Sale Of Goods Research Articles

Penerapan Nilai-Nilai Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah pada Produk Murabahah pada BPR Syariah Kota Bandar Lampung

Murabahah is a form of fund raising carried out by sharia banking, both productive (for business activities) and consumptive (for daily needs). Murabahah is the sale and purchase of goods at the original price (capital) with additional agreed profits that are not too burdensome for potential buyers. In a murabahah contract, the seller must disclose the basic price he purchased and determine a level of additional profit. In the murabahah financing product provided by BPR Syari'ah Bandar Lampung, the bank is the capital provider while the customer is the borrower for the purpose of purchasing halal goods, both consumption and investigation, where the bank takes a certain amount of profit (margin) on the cost price of the goods. The payment system is by installments or agreed installments. This type of research is field research. This research was carried out directly in the field using respondent data. The product in murabahah financing at BPR Syariah Bandar Lampung City is that the bank is the capital provider while the customer is the borrower. BPR Syariah Bandar Lampung City applies the maqashid sharia approach in its consumer financing. This can be seen from the consumptive financing provided which has a role and benefit in improving the welfare of members, namely by fulfilling members' dharuriyat and hajjiyat needs and being able to safeguard members' minds and assets.

Examining the Efficacy of the Law of Sale of Goods and Supply of Services Act 2017 in the Lens of Consumer Protection in Uganda

This study investigates the effectiveness of the Sale of Goods and Supply of Services Act 2017 on consumer protection by examining the legal framework governing it at the national and international levels. Findings reveal that Uganda’s consumer protection law falls short and even the available laws do not protect consumers extensively. This Act also does not cater for any redress system for consumer disputes, rights, and remedies of a consumer, and it is upon such a critical analysis that one can conclude that there is an urgent need to protect consumers in Uganda, mainly by setting up a redress system for consumer dispute resolution. More legislation should be enacted and passed, and consumer rights should be enforced since they are intrinsic to any democratic state, and this will lead to economic development. In light of the observations, the article recommends that the government of Uganda amend the law to include the e-commerce provisions that protect consumers on digitally procured products, both intangible and tangible, which give clear and full protection to consumers against fault-sold digital content products. More so, the government of Uganda should amend the Sale of Goods and Supply of Services Act to clearly define “goods” to also expressly cover digital products and clearly stipulate the mode of digital transactions since such goods are different from ordinary goods that the consumer is able to examine before purchasing them. Keywords: Sale of Goods and Supply of Services, and consumer protection

Understanding the consumer's intention to purchase reproductive health products from e-commerce sites

The emergence of the Internet, together with the expansion of associated technologies, has had a profound influence on every possible field. Of great importance to marketers has been the rise of virtual stores that facilitate the online sale of goods and services. Although the majority of marketers have recognized the significance of including the Internet in their marketing strategies, there is a lack of scientific study on the key elements that impact an individual's decision-making process in the purchase of female reproductive healthcare products. The women's health market in India is projected to grow to $1.325 Billion by 2030, from $0.726 Billion in 2022. The study employed a survey instrument with 448 participants who frequently make online purchases of reproductive healthcare products. The results indicated that purchasing through e-commerce sites has gained extensive popularity among female customers due to social influence, customer experience, cost-effectiveness, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and facilitating conditions in its ability to save time and space. The study also indicated that advertising through social media has a profound impact on female customers in their purchase decisions to buy reproductive healthcare products.

Analysis of Revenue Recognition Based on PSAK Number 23: Case Study In Trading Company PT. Solusindo Ganda Kharisma

This study aims to analyze the implementation of revenue recognition based on the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK) No. 23 in the trading company PT. Solusindo Ganda Kharisma. In an increasingly competitive business environment, companies are required to implement an effective accounting information system to produce accurate and timely financial information. Revenue is one of the key elements in financial statements, where its recognition and measurement affect the quality of the information presented. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Primary data were obtained through interviews with relevant parties in the company, while secondary data were sourced from the company’s financial statements, internal accounting policies, and other documents. The results of the study indicate that PT. Solusindo Ganda Kharisma has effectively implemented PSAK Number 23 in the recognition of revenue from the sale of goods and services. Revenue from the sale of goods is recognized when the goods have been received by the customer, while service revenue is recognized based on the percentage of work completion. However, several challenges remain, such as delayed revenue recognition due to late delivery of goods and discrepancies in estimating the percentage of work completion for service sales.

Supply Base attributes and diversion risk in a supply chain for hazardous pharmaceutical products

AbstractWe develop a novel construct, diversion risk, defined as the potential for post‐retail diversion that results from increased sales of hazardous goods. We examine diversion risk in the context of prescription opioid sales in the United States. We ask how supply base attributes and nonprofit ownership influence the creation of opioid diversion risk. We use performance‐outcome expectancy theory to hypothesize that pharmacies organize supply bases to help them avoid negative evaluations and that nonprofit ownership alters expectancy concerning legal but questionable behavior. We develop and test multilevel hypotheses explaining how supply base complexity, chain size, and nonprofit ownership influence diversion risk. Our analysis of DEA data from 2006 to 2019 finds that after accounting for other attributes, supply base complexity is positively related to diversion risk, within and between firms. Retail chain size is negatively related to diversion risk in the within‐firm model, but positively in the between firm model. Testing our nonprofit hypothesis reveals that nonprofit pharmacies also use size and supply base complexity to manage diversion risk. This research sheds light on the dynamics of diversion risk in pharmaceutical supply chains. It has practical implications for the industry, potentially informing future policy and practice addressing this critical issue.

New Worlds Arise: Online Trust and Safety

Over the past two decades around the world, people's social lives are increasingly occurring within online digital spaces. Throughout this transition, social media platforms have been struggling to govern an increasing number of complex social phenomena that have carried over from our offline world to these new social platforms, ranging from bullying and harassment to the sale of illicit goods. In their attempts to build out systems to govern these issues, many platforms have drawn inspiration from models borrowed from the offline world familiar to criminologists. In this review, we draw attention to the field of online trust and safety. We provide an overview of the ways platforms have developed tools and systems to govern the people, content, and interactions that take place on their platforms while also looking at the way the field itself has developed rapidly over the past few years. Lastly, we look at research that exposes opportunities for promising paths forward to govern these digital social spaces, highlighting the ways that criminology research can positively contribute toward building vital online communities.

Сенсорный маркетинг в условиях диджитал-экономики

In the context of the increasing complexity of marketing relations associated with the transformation of understanding the role of the consumer, the issues of a deeper study of consumer behavior and its features in the “black box” model are of particular importance, since understanding consumer motives and reactions to marketing incentives will contribute not only to sustainable production and sale of goods, increasing the effectiveness of marketing solutions and maximizing profits in the long run, but also to the fast search and selection of goods by consumers that really meet their needs. The development of sensory marketing, taking into account the emergence of new neuromarketing technologies, meets the challenges of modern society. Previous studies of the influence of sensory stimuli on consumer behavior, as a rule, focused on the use of traditional marketing tools (observation, survey, focus groups, etc.), as a result of which only one-sided results of visible consumer reactions were obtained, which do not always reflect their true intentions to purchase a product. Marketing concepts in the context of changing market relations during the transition to a post-industrial society are examined; identifies the place of sensory marketing in the digital economy and its importance in the transformation of society into a humane community, shows the relationship between sensory marketing and neuromarketing, the use of technological tools which will allow to obtain hidden neurophysiological reactions of consumers to marketing incentives, which will provide a comprehensive an approach to evaluating incentive triggers in the purchase decision-making process. The role of neuroethics in conducting these studies is indicat.

A Tale of Too Many Doctrines: Supervening Impossibility and the Sale of Goods

Contracts for the sale of goods contain three default rules addressing the problem of supervening impossibility: sections 7 and 20 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the doctrine of frustration. This article uses a legal historical method to examine why this is the case and what the relationship between these rules is. It contends that the current approach is the accidental result of a series of historical contingencies and argues that it is unsatisfactory for several reasons. It then offers suggestions as to how the law might be rationalised. On a broader level, the inquiry provides a lens through which the wider history of supervening impossibility in English contract law can be explored. The article argues that our current conceptualisation of the law prior to 1863 is fundamentally flawed, and that this inhibits our understanding of how the earlier law both shaped and confused the development of a more general doctrine of supervening impossibility.

Current legal activities come to the complexity of the term "electronic commerce": international and national level

The article provides a comprehensive study of various approaches to defining the term «electronic commerce» in the context of modern legal, economic and technological challenges. The analysis begins with an overview of scholarly perspectives on e-commerce, which range from narrow interpretations that focus on basic online sales contracts to broader concepts that encompass all aspects of electronic interaction between business entities, including logistics, marketing, financial operations and international transactions. The term «e-commerce» is clearly distinguished from related concepts, such as «e-commerce», «e-business», which mostly focuses on the sale of goods and services. The article also explores the positive aspects of e-commerce, such as increasing the efficiency of business processes, reducing transaction costs, access to global markets, increased convenience for consumers, etc. At the same time, a number of negatives have been identified, including the risk of personal data theft, payment fraud, and other types of cybercrime. The normative regulation of electronic commerce at the level of international law and in Ukraine is separately analyzed. The main legislative acts and their impact on the development of e-commerce are highlighted. On the basis of the conducted research, three key criteria for a clear definition of e-commerce are formulated, including legal relations arising through electronic means, interaction of entities through the Internet, and multi-level business processes, namely: basic e-commerce, integrated e-commerce and global e-commerce. As a result, a proper understanding of e-commerce as a form of business activity is proposed, which involves the implementation of commercial transactions using information and telecommunication means, covering a wide range of processes, including the conclusion and execution of contracts for the sale of goods and services, payment processing, logistics, marketing and advertising , as well as management of currency and customs operations during international transactions, which allows to increase business efficiency and reduce costs due to process automation, optimization of resource management, rapid exchange of information, reduction of transaction costs and simplification of communication between market participants.

Electronic commerce as a tool for implementation of the constitutional right to business activity

The scientific article examines the essence and development of e-commerce as a key element of the modern economy, which significantly changes traditional business models and creates new opportunities for entrepreneurs and consumers. The impact of information and communication technologies on economic development is analyzed and their decisive role in the implementation of electronic commerce is indicated. Several key innovations that have fueled the rapid growth of e-commerce are explored, namely: AI-powered personalization, omni-channel commerce across platforms, and the integration of secure electronic payments using emerging technologies such as blockchain. In addition to technological aspects, social and economic factors that contributed to the development of e-commerce are considered, including the COVID-19 pandemic, changing consumer habits and the growth of logistics companies. The article also covers the issue of legal regulation of electronic commerce, analyzing international legal acts. It is concluded that e-commerce is a complex phenomenon that includes not only trade transactions but also related business processes such as marketing, data processing and supply chain management. The need for further development of the legal framework for its effective functioning in Ukraine and the world is indicated. E-commerce is proposed to be understood as the process of buying, selling or exchanging goods, services and information using electronic means, mainly through Internet platforms, covering a variety of business processes, such as: online trade, electronic payments, digital marketing, supply chain management, etc. . It was established that the relationship between the right to entrepreneurial activity and e-commerce is that e-commerce is one of the forms of entrepreneurial activity that is adapted to the modern conditions of the digital economy and the development of information technologies, in particular, this relationship is embodied through the prism the following legal relations: the right to entrepreneurial activity as a basis. The constitutional right to entrepreneurial activity provides an opportunity to freely choose and carry out economic activity for the purpose of obtaining profit. This right covers the freedom to choose the form of doing business, dispose of profits and protect one’s interests in the process of carrying out economic activities; digitalization as a form of entrepreneurship. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) expands the traditional possibilities of conducting business, offering new ways for entrepreneurs through the Internet. It covers not only the purchase and sale of goods and services, but also various business processes related to the exchange of digital information, conducting financial transactions and managing logistics; digital capabilities. Thanks to electronic commerce, the right to do business is expanded by accessing global markets and simplifying interaction with customers, which allows doing business regardless of geographical boundaries and time. Entrepreneurs can quickly implement new technologies, automate business processes and provide an individual approach to consumers through digital platforms; protection, security and settlement. Thus, the state, realizing the constitutional right to entrepreneurial activity, must ensure legal regulation of electronic commerce. This includes the protection of consumer rights, control over the quality of services, regulation of digital signatures, protection of personal data and support for the security of online payments; innovation and competition. E-commerce stimulates the development of entrepreneurship, increasing competition through opportunities for innovation. Entrepreneurs working in e-commerce gain competitive advantages due to the efficiency of digital technologies and global opportunities.

Research on the social functions of trade to support the development of marketability of farm products

In recent years, there has been a problem of reducing the marketability of agricultural products of farms for many types of goods. Among the key food products supplied by farmers, the negative dynamics of sales was noted for the sale of potatoes and vegetables. This situation is largely related to the annual fluctuations in agricultural production, which is especially evident in the cultivation of fruit and vegetable crops. Using econometric modeling based on the construction of regressions based on panel data, the article shows the negative impact of changes in production volumes on the percentage of marketability of farm products. Farmers, like other small-scale enterprises, do not have a developed marketing infrastructure, unlike agricultural organizations. Therefore, farms are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in production volumes, which create for them the problem of lack or excess of resources for sales. An important way to solve this problem is the activity of trade organizations aimed at implementing social functions to support the sale of farm products. In Russia, such social practices are being implemented by the largest representatives of the retail industry in a pilot mode in certain regions of the country. In particular, in some areas, agricultural aggregators are operating, launched by the “X5 Group” and “Magnit” retail chains, which perform technological and marketing functions to ensure the sale of farm goods. There are other social projects of trade organizations, for example, “Agrocontract” and “Farmer›s Island”, initiated by “X5 Group”, which involve the conclusion of direct contracts with farmers in order to reduce the purchase prices of goods and provide for the purchase of various unique goods from farmers. The expansion of the social functions of trade organizations will significantly overcome the existing problems of marketing farm products and provide such farms with sufficient income and profit for further self-development of activities.

Coordination of interests of participants in digital commodity platforms (marketplaces): legal problems

The article examines problems that have emerged in practice related to the interaction of marketplace owners with sellers, buyers and other participants when concluding and executing contracts for the sale of goods on digital commodity platforms. The concepts of a digital platform, marketplace, and information aggregator, which have not received an unambiguous solution in legal acts, are defined, the legal status of the owner of the marketplace is investigated, and a negative assessment of the state of legal regulation of relations developing on digital product platforms (marketplaces) is given. A mechanism for legal regulation of the relations under consideration is proposed, which allows not to limit the development of marketplaces and at the same time ensure the coordination of the interests of marketplace owners as entities with significant market power with participants in transactions on digital commodity platforms.

Перспективы маркетплейсов как ответчиков в гражданском процессе в спорах с потребителями при продаже товара третьим лицом и вытекающие проблемы

Marketplaces play an increasingly important role in the economy and, in particular, in e-commerce. The article examines the current state of affairs regarding consumer claims against the marketplace in the presence of the actual seller. It is concluded that gaps in legal regulation give marketplaces opportunities for abuse, and can also lead to impairment for consumer or seller’s position compared to the situation of direct sale of goods between the parties. Courts try to solve problems related to marketplaces’ participation in trade, however, there is no unified systematic approach both to whether the marketplace, including the same one in different disputes, is appropriate as a responder in such disputes, and to the consequences of marketplaces' participation in e-commerce relations.

Implement the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) Algorithms for Sales Classification

The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithms are two algorithms that have proven efficient in various classification and prediction applications. This research examines the application of these two algorithms in the context of selling goods in PIM supermarkets. In this research, AHP and KNN are used to classify goods sold based on various criteria such as price, number of stock items sold, total sales amount. The research results show that KNN outperforms AHP in predicting the best-selling, best-selling and least-selling items based on sales in 2022 at PIM supermarkets. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the KNN algorithm is suitable for predicting the classification of goods sales in PIM Supermarkets. This research classifies sales of goods using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) methods. This research uses 3 criteria. By using the value K=1, the experimental results show that the highest KNN has an accuracy of 38%, while AHP has an accuracy of 32%. Differences in accuracy results can be influenced by parameter settings and characteristics of the dataset used. Therefore, further analysis of these factors is needed to understand the performance differences between the two methods.

국제물품매매거래에서 CISG상 지식재산권 침해 물품 인도에 따른 매도인의 책임에 관한 연구: CISG 자문위원회의 Black Letter Rule을 중심으로

Purpose: This study explores the liability of sellers of goods that infringe Article 42 of the United Nations convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) based on the official opinion of the CISG Advisory Council. Research design, data, and methodology: The requirements for seller liability under Article 42(1) of the CISG includes the seller's awareness and geographic limitations. This study also examines the requirements for seller immunity under Article 42(2), including the buyer's expectation of awareness and investigation. Results: M ost o f t he e xisting o pinions a nd t he o fficial o pinions o f t he C ISG A dvisory Council seem to be consistent with the responsibility of the seller who delivers goods infringing on intellectual property rights. However, regarding the timing for determining the suitability of rights to the goods, there are areas where opinions are different from those of scholars who view them as a transfer of risk. Conclusions: The CISG Advisory Council's official opinion appears to be a reasonable interpretation of Article 42 taking into account its purpose, which is to protect the interest of the purchaser in the free use of goods that are not subject to third-party rights or claims, the Secretariat's commentary on the Convention's legislative history, and the existing views of scholars. Therefore, practitioners should prepare for related situations by referring to the official opinion of the CISG Advisory Council on Article 42 of the CISG.

The Impact of Sports Background on Sales Performance of Sporting Goods: Evidence from Companies in Pingdingshan

Sales performance is an important indicator of business operations, especially in the field of sporting goods sales, but less attention has been paid to the role of sales staff’s professional background on performance. This article focuses on the impact of sports professional background on sales performance. The results show that sports professional background significantly improves the subjective and objective performance of salespeople. Further analysis found that this influence mechanism is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, sports expertise provides unique advantages for sales; second, good interpersonal skills enhance customer relationship management; third, strong sports enthusiasm stimulates sales enthusiasm. Finally, this article puts forward corresponding management suggestions, such as giving priority to sales staff with a sports professional background, strengthening targeted training and incentives, etc., in order to provide reference for the construction of sales teams of sports brand enterprises.

PENGARUH HARGA JUAL DAN SYARAT KREDIT TERHADAP PENJUALAN KREDIT PT HOME CREDIT INDONESIA CABANG SURABAYA

As the economy changes after the pandemic storm in all countries, especially Indonesia, many parties move very quickly, everyone must survive to survive, from national business corporations to small and medium class MSMEs to develop their businesses. The development of the business provides significant benefits for the company or business, which has an impact on increasing company profits. The company's goal is to sell goods to consumers and users both directly and digitally, so it is necessary to carry out effective and efficient sales. Sales usually consist of sales of goods and services, both cash and credit. Research conducted by Syarial, (2015), shows that the results of his research have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions, in this case researchers purchase using credit sales. The rise of credit sales in various regions both online and offline, many people from various walks of life to follow the latest trend. Technological advances have made many digital platforms appear. One that is widely used because of the convenience provided is the sales application. Because of this phenomenon, researchers are interested in examining Credit Sales at PT Home Credit Indonesia Surabaya branch studied through credit prices and credit terms. The purpose of this thesis is to find out the selling price, credit interest rate affects the credit sales of PT Home Credit Indonesia Surabaya branch, Validity test, reliability test, multiple linear regression statistical test, F test, and t test are used in this influence research, a non- experimental quantitative research method. The results found that credit sales (Y) were influenced by selling price (X1) and credit terms (X2), and both variables were influenced by credit sales (Y) if tested simultaneously.

Structural analysis of Kazakhstan's e-commerce market participants in the B2C segment

The article examines the current trends in the development of the e-commerce market in Kazakhstan using the example of the B2C segment. The growth of online retail trade in Kazakhstan has been exponential over the past 3-4 years, and the activity of entrepreneurs in this segment has led to the rapid formation of the necessary infrastructure aimed at meeting consumer demand. The purpose of the study conducted by the authors is to analyze the main subjects of the e-commerce market in the dynamics of their development and influence on the state of the market. The study of agents of this market conducted by the authors using general scientific methods allowed us to identify the main trends and patterns of change in the structure of online services provided, the sale of goods via the Internet, and the improvement of payment and delivery methods. In addition, the authors focused on assessing the competitiveness of the market and identified trends in its monopolization. Despite the highly competitive nature of the e-commerce market, market pioneers have advantages that give them the opportunity to have a strong influence on the market, contributing to the emergence of potential barriers to entry in certain market segments. The results obtained allowed the authors to determine promising directions for the development of the B2C segment of the e-commerce market in Kazakhstan.

Characterization of contractual relations in digital turnover

The article is devoted to identifying the peculiarities of contractual relations in digital circulation. Digital turnover is becoming increasingly widespread, which leads to the emergence of new forms of contractual relations characterized by significant differences. The purpose of the article is to reveal the characteristics and peculiarities of contractual relations arising within the framework of digital civil turnover. The study of contractual relations in digital circulation is necessitated by the lack of sustainable legal regulation of this area which requires further improvement. The peculiarity of building relations in digital circulation is associated with its technical properties, primarily the need to gain access to digital platforms for the exercise of subjective rights by users. The author emphasizes that the exercise of subjective rights in digital circulation can be realized only through the use of complex intellectual property objects, in particular, those combining computer programs, databases, music, animation objects, photographs, etc. The author proposes to distinguish the following types of relations in the field of digital circulation: 1) regarding the creation and maintenance of digital circulation (legal regime of intellectual property rights); 2) organizational relations in the field of business administration of the digital environment (corporate, labor relations with the appropriate legal regime); 3) between the user and the administrator of the relevant digital environment (contractual regulation, with elements of the legal regime of personal data protection); 4) between users of the digital space regarding digital assets (a complex regime of legal regulation which may combine the legal regimes of. The author emphasizes that contractual relations in digital circulation are based on both civil law and rules and standards used in electronic systems. It is proved that different types of relations require a comprehensive application of different legal norms and are mediated by different agreements, such as: license agreements; agreements for the provision of digital services (cloud storage, marketplaces); sale and purchase of goods; exchange and pledge of digital assets; token agreements (regulating the use of cryptocurrencies and other tokens in digital ecosystems), etc.

The "Detriment" as a Prerequisite for Fundamental Breach of Contract: Effect of Case Law on Making a Better Uniform Understanding of CISG Article 25

This study examined the Detriment as a Precondition for Fundamental Breach of contract. Fundamental breach is one of the key doctrines used by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG hereafter) -namely the doctrine of fundamental breach of contract provided for in article 25. Based on this article detriment means a substantial deprivation of a party of what he is entitled to expect under the contract. To determine whether or not the term detriment equal damages, article 25 CISG does not contain any definition or examples to clarify the term 'detriment'. This study explored this notion in light of the large number of courts' decisions related to article 25. The study ended to a certain fact that case law is the correct way to achieve uniformity in understanding CISG article 50, and to establish some directions, which hopefully will benefit to reach a uniform interpretation of the "detriment" notion.