO2e/t of VHM; emissions from beneficiating ilmenite into Ti-slag add significantly to this (0.62-1.21 t CO2e/t of saleable product, weighted by value). Overall, hard-rock mining operations consumed <5 kL/t ilmenite concentrate while HMS consumed 10-26 kL/t VHM. On the other hand, beneficiating hard-rock ilmenite into slag increases water-use by ∼220 kL/t of saleable product. Finally, in terms of land use, it was determined that an average of 4.3 ha per 1 Mt of ore was disturbed in HMS operations (no data was available for hard-rock operations). While average results comparing HMS, hard-rock and beneficiated products were broadly comparable to existing LCA literature, data used in LCA literature is not consistent with specific sites and using generalized data to infer site-specific data will often lead to erroneous estimates. These observations taken together are particularly important to downstream purchasers, as well as the investment community who do not fund entire industries, but fund and back specific projects; the decision made on which site or company to invest in is increasingly determined by environmental, social and governance (ESG) related factors. This paper not only provides quantitative indications of these factors for Ti/Zr production, but also guidance for improving sustainability reporting in the industry. An improvement in the quality, quantity and consistency in this data, as this paper explains, will allow for greater information to guide investment and ESG outcomes for Ti/Zr industries.