Sale Of Dairy Products Research Articles

Стратегічні пріоритети формування економічної безпеки і диджиталізації управлінської звітності для розвитку малих форм господарювання на сільських територіях

The article is dedicated to examining the fundamental strategic priorities for developing managerial reporting in the context of economic security for small-scale enterprises in rural areas, considering the growth of agribusinesses in Ukraine and worldwide. It has been demonstrated that integrating digitalization into managerial accounting significantly improves the efficiency of the information support system for agricultural enterprises. Approaches have been proposed to establish optimal managerial reporting for small-scale enterprises in rural areas. It is noted that implementing digital technologies in reporting dramatically enhances the transparency and accuracy of financial operations, allowing for the timely identification of financial risks and the prevention of undesirable losses, thereby maintaining the economic security of agribusiness enterprises. Small enterprises in rural areas, which are limited in resources and opportunities for obtaining credit or external investments, can. However, they leverage digitalized reporting systems to improve their financial reliability when collaborating with potential investors and creditors. Moreover, the digitalization of managerial reporting facilitates the optimization of management processes, allowing for more rational planning of the enterprise’s available resources. To this end, we analyzed data from a sheep farming enterprise. In calculating economic indicators in managerial reporting, a developed format for digitalized accounting and reporting information is presented for small-scale enterprises involved in sheep farming. The decrease in the number of sheep and the productivity of products (milk and wool) by 4% from the planned volumes relates to the low quality of fodder, which directly affected the economic results of the agrarian business enterprise. At the same time, the actual revenues of the enterprise turned out to be 4.2% lower than planned due to the fall in the wool market and a slight decrease in revenues from the sale of dairy products. The conclusion is drawn that further implementation of digitalization in accounting processes is advisable to reduce bookkeeping costs. It is substantiated that, in the context of globalization and the digital transformation of markets, the digitalization of accounting procedures is an integral element of the development of management systems, ensuring their adaptability to the challenges of the modern economy. Keywords: agrarian business, strategic priorities, economic development, small businesses, international business, rural areas, enterprise, digitalization, management reporting, economic security.

ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF MILK PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The reform of the agro-industrial production of Ukraine radically changed the organizational and economic conditions of the functioning of dairy enterprises and other structures engaged in the processing and sale of dairy products. This led to a fundamentally new relationship between product producers and product consumers, and led to a sharp decline in the production of milk and dairy products. The future of milk production by agricultural enterprises largely depends on the influence of general trends in the development of world agriculture and the market. In the last five years, it has been growing. There are approximately 230 million productive dairy cows; the yield of one cow varies from 2,200 to 9,800 kg in the regions of the world. Methods. Generally accepted methods and techniques were used in the process of conducting the research: a set of scientific methods of the abstract and logical method (induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, analogies and comparisons, formalization) in the development of theoretical provisions on the substantiation of organizational and economic factors of increasing efficiency. The economic and statistical method was used when conducting an analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of the effectiveness of the functioning of dairy enterprises, in particular its methods: comparison (comparison of the data of the reporting year with the corresponding indicators of previous years); grouping (to identify cause-and-effect relationships between features), series of dynamics (tracking of temporal changes in indicators of the activity of agricultural enterprises and households - milk producers), analytical information is displayed using graphic and tabular methods. Results. It has been proven that ensuring food security within the physiological norms of consumption of dairy products of Ukrainian production can be guaranteed by the development of high-tech production, due to increasing the productivity of cows and the creation of systematized dairy zones on the territory of Ukraine. At the same time, it is necessary to provide state assistance in the construction and reconstruction of milk processing enterprises according to world standards on a corporate basis. This will make it possible to produce export-oriented products, creating added value. Discussion. In the post-war period of revival of the agrarian economy, the development of dairy farming should be carried out on the basis of a comprehensive program that includes all components of the agro-food chain of movement of milk from the producer to the final consumer. In addition, the development of incentives for the reorientation of agricultural enterprises - producers of plant products to dairy cattle breeding - is timely. Keywords: milk, production, agricultural enterprises, households, milk processing enterprises.

Legal regulation of the state supply of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products

The paper establishes that in the legal field of Ukraine there are more than 50 legal and regulatory acts that are directly or indirectly related to the regulation of the dairy industry market. The Law of Ukraine "On Milk and Dairy Products" is basic in the field of regulation of the dairy industry. The legislator fixed the interpretation of the main terms of the dairy industry in the relevant legal act - the Law of Ukraine "On Milk and Dairy Products". This act defines what "raw milk", "dairy raw materials", "dairy products", "traditional dairy products" are. Also, the legislator fixed the main institutions of the state policy of ensuring the safety and quality of milk and dairy products. In addition, the act discloses the issue of state support for producers of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products and the mechanism for its implementation. It should be noted that the Law of Ukraine "On Milk and Dairy Products" regulates the legal and organizational foundations for ensuring the safety and quality of milk and dairy products for life and the health of the population and the environment during their production, transportation, processing, storage and sale, import into the customs territory and export from the customs territory of Ukraine. The study identified the main, in our opinion, regulatory legal acts that regulate the supply of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products to the state, and also characterized their purpose, main provisions and meaning. It was found that milk and dairy products occupy a significant place in the market of food resources. It is noted that the production of dairy products is an important component of food security. It was found that providing the state with milk is a complex process that includes the following stages: milk production, milk processing, sale of dairy products, state regulation.

Инфекционные болезни, передающиеся с молоком: обзор литературы

Milk is an excellent nutrient medium in which most saprophytic bacteria and pathogenic microbes grow well under certain conditions. Contamination of milk substrates by microbial pathogens is the cause of the spread of infectious diseases not only from the group of intestinal infections, but also infections with multiple mechanisms of pathogen transmission. Widespread consumption of milk determines the ubiquitination of infectious diseases, in which this product can serve as a factor of pathogen transmission. About 4% of infectious diseases worldwide are associated with milk consumption. The sources of infection are, as a rule, dairy animals, which are the reservoir of pathogens; the factors contributing to the contamination of milk with pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens are technological and sanitary-hygienic violations in the production, storage and sale of dairy products. Despite the fact that the route of transmission of infections with milk is widespread, it is the most underestimated among other intestinal infections. To date, there are no simple and rapid tests to detect the presence of pathogens such as Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter spp. in milk, the invention of which could significantly reduce the burden of milkborne diseases. This review discusses the epidemiologic importance of milk and milk products in the spread of infectious diseases and possible areas of prevention.

Determinants of the Development of the Regional Market for the Sale of Dairy Products in Large Retail Chains

Relevance. An analysis of the regional market for the sale of dairy products in large retail chains will make it possible to identify the main players in the market, their shares and strategies, as well as to identify the characteristics of consumer demand and supply in this category of products.The purpose is to conduct a comprehensive study of the regional market for dairy products in large retail chains in order to determine the determinants of development and the main players in the market, their shares and strategies, as well as the size of the share of each manufacturer in this market.Objectives: collect and analyze data on sales of dairy products in large retail chains in the region; identify the main players in the market, their shares and strategies; based on the results obtained, to draw conclusions and determine the determinants of development to improve the position of manufacturers and retailers in the dairy market in the city of Kursk.Methodology. In the course of the study, general scientific methods of logical and statistical analysis, as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis, were used.Results. The share of producers of the Kursk region of the total number of dairy producers represented in the retail chains of the city of Kursk is 17,13%, of which 7,69% is occupied by the production of the city of Kursk. The volume of dairy products sold in large retail chains in the city of Kursk for 2022 for five positions decreased by an average of 20,5%.Conclusions. There is a small amount of imports of goods from local producers to large retail chains of the city, which may indicate a lack of support and priority for the city to work with local producers in these networks. It may also indicate possible limitations in the production capacity of local producers, their lack of competitiveness in comparison with other producers from other regions.

Market of milk and dairy products in Almaty region of Kazakhstan

The goal is to reveal the problems of development of livestock industry in Kazakhstan, which is given great attention as the most important area of State agricultural policy and a priority in agriculture. The need to monitor milk and dairy products market is justified by its social significance, employment, income of the population and food security of the country. The authors note that the dairy subcomplex has its own characteristics, specifics of production and distribution, conditions for achieving quality and competitiveness, taking into account the influence of external factors. In this regard, the study is devoted to development of recommendations for further improvement of domestic dairy farming sub-sector. Methods – general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization of the collected information. Results – dairy market was analyzed in terms of indicators: average per capita consumption of milk and dairy products in the Republic of Kazakhstan, imports and exports over the past 5 years. The main reasons hindering the increase in the volume of final products and low productivity of animals: low share of breeding stock in agri-businesses and private farms, lack of high-quality feed, noncompliance with livestock keeping technologies, high level of equipment wear and tear, lack of effective links between commodity producers of raw materials and its processors in the republic, in particular, Almaty region. Conclusions – elimination of shortage of raw materials, financial recovery of enterprises, use of modern marketing technologies in food sales, the provision of rational logistics chains for the transportation, storage and sale of dairy products is needed.

Comparative effectiveness of the use of wet flattened corn grain in the rations of lactating cows

In order to effectively provide the body of cows with energy during the increasing the milk yield without the risk of acidosis, progressive animal breeders of the Altai Territory include wet flattened corn grain in the composition of concentrated feed. The question of the expediency and economic effectiveness of using wet flattened corn grain for cows of various physiological groups – first-calf heifers and mature animals continues to be debatable. Therefore, a comparative assessment of two options for feeding wet flattened corn grain to cows under the conditions of the Altai Territory is considered promising in modern animal husbandry and is of great practical interest. The purpose of the work was to identify the optimal and economically feasible option for using wet flattened corn grain in the rations of lactating cows. When using wet flattened corn grains in an amount of 7,1 % of the nutritional value of the ration the first-calf heifers during the period of increasing the milk yield, productivity has increased by 20,9 %. The average daily milk yield was 17,3 kg, which significantly exceeded the indicator of the control group (P > 0,95). The inclusion of wet flattened corn grains in the ration of mature cows in the amount of 1 kg for 30–35 days before calving, then 4,5 kg from 15 to 75 days after calving allows us to get the average daily milk yield of 30 kg or 20,3 % higher than that of the control group of herdmates (P > 0,95). The effectiveness of the use of wet flattened corn grain had significant indicators: the total profit from the sale of dairy products of the first-calf heifers of the experimental group amounted to 16 251,3 rubles/head, and from the sale of milk of mature cows of the experimental group it was 30 346,43 rubles/head.

Особливості мікрофлори молока та молочних продуктів, що реалізуються в м. Дніпро

Milk and dairy products are an excellent environment for the development of microorganisms that can cause various defects in the products and in some cases lead to human disease. Under the action of bacteria, yeast, molds, if the rules of procurement are not observed, transportation, storage and sale of dairy products deteriorate rapidly, lose nutritional value, become dangerous for consumption. The purpose of the research was the monitoring of quality of dairy products sold in the trade network of Dnipro according to the sanitary-microbiological indicators. Material and methods. We analyzed 79 samples of milk and dairy products of different trade mark. 56 (64,5%) samples were not standard indexes from which 10 samples of pasteurized milk, 9 samples of yogurt, 6 samples of kefir, 8 samples of sweet-cream butter, 7 samples of cottage cheese, 6 samples of sour cream and 5 samples fermented baked milk. Results and discussion. The obtained results showed that 19 samples of dairy products contained less viable bacteria, than it was indicated according to sanitary and microbiological indexes. There was the greatest number of nonstandard products among samples of yogurt (6) and cottage cheese (4). The study showed that out of 56 analyzed dairy products 13 contained yeast in an amount that exceeds the standard rates. The largest number of non-standard samples (5) was found in yogurt. In 12 samples the maximum number of molds was exceeded. The highest number of molds contaminated product samples was found among cottage cheese (4), kefir (3) and butter (3). In the presence of sanitary-indicative microorganisms we did not meet the requirements of the normative indicators of 35 samples of dairy products, which was 44.3% of the total number of analyzed samples. Escherichia coli bacteria were found in samples of all types of dairy products. The most contaminated were samples of milk (6 samples), kefir (6 samples) and yogurt (5 samples). Conclusion. Out of 7 types studied most dairy products contaminated by all indicators were yoghurt and cottage cheese. Staphylicoccus aureus was detected in 2 samples of lactic acid products. Pathogenic bacteria, including representatives of the genus Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes, were not found in none of 79 samples of seven types of dairy products

Strategic break-even analysis AIC organizations

The article is devoted to the issues of strategic analysis of the break-even of agro-industrial complex organizations as a basis for making managerial decisions. The technique of partial calculation of the production cost of production in the “direct-cost” management accounting system is considered. The economic substantiation of options for the sale of dairy products by an enterprise using methods of full and partial absorption of costs is given. The results obtained can be used by agribusiness enterprises to form a development strategy and strategic business plans.

Development perspectives of the regional milk and dairy products market in Sumska oblast

Dairy cattle breeding is the leading animal husbandry sector that takes an essential share in the structure of gross agricultural output, provides access to nutritious food, and secures the continuous flow of funds for economic entities throughout a year. Meanwhile, a stable trend towards the reduction of cow number at agricultural enterprises and households, reduction of milk production and processing, and growing counterfeiting of dairy products has been observed lately. Therefore, the population tends to consume less milk and dairy products. Thus, there is a need to conduct research to determine the factors impacting the regional milk and dairy products market and the perspectives of its further development. The paper aims to determine the perspectives for further development of the regional milk and dairy products market. It stipulates the need to solve the following tasks: to analyze the production and sales of milk by agricultural enterprises and households and production and sales of dairy products; to determine the factors impacting the regional milk and dairy products market; to determine the ways for further development of the regional milk and dairy products market in Sumska oblast. The paper examines the actual condition of the milk and dairy products market in Sumska oblast. In particular, the production and sales of milk by agricultural enterprises and households and production and sales of dairy products are analyzed; the factors impacting the regional milk and dairy products market are determined; the perspectives for further development of the regional milk and dairy products market in Sumska oblast are suggested.

Economic development through the dairy sector: analyzing the legal protection frameworks

The paper discusses the important role played by the dairy sector in Kenya with respect to economic development from which the economic and social rights can be realised. In doing so the paper defines an elaborate structural framework within which the sector is managed from the level of production of milk to marketing and sale of dairy products. Various laws and policies that govern the sector are highlighted most of which have interventions to the existing challenges that affect the sector. The paper highlights a number of threats to the sector which if not addressed within the given protection frameworks can lead to collapse of the industry. One of the major threats identified is the low price at which milk is sold by the farmer despite there being high consumer prices. Such low returns to the farmer adversely affect the welfare of the affected communities. The paper attributed the problem of low prices to the oligopolistic tendencies in the sector that have resulted in monopolization of prices. Dumping of milk products was also identified as a major threat which has also contributed to low prices of milk to the farmer. The paper recognizes that the elaborate legal protection frameworks in place can be utilized to regulate such restrictive trade practices and further protect the dairy sector which is still developing.

РОЗВИТОК ТУРИСТИЧНО-ОРІЄНТОВАНИХ ФЕРМЕРСЬКИХ ГОСПОДАРСТВ ЛЬВІВЩИНИ

Purpose. Characterize the development trends of the network of tourist-oriented farms which operate within the Lviv region. Systematize information about their specialization and key areas of work, identify and describe the main groups of farms in Lviv region in view of the priority of their activities, as well as reveal the features of the tourist offers for visitors and tourist groups. Methods. The research used the method of analysis to study the literature and information sources on the research topic; the method of scientific systematization is applied to the selection of tourist oriented farms of Lviv region and the characteristic of key areas of their activities; the cartographic method allowed to visualize the location of the studied farms within the region by forming a map of Lviv region with the indication of settlements where the tourist-oriented farms operate. Results. The role, place and significance of tourist-oriented farms for the development of rural tourism are outlined. The farms of Lviv region that are involved in the tourism sector, focused on the reception of tourists and presented in the information space are highlighted. The dominant group of tourist-oriented farms in Lviv region is formed by those farms that are engaged in the cultivation of cows, goats, sheep, specializing in the manufacture and sale of dairy products, especially various types of cheese. At the same time, a number of cheese factories have been formed within the region, operating on the basis of purchased raw materials. A separate group includes honey eco-farms, berry farms, snail farms, ostriches, etc. Systematized data on the specifics, features of the development of the studied farms are presented in the table, the main products and tourist services they offer on the market of tourist services are highlighted. A map of Lviv region with a presentation of the geography of location of tourist-oriented farms within the region are developed. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the generalization of information about the existing tourist-oriented farms of Lviv region and the analysis of their offer on the tourist market. The practical significance lies in the systematization of relevant information about the current state of development of tourist oriented farms in Lviv region. The obtained scientific results can be used in the process of forming tours in Lviv region as well as in the educational process in the training of future specialists in the specialty «Tourism».

Is the Livonian peasant rich or poor?

For a long time, the dominant opinion in the historiography was that the situation of the peasants in Livonia and later in Vidzeme in the 17th-18th centuries was steadily worsening year by year. But analysis of the information on the peasant households in the so called Hackenrevision of the 17th and 18th century. It shows that the situation was more complicated. If we compare the data of 1624, 1730, 1750–1751 we can see the following tendencies. There is a quantitative growth of all indicators of prosperity of the peasantry. The number of cattle, horses and workers per household increased several times (from one or four in 1624 to 12 at the maximum in the 18th century). A horse was important for field work, and the more horses in a farm, the more effectively the work was organized, the easier it was to allocate resources to carrying the barch, the horses could rest after hard work. In addition, a large number of horses on a farm already indicated a certain well-being, when they were kept not only for work, but also for prestige and representation. Increased numbers of cows helped to improve the diet of families and servants (increasing the proportion of meat and dairy products in it) as well as raising the sales of dairy products in the market. A larger number of cows enabled more abundant fertilisation of the fields, thereby increasing their productivity. The increase in the number of able-bodied people on the farms indicates an increase in the demographic indicators. The farm could provide a normal life for more people. The bigger the labour force, the higher the economic potential of the farm. More land could be farmed, more livestock could be kept, more food could be provided, and it was easier to fulfil one’s obligations to the landowner. All this shows that the thesis about the worsening of the situation of the livonian peasants in the 17th–18th centuries is not supported by the sources. On the contrary, growing prosperity meant that the farmstead owner could afford to do less physical work and pay more attention to farm organization. This developed his mental capacities.

Scientific appraisal of the Irish grass-based milk production system as a sustainable source of premium quality milk and dairy products

AbstractThe Irish dairy industry is critically important to the economy and general well-being of a large section of the Irish population. Its quality, sustainability and maintenance are the key for a vibrant rural society in the future. Two important elements for the future of this industry include (a) the quality, marketing and sale of dairy products on the export market and (b) sustainability from the perspectives of people, planet and profit. This paper provides a short review of current scientific evidence in relation to a number of topics, each of which is important in maintaining and developing dairy product quality and the sustainability of the Irish dairy industry. The topics addressed in the paper are as follows: the parameters of milk composition; milk processing; hygiene quality and safety; farm management practices and the regulations that govern such practices; animal health and welfare; environmental impacts; economic implications for farm families and rural communities; and the overall future sustainability of the family-based dairy farm structure.

Development of a confirmatory method for detecting recombinant bovine somatotropin in plasma by immunomagnetic precipitation followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

ABSTRACTRecombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), a synthetic growth hormone, is used to stimulate growth and enhance milk production in dairy cows. Both its use and the sale of dairy products from treated animals are prohibited in the European Union, as well as in Australia, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand, but authorised in several countries (e.g. Brazil, USA). Screening methods involve detecting anti-rbST antibodies (biomarkers) in treated cows. Confirmatory methods are required to prove rbST abuse. The major challenges in determining rbST are its potentially low levels, its high similarity to native bST, and matrix interferences. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed a method involving immunomagnetic precipitation followed by UHPLC-MS/MS for rbST detection. Briefly, protein G magnetic beads pre-coated with an in-house produced monoclonal antibody were added to plasma. Incubation at room temperature allowed rbST present in the sample to bind to the magnetic beads. After that, magnetic beads were isolated by centrifugation and thoroughly washed (PBS, PBS + 0.2% Tween 20). Finally, rbST was released by alkalinisation and the samples were trypsin digested prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis in the MRM mode. Validation was done in accordance with European Commission Decision 2002/657/CE. Matrix-matched calibration with internal standards was used. The decision limit (CCα) reached with this approach was 0.11 µg l−1.

Lait de vache trait dans les petites exploitations familiales du Sahel semi-aride : des rendements faibles mais de grande valeur !

Les volumes de lait de vache traits ont été mesurés tous les quinze jours sur une année chez 300 petits exploitants agro­pastoraux de la zone semi-aride du Sahel, dans la commune de Dantiandou au Niger. Les effectifs de vaches − adultes, en lactation et effectivement traites le matin et/ou le soir − ont été systématiquement enregistrés, ainsi que des informations sur la gestion de la pâture, la supplémentation alimentaire des vaches, et la consommation, la transformation du lait et la vente des produits laitiers. En outre, les carrières de reproduc­tion des 334 vaches ont été documentées par enquête rétros­pective. Le volume moyen par jour d’une traite a été de 0,82 ± 0,45 L. Il n’a pas été significativement différent entre la traite du matin et celle du soir, ni entre les saisons, ni entre les éle­vages. Cependant, les volumes totaux de lait trait par élevage, dont la moyenne annuelle a été de 507 ± 362 L, ont fortement varié en fonction des saisons et des élevages. En moyenne, ils ont été plus élevés dans les élevages des campements peuls récemment sédentarisés (624 ± 377 L) que dans ceux des éle­vages villageois djerma (352 ± 275 L). Cet écart était princi­palement dû à un effectif de vaches plus important dans les campements (7,1 ± 5,3 vs 4,3 ± 4,0), bien que la proportion de vaches en lactation y ait été plus faible (57 %) que dans les troupeaux villageois (73 %). Les résultats ont montré qu’une meilleure gestion par les agroéleveurs des campements avec des traites moins fréquentes, un recours plus fréquent à la pâture de nuit, à la transhumance et à une supplémentation alimentaire régulière ont contribué à améliorer l’état d’en­graissement des vaches et leurs performances reproductives. Malgré ces rendements laitiers modestes, la valeur monétaire du lait trait a représenté 16 % des revenus agricoles et non-agricoles des ménages des campements, et 7 % de ceux des villages. Les produits laitiers étaient largement consacrés à la consommation familiale : 78 % dans les campements et 84 % dans les villages.

РАЗРАБОТКА И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ НОРМ КОРМЛЕНИЯ КОРОВ НА ОСНОВЕ ФАКТОРИАЛЬНОГО МЕТОДА

The aim of the study is to justify the improvement of dairy cows feeding standards with productivity 8000 kg of milk per year and live weight of 600 kg for the periods of lactation. In developing the standards it was used a new approach to determine the need for energy and nutrients through a combination of scientific and economic experiments with factorial method, which takes into account the physiological needs of the animals, to identify the relationship of the standards feeding with productivity. The scheme of the energy balance in the body of cows that when calculating the standards requirements of the metabolic energy can further take into account the factors of changes in body weight and activity. Developed regression equations and model calculation needs highly productive cows in the exchange of energy and essential nutrients using factorial method, which includes factors need to maintain life, milk production, pregnancy, gain (loss) in body weight and activity of the animals. The effect of feeding for improved standards on nutrient digestibility and utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, as well as indicators of rumen metabolism and biochemical status of cows blood with a yield of 8,000 kg of milk per year in the period calved. As a result, feeding cows for improved rate of growth in milk production for 305 days of lactation was 6.0%, with a significant increase in yield of milk fat and protein, and the cost of feed per 1 kg of milk fat standard expressed in the exchange energy were lower than controls at 3.6% in obtaining additional revenue from the sale of dairy products.

Characterization of Smallholder Cattle Milk Production System in Aleta Chukko District, Southern Ethiopia

The study was conducted at Aleta Chukko district, Southern Ethiopia with the objective of characterizing smallholder cattle milk production system. A single-visit multiple-subject formal survey was used to collect data on milk production system from a total of 100 households. For this purpose, six kebeles were selected using purposive sampling method, while households from each kebele were selected randomly. Local indigenous zebu cattle breed dominated cattle population in the study area (95.6%). The major purposes of cattle rearing in the district was for milk production (72%), income generation (17%), fertilizer, social value and saving purposes (11%). Milking, milk processing, barn cleaning and sale of dairy products were mainly performed by women while live animal marketing and stall feeding were performed by a husband. Majority of households kept their animals in the same house in the family house (89%). Communal grazing and stall feeding were feeding systems practiced in the study area. River water, well water and tape water were used as a source of water for the cattle. About 91% of farmers used only natural mating system with a bull available in the area. Average lactation length of local and crossbred cows was 9.93 ± 0.2 and 10.61 ± 0.4 months with mean calving interval of 19.93 ± 0.2 and 21.7 ± 0.3 respectively. The overall mean daily milk yield of local and crossbred cows was 1.45 and 4.69 liters, respectively. Shortage of grazing land, diseases and parasites, inadequate veterinary services and low milk production potential of indigenous cattle were major constraints of cattle production in the district. Put together, milk production in Aleta Chukko district is subsistence type despite of its great role in consumption and income generation.

Formation of accounts receivable of dairy products wholesale companies

The article studies the problems and peculiarities of formation of accounts receivable of dairy products wholesale companies. It determines the main features and peculiarities of the formation of the accounts receivables of dairy products wholesale companies. The article identifies the key moments that affect the formation of the accounts receivables and the debt relationships of the specified companies. There is an extension of manufacturers and distributors of dairy products and market consolidation. The concentration of major Ukrainian groups associated with the processing of milk and dairy products and the sale of dairy products has rapid pace. Foreign corporations in the domestic market affect the formation and management of accounts receivable. The companies are characterized by an increase of accounts receivables for goods as a result of fierce competition and a strategy of control of accounts receivable. There is a transformation of retail formats. Depending on the format of an outlet certain debt relationship between a wholesale company and a retail organization are created. It causes distortions of the development of certain industries. One of the features is the lack of regulations in economic and tax legislation to eliminate certain problematic moments in activity of retailers.

The Insiders and the Outsiders: Standardization and ‘Failed’ Person-Making in a Lithuanian Market Place

Since Lithuania gained membership of the European Union in 2004, the country has been subjected to EU product control and food processing standards. This article discusses the effects and outcome of the intensified food control through the example of a market place, which is characterized by a spatial division between legal and illegal sale of dairy products. The women who submit to EU standards and requirements (‘the Insiders’) are placed inside the market hall, whereas women engaged in the sale of uncontrolled products (‘the Outsiders’) stand outside the bounds of the market. The limitations of the law in practice are related to what has been referred to as a person-making through standard-making (Dunn 2005). According to Dunn the imposition of standards is meant to make a self-controlled subject who internalizes the values and standards set forth by the EU. In this article it is suggested that it is the EU´s incapability to create such persons which lead to the lack of obedience to law by the Outsiders, and occasionally by the Insiders. Legal sale is only practiced at certain times, in certain spaces and only by people who have the resources in terms of money and knowledge to adhere to EU law. A change of situation at home can lead previous legal salespeople outside the bounds of the market. It is further suggested that as long as the customers equally are not ‘made’ into EU-consumers, they will continue to pursue illegal and ‘traditional’ products outside the market, which further promotes the opportunities for illegal sale.