Sale Of Labour Research Articles

Товар – рабочая сила: метаморфоза рынка и процесса труда

The purpose of the study is to consider the metamorphosis of the labor force, or the ability to work, depending on its habitat – on the labor market or in the labor process, overcoming the mixing of different characteristics that manifest themselves in different conditions. The methods of content analysis of scientific observations, comparisons, logical generalization and a systematic approach are applied. The scientific novelty consists in revealing the essence of the labor market as a sphere of exchange, in which the purchase and sale of labor takes place and there is no place for its consumption, as well as the essence of the latter in the labor process, when the ability to work passes from its carrier-an employee to the disposal of a commodity producer-entrepreneur and is spent under his control, creating a new value. The results obtained cover: purified signs of labor force manifested in the labor market and its other properties in the labor process; justification of the special essence of each of these groups; confirmation that labor force at the time of inclusion in the labor process becomes the possession of the employer who disposes and uses it. The conclusions can be used in scientific research, the practice of organizing and paying labor by state, municipal and economic authorities, educational institutions of the country.

РЫНОК ТРУДА: КРИТИКА ОКОЛОНАУЧНОГО ВЗГЛЯДА

The subject of the study is the social and labor relations between the subjects of the labor market and in the field of employment regarding the use of labor in the production of goods. The aim of the work is to clarify the understanding of the labor market and the sphere of employment as socio-economic phenomena and categories reflecting them, to overcome their confusion, and to identify differences in the content of each of them. The methods of analysis and content analysis of scientific publications, comparison, logical generalization, and a systematic approach are applied. The novelty consists in revealing the essence of the labor market as a sphere of exchange, in which there is a purchase and sale of labor; in the scientific definition of the sphere of employment, within which the ability to work passes from the worker-bearer to the disposal of the employer, under whose control new value is created, including surplus value. As a result of the study, an attempt was made to scientifically determine the essential foundations of the labor market and employment, highlight their characteristic features, and divide them into 2 independent phenomena. Refuting the widely spread theory that the labor force is rented out by its bearer on the labor market, the author, on the basis of well-founded scientific data, comes to the conclusion that the labor force, human abilities can only be sold or donated by their owner, but in no case are rented out. The results of the study can be used in scientific developments, the practice of organizing and remuneration of labor by state, municipal, and economic authorities, and universities of the country.

Empowering Growth in Pakistan?

The SDGs’ commitment to inclusive growth reflects an increasing international concern with the inclusiveness of macro-economic development. Yet, although research underscores that economic growth is not gender-neutral, gender dimensions remain a footnote to these debates. This article explores the connection between growth performance and gender inequalities in the case of Pakistan. The country’s macro-economic performance has been characterised as a case of ‘growth without development’. More specifically, severe gender inequalities and women’s marginalisation in international comparison have persisted even in phases of high GDP growth. This paradoxical situation offers a fertile context for the analysis of how empowering macro-economic growth has been and can be for women. We investigate how empowering growth has been for women in Pakistan by exploring aggregate data on sectoral growth and gendered employment. Our analysis does not suggest the straightforward win–win for growth and women’s empowerment espoused in Pakistan’s national policy vision. Rather, we find that women’s employment is precarious—women are largely viewed as secondary earners engaging in distress sale of labour.

ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДУМКИ ЩОДО ПРОБЛЕМ РОЗВИТКУ Й РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

Structural shifts in the labor market are due to the transformation of social and economic relations in today's globalized world. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the conceptual and methodological foundations of the economic thought development on the evolution of scientific approaches (scientific schools) to theoretical concepts of research and justification of the labor market. The conceptual provisions of the study of the labor market within the classical school are considered: free competition, the dependence of wages and labor supply, and the level of wages. The peculiarities of the labor market understanding as a market of goods of a special kind - "labor" within the framework of Marxist theory are determined. The basic postulates of neoclassical opinion on labor market research are considered, which implies free competition and non-interference by the state in regulation. Key provisions of Keynesian labor market theory are presented regarding the need for systematic state intervention in the economic environment. The neo-Keynesian theory of labor market regulation has been considered: models with stable prices and wages; approaches to the analysis of the labor market (the theory of «wage efficiency», the theory of «outsider-insiders», the theory of «employment as an investment decision»). The concept content of the natural level of unemployment is revealed in the modern conservative trend in economic theory. The general position of the monetarists on the labor market is generalized in favor of monetary influence instruments on the economy, including unemployment. Institutionalists' perceptions of the labor market are considered in analyzing professional and sectoral gaps in the structure of the labor force and in wages. The key provisions of the contract employment theory are given. The characteristic features of the flexible market concept are presented, which provides the deregulation of the labor market. A number of definitions of leading scientists on the content of the labor market have been generalized and the own definition has been provided - as a system of public relations to the purchase and sale of labor, as a sphere of labor demand and supply, as a mechanism for price matching and working conditions between employers and employees. Keywords: labor market, employment, economic activity of the population, labor force, labor resources, regulation.

Symposium: Recent Developments in Regulation and Implications for Social Inclusion

In the face of the international financial crisis, there is mounting disillusionment with the neoliberal ideology which has underpinned public policy over the last few decades. This has been reflected by the recent change of government in Australia and the result of the American Presidential election in November. In both cases, the public's disillusionment and dissatisfaction with the regulatory and social welfare policies of the previous governments were key reasons for change. The increasing withdrawal of the state from traditional economic roles in most Western countries, including Australia, left the space open to markets and market relations. This is despite the vital role played by the state in economic development. As Chester shows, this was particularly the case in Australia from the time of European settlement. This reinforces the appropriateness of this symposium which examines a number of issues related to developments in regulation and implications for social inclusion. Chester's paper serves as an apt introduction to the symposium. Using French regulation theory, it documents the changing nature of the Australian state with an increased reliance--most marked since the 1980s--on the virtues of the market and on reducing the size of the government sector. However, Chester argues that this entailed a change in the form of regulation to 'regulation-for-competition', rather than a decline in the degree of regulation. Indeed, 'regulation-for-competition' is intrusive and involves significant direct control of the market and its participants. The six papers that follow can be divided into two distinct groups. The first three address specific issues associated with the new 'regulation-for-competition', while the final three highlight the implications of regulatory change for social inclusion and exclusion. One example of 'regulation-for-competition' is the recent WorkChoices legislation which implemented significant changes to labour market regulation under the guise of achieving structural competitiveness. Nevile and Kriesler consider the basis of these changes in the light of reforms proposed by the Rudd government. A major feature of the WorkChoices legislation was the attack on collective bargaining, and the intentional reduction in unions' power to negotiate on behalf of workers. Theoretical economics provides no clear winners in the debate over the effects of 'more or less' regulation of wages, although the role unions can play in achieving social inclusion through greater income equality is highlighted. Nevile and Kriesler note that, in direct contrast to the removal of collective bargaining rights of employees, the Trade Practices Legislation Amendment Act 2006 allows small businesses to bargain collectively with big business. However, as Isaac points out, this can present serious problems if, for example, the small business is a provider of services, and is therefore 'effectively involved in the sale of labour'--the province of industrial relations regulation. …

Collective Bargaining under Trade Practices Law

AbstractThe Howard Government, supported by the Labor Opposition, legislated in 2007 to enable small businesses to engage in collective bargaining with large businesses under the Trade Practices Act. The object of the legislation is to facilitate greater equality in the bargaining power of the parties. Except where the small business sells goods/commodities rather than a service, a person who is ‘employed’ and the business that provides a ‘service’ are both effectively involved in the sale of labour or in the performance of work in the labour market. However, the legal concepts and procedures relating to collective bargaining in these two types of labour transactions are different. One, the ‘employment’ of persons, is placed in the category of workplace relations operating through labour law; the other, the ‘sale of services', is viewed as a commercial transaction, dealt with through commercial law. This paper considers the question of whether there are sufficiently significant differences between these labour/service transactions as to justify the application of two separate sets of laws to deal with them — one to cover transactions between employers and employees, and the other to cover transactions between small and large businesses. A case study will be used to illustrate the involved and unsatisfactory approach of the commercial law route in determining what is in essence a labour transaction rather than a commodity transaction.

Understanding poverty through the eyes of the poor: The case of Usangu Plains in Tanzania

Descriptions and perceptions of poverty and its myriad dimensions are as many and varied as the ways in which poverty affects the daily lives of the poor. Poverty is not simply an issue of income. When the poor themselves are asked what poverty means, they highlight a range of aspects. Rather than income-related issues they highlight concerns related to intangible assets, such as a sense of voice vis-à-vis other members of their community as well as their state of health, literacy and access to assets. This paper presents results of analysis that emanate from a participatory poverty assessment (PPA), which was conducted in Usangu Plains between 2002 and 2005. The assessment involved the use of a number of poverty measures including among others, the wealth ranking and livelihood analysis using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results of analysis showed an array of poverty indicators differing from one locality to another. However, the access to land with moderate slopes and water for irrigation ranked as the most important indicator. In addition, rice production was perceived as one of the key factors that lift a household from a lower to a higher level of well-being. A person who harvests adequate rice was perceived as having almost everything such as money, food, can build a good house, and has social status in the community. The poor households harvest little rice because they cultivate little land using mostly their own family labour and they have therefore, problems in securing their daily meal. Other indicators included the possession of livestock, education level, membership of local societies and associations as well as the ability to pay for health services. The quantitative analysis for the subset of the ‘poor’ households showed lower direct dependency on water related activities compared to other households. This illustrates the impact of reduced access of poorer households to natural resources (water and land resources in particular), which force them to rely more on other sources of income, and mainly on sale of labour. The decomposition of total income showed that of all the household income-generating activities, irrigated agriculture represents an inequality-decreasing source of income.

Farmers' Perception of Water Management under Drought Conditions in the Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia

A survey was conducted in the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia, to assess agricultural water management practices adopted by the farmers under drought conditions. The results show that on average drought prevails in the area once every two years and causes damage to both crops and livestock. Consequently, under such drought conditions, the farming communities have adopted various coping strategies and important among them are the sale of labour and sale of livestock and their products. The survey results also reveal that farmers in the rainfed agriculture areas practise mainly contour bunding to mitigate drought impacts.

Determinants of Rural Children’s Knowledge of Hazards Associated with Farming in Oyo State, Nigeria

Children in rural areas of Nigeria are known to be active participants in farming. This has been described as a socialization process. This study investigated the knowledge of rural children about hazards associated with farming and the determinants of their levels of knowledge. The safety gears available for their use on the farm were identified. Data were collected from four hundred and fifty eight (458) children aged between six and eighteen years. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to cover the four geopolitical zones in the state. Predominantly rural Local Government Areas (LGAs) were sampled. Pre-tested interview schedules were used to collect data on respondents personal and socio economic characteristics. The data were exposed to statistical analyses such as frequency distribution and correlation analyses. Results from the study showed that majority of rural children are aware of cut from tools insect bites and eye irritation from dusts and are rated as having moderate knowledge of hazards associated with farming (KHAF). Among the variables that significantly correlate with scores in KHAF at 0.05 level of significance are purpose of farming (r = 0.49) farm size (r = 0.44) sale of labour (r = 0.37) schooling status (r = 0.36) and ownership of personal farm (r = 0.33) among others. Emphasis on educational programme was suggested as essential to promoting the use of safety devices among rural children. (authors)

Comments on McCallum

Professor McCallum's remarks seem to have little bearing on what I have to say. I write: In particular I am questioning the view that prices must continue to change as long as some agent is quantity (p. 288). However, that is the view of McCallum's equation (6). Moreover, I was concerned to take quantity constraints seriously, i.e. to incorporate them into formal theorizing. Thus, when there is involuntary unemployment agents are constrained by more than the budget. It then follows from maximization under constraint that the demand for goods cannot be independent of the quantity constraint on the sale of labour. Moreover, unless profits are always zero the quantity constraint on firms, (if it bites) must be reflected in the budget. However, McCallum's equation (1) ignores this. I was also concerned to make supply decisions depend on forecasts of quantity constraints and on conjectures of the latter's responsiveness to prices. This too finds no place in McCallum. I did not claim that a model that ignores all these points would leave room for government policy. None the less, McCallum's remarks are instructive because they make it easier to see what the argument is about. It is not, as his note suggests, about rational expectations, nor does it turn on the distinction between sustained policy and isolated government action (p. 302). It may help economic understanding to restate McCallum's ineffectiveness proposition. For this purpose we can abstract from the stochastic setting since it is not essential. So let Pt be the Walrasian equilibrium price at t. It is correctly predicted at t 1. From McCallum's equation (1) we have

Unemployment in Kampala and Jinja, Uganda

In order to place Uganda's employment in perspective, it is necessary to look briefly at the general development of unemployment. The growth of employment in Uganda goes back to the introduction of a cash economy into a country of small subsistence cultivators. Subsequently there developed a changing balance of cash-earning opportunities between the sale of cash crops and the sale of labour, and it is the nature of this balance between cash crops and labour which underlies both the unemployment problem in the 1960's and any hope of its solution.