Salah al-Din Research Articles

Choosing the best locations to establish a nuclear power plant in Iraq with respect to radioactivity in those areas

Abstract Iraq is in a good position to run its nuclear power plant to prepare for long-term energy needs, including electricity demands. The ideal location for the nuclear power plant was identified in this study, as were the standards for choosing that location. Salah al-Din and portions of Anbar were the options. This research takes into account seven criteria: low population density, residential area, river access, topography, and land use. The criteria are represented in GIS layers, a GIS analysis is conducted to provide many proposed sites, and the criteria are categorized based on the weight distance value. To protect the lives of the station employees, the natural radioactivity of the research region was also monitored. The effectiveness of the site suitability map lies in its capacity to evaluate and display the suitability rates for nuclear power plants. The nearest quarter for distance of water sources of the total samples, which is No. (15, 11, 19, 20 and 13), the water sources are (Tigris River, Haditha Dam, Tigris River, Tigris River, and Tharthar Lake). As for the distance from the city centers, the furthest quarter of the samples were chosen from the residential areas, which are each of the samples with No. (14, 13, 10, 6 and 12) respectively. To the city centers (Tikrit City, Tikrit City, Tikrit City, Rawa City, and Kubaisa City) respectively, with distances (51256, 50385, 38308, 30934, and 25392).

The Awareness of Philosophical Issues Among Fifth-Grade Literary Students

This study aimed to know the level of awareness of philosophical issues at the fifth-grade students in the preparatory and secondary schools in Salah al-Din. The second scheme 2023-2024. Researchers have randomly chosen the fifth fifth grade students at Al-Baroudi High School and High School for Girls to be a sample. The researchers used two approaches: the descriptive approach and semi-demo curriculum. The descriptive approach was used to identify philosophical issues, identify female students, measurement procedures, and semi-pilot curriculum to test the study. To verify the objectives of the study, researchers have prepared a list of appropriate philosophical issues for sample personnel and intellectual levels. The awareness gauge for philosophical issues included a test (7) issues and security of each case there are three alternatives. After applying the scale on female students and statistical data processing, the results of the study showed that students enjoy a high level of awareness of philosophical issues. At the end of the study, researchers reached a range of results, conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

Etiology Causes of the Chronic Diarrheal Infection in Children Aged Under Five Years in Salah Al-Din Government

Diarrhea is a factor contributing to both death and illness among children below the age of five in poor nations. Childhood mortality from diarrhea surpasses that of malaria, HIV/AIDS, and measles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of diarrhea and its related determinants among children aged below five years. The study included collecting 100 stool from children with chronic diarrhea and some other intestinal disorders who came to the hospitals of Salah al-Din Governorate / Dhuluiya District and some private laboratories, whose ages ranged from one month to 36 months during the period between the beginning of December 2023 and the end of June 2024. Males had a higher frequency of diarrheal infection than females, and age groups (1-12)months were more infected than others (p-value< 0.05). Increasing bacterial and fungal illness in weight group (7-11) and cold in this age. Diarrhea from food contamination and unhealthy food increases in 2-6) and 7-11-kg children. As well as cold-induced diarrhea (2-6Kg), p>0.05. This study concluded bacterial infection more common cause of diarrheal infection than other cause, and male more infected than female. In addition increase incidence in age groups (months). Furthermore mixed infection with gram positive and negative more common than only gram positive and negative alone.

Biochemical and Molecular Detection of Aeromonas Hydrophila Isolated from Infected Cyprinus Carpio in Salah Al-Din Governorate

This study aimed to identify the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in diseased common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish collected from Salah al-Din Governorate in Iraq. For this purpose, 128 swabs were obtained from skin, gill and fin lesions of 70 fish showing symptoms of hemorrhagic sepsis, skin ulcers and boils, and fin and gill rot. Through different biochemical tests, the isolates showed negative results for Gram stain, methyl red, lactose fermentation, H2S, and string test, while positive results were recorded for glucose fermentation, oxidase, motility test, catalase, Voges-Proskauer, indole, citrate utilization, and gelatin hydrolysis. Eleven isolates were confirmed as A. hydrophila by amplification of the hemolysin gene fragment (hlyA) by conventional PCR. This study represents the first comprehensive study to characterize A. hydrophila bacteria from infected common carp fish in Salah al-Din Governorate. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for developing genetic diagnostic strategies for A. hydrophila infections in this region.

Correlation between Assemblages A and B Giardia lamblia infection with melatonin, ghrelin, Hsp70 and TFF3 biomarkers in patients

Background: Giardiasis is considered one of the parasitic diseases affecting humans, caused by a flagellate protozoan known as Giardia lamblia. It is a common gastrointestinal pathogen that can lead to various clinical and other complications. Objective: Study aimed to diagnose infection with the G. lamblia in children aged (1-12 years) using a direct wet mount, and to determine Assemblages A and B Giardia lamblia by targeting the TPI gene using Nested-PCR, in addition to evaluating the relationship of infection of assemblages with (melatonin, ghrelin, Hsp70 and TFF3) using ELISA assay. Method: By examining 238 stool samples for children suffering from diarrhea and some intestinal symptoms visiting some hospitals in Salah al-Din Governorate. Results: 34 (14.2%) positive samples were recorded by microscopic examination. 100 fecal samples using the Nested-PCR, showed 60 (60%) positive samples for the G. lamblia, including 18 (30%) for the assemblage B, 31 (51.66%) samples for assemblage A, as well as 11 (18.33%) mixed infections of A+B. The study of biomarkers revealed a highly significant increase in the levels of (melatonin, ghrelin, Hsp70 and TFF3) in the serum of patients with mixed A + B infection, while the lowest average concentrations of biomarkers were recorded in children infected with group A. Conclusion: Direct microscopic examination of stool samples It has good sensitivity for detecting G. lamblia parasite, and the TPI gene targeted in Nested-PCR technology has high sensitivity and specificity for genotyping detection of the parasite. Group A is the most common among patient samples. Mixed infections (A+B) have the greatest effect.

Synergistic Effect of Aloe Vera L. Extract Methanolic With Some Antibiotics Against S. Aureus, E-Coli and Klebslia Isolated From the Eye Affected by Inflammation

The current study included the collection of (300) samples from (150) people from patients visiting Balad General Hospital and some private clinics in Balad District - Salah Al-Din Governorate, a sample was taken from both the right and left eyes using special dry and sterile cotton swabs that can be disposed of later, for the period ranging from November 2022 to January 2023, (235) positive samples for bacterial growth were obtained, constituting 78.3% of the total samples collected, positive growth samples were diagnosed depending on their morphological, farming and biochemical properties, and the diagnosis was confirmed for a number of them using the Vitek2 system technology. The results showed obtaining 140 isolates out of a total of (235) positive samples for the Gram stain by (59.6%), while the negative isolates of the Gram stain were (95) isolates and amounted to (40.4%) of the total isolates, S. aureus was 27.65% and E-coli 10.63%, while Klebsiella was 8.51% of the total bacterial isolates isolated from the eye, including (staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus, Streptococcus Viridians, Diphtheria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, E-coli, Neisseria). The results showed the synergistic effect of the alcoholic extract (methanol) of the aloe vera plant (Aloe Vera L.) with antibiotics a significant effect compared to methanol alcoholic extract alone, the results of the study also showed that the antibiotic Ciprofloxone synergistically with the alcoholic extract methanolic of the aloe vera plant (Aloe Vera L.) it had the highest effect already synergistically with most of the bacterial species under study.

Isolation and Diagnosis of Dermatophytes of the Hand Tinea and Sensitivity Study to the Antifungals Griseofulvin

The study was conducted during the month of October 2022 until April 2023, with the aim of isolating and diagnosing the fungi that cause skin diseases from patients visiting the dermatology consultation affiliated with Salah al-Din General Hospital who were diagnosed as infected by dermatologists for the period from 1/6/2022 to 1/ 12/2023 For both sexes, aged between 10 and 60 years, by taking skin samples from the area of infection after wiping them with cotton saturated with 70% alcohol for the purpose of sterilization to get rid of any contaminants. Which was diagnosed clinically by a dermatologist in the dermatology consultation at Salah al-Din General Hospital and outpatient clinics. To evaluate the effectiveness of anti-griseofulvin in inhibiting the isolated fungi, the percentage of dermatophyte infections recorded by positive direct microscopic examination was only (88) patients, representing (88%) of the total number of patients. While the number of negative cases by negative direct microscopic examination was (59), or (59%). As for positive laboratory culture results, there were (79) patients, in the rate of (79%). While the number of negative cases by laboratory culture was (21), in the rate of (21%). The fungal genera that cause skin infections, such as Trychophyton and Microsporum, were isolated, with the genus Trichophyton being the most frequent, with 76 isolates belonging to several species, such as T. mentagrophytes, with a number of 29 isolates, then the fungus T. rubrum, with a number of isolates of 22, then the fungus T. terreste, with a number of isolates of 15, and then fungus T. schoenleinii, with a number of 10 isolates, while only three isolates of the M. canis type were recorded in the genus Microsporum. The results of the susceptibility test of the isolated fungi to Griseofulvin showed that the fungus T. mentagrophytes is more sensitive to the antichrysofulvin, as the average diameter of inhibition reached 32 mm compared to the control, followed by T. rubrum, which had an average diameter of inhibition of 16 mm compared to the control.

A Study of the Analysis of Chlorophyll-a Phytoplankton in the Tigris Rivers for Some Regions of Iraq by Using GIS Techniques

In this study, the distribution of chlorophyll-a for phytoplankton was monitored using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques in selected regions of Iraq represented by the three governorates namely: Salah al-Din (Samarra (1), Baghdad (Al-Muthanna Bridge (2), Al-Utaifi (3), Al-Jadiriya(4), Kut (Al-Aziziyah (5), Al-Zubaydah (6), Al-Numaniyah (7), and Al-Muftah (8)) as human agricultural, and industrial activity rose in these locations. These stations, which are located along the Tigris River, were used as sites for collecting samples. The selection procedure was conducted on a monthly basis between February 2022 and January 2023. Chlorophyll-a measurements for phytoplankton throughout the sampling period varied from 3.7 to 2.59 g/L at stations. The two stations (Al-Utaifi and Al-Zubaydah) had similar values for both seasons, and the five stations in the dry season had values of less than 0.23 g/L. While phytoplankton numbers varied from 40.32 104 to 21.16 104cell/L for stations 3 and 5, respectively, they varied from 72.39 104 to 37.7 104cell/L for stations 6 and 8, respectively, throughout the wet season. In all of the stations and classes of phytoplankton, the amount of chlorophyll dye was approximately equal to the overall density of phytoplankton. The area under study’s predictive maps of chlorophyll-a analysis also revealed changes in the concentration of dye in all stations.

Study of Some Environmental and Reproductive Aspects of Some Fish Species in the Tigris River West of the City of Samarra, Salah Al-Din / Iraq

The study was conducted on the Tigris River in the Qalaa area, west of the city of Samarra, Salah al-Din/Iraq, for the period between October 2023 and March 2024, 117 fish were caught, with one catch per month. It has been observed that the higher sex ratio tends to favor females in Carasobarbus luteus, Luciobarbus xanthopterus, Carassius auratus, Leuciscus vorax, and Cyprinus carpio with ratios of 7.0:1, 5.0:1, 4.6:1, 3.5:1 and 3.0:1 respectively, while the lower percentage tends to favor females in Acantho brama marmid, C. macrostomum and Chondrostoma regium in the ratio of 1.8:1, 1.5:1 and 1.19:1, respectively. show the monthly changes in gonad (G.S.I) function for male and female fish (Chondrostoma regium, Carassius auratus and Carasobarbus luteus), (Acantho brama marmid, Leuciscus vorax and Luciobarbus Xanthopterus) and (C. macrostomum and Cyprinus carpio) respectively. The water temperature ranged between 10 and 22°C. The highest water temperature was in October and the lowest in February. The highest value of dissolved oxygen was 8.4 mg/L in March and the lowest value of dissolved oxygen was 6.5 mg/L in October. The highest turbidity value was 49 NTU 1 in December, and the lowest value 39.5 NTU was recorded in February.

Identification of algD and oprL genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from multiple environments and different local sources in Iraq

The aim of this study was to investigate the spread of the genes algD and oprL in P. aeruginosa within the genetic structure of environmental sources of isolates and various clinical studies, and to evaluate a successful alternative for diagnosing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) among various sources. In this study, 100 samples were collected from various clinical and environmental sources. Twenty-eight isolates of P. aeruginosa bacteria were isolated. Nine pathological samples were taken from wounds, burns, blood, and ear infections in three governorates: Salah al-Din, Baghdad, and Kirkuk. Five isolates of P. aeruginosa bacteria were collected from contaminated water from the Salah Al-Din and Baghdad governorates. The isolates were diagnosed phenotypically through the colony's shape, colour, odour and interaction with Gram stain. Additionally, the VITEK 2 system was used to confirm the diagnosis of the isolates. The results show that all the isolates belonged to the bacteria P. aeruginosa. The results of the molecular diagnosis using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for three genes with specialised primers (16SrRNA, algD, and oprL) show that most of the bacterial isolates from different sources belong to the type P. aeruginosa because they contain the specific gene 16SrRNA except for five isolates (M5, M7, M8, M9 and W1). Four of these belong to isolates with a pathogenic source and one was isolated from water. The results of the PCR for the algD gene show that all isolates contain the gene except for four diseased samples. Samples M5, M7, M8, and M9 were without the gene, while all isolates had the oprL gene. A sequencing analysis of the DNA was then performed for the isolates that were not associated with the specialised primers of the above genes to ensure their genera (M5, M7, M8, and M9), in addition to a sample of 15 isolated from soil (S6) that was associated with all special primers for the same genes for the purpose of comparison. The results show that isolates M5, M7, M8 and M9 were diseased isolates belonging to Escherichia coli, while the 15 isolated from soil (S6) were diagnosed as P. aeruginosa.

Detecting Defect in Central Pivot Irrigation System using YOLOv7 Algorithms

Central Pivot Irrigation System (CPIS) is a significant method for intelligent irrigation used in global agriculture. It is used to cultivate important crops like wheat, which contribute to global food security. However, the CPIS encounters technical issues that result in malfunctions in its automatic control system, leading to damage to the primary pipes and towers. This can result in significant material losses for farmers and their crops. Repairing the system is also a time-consuming process. To address this issue, a study was conducted using YOLO algorithm which contains several models, and this study used the Yolov7 models to detect defects in the CPIS machine accurately. The study used a dataset gathered from agricultural areas in Salah al-Din Governorate. The models were used to determine whether the CPIS was in a safe or dangerous state. The RGB color system with Yolov7x achieved a 95% detection rate with an accuracy, F1-score, and precision values of 0.798 and 0.954. Similarly, Yolov7x achieved a 93% detection rate with accuracy, F1-score, and precision values of 0.77 and 0.932 in the Grayscale color system. Based on the outcome, this study can conclude that the yolov7x model with RGB Color System accurately detects the CPIS in both its safe and dangerous states. This makes them useful in real-time systems for CPIS defect monitoring and control.

Investigating the Prevalence of the Giardia lamblia Parasite in Children in Salah Al-Din Governorate

The research was conducted from June 2023 until December 2024 to detect the prevalence of infection with the Giardia lamblia parasite among children with diarrhea attending Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate. The study included collecting 400 stool samples for children whose ages ranged between (1-12) years. Direct wet swab to detect the presence of the parasite. The level of infection with the parasite reached 14.75%. The highest rate of infection was in males at 67.7% and lower in females at a rate of 32.2%. The highest rate of infection was at the age of (1-3) years at a rate of 38.9% and the lowest rate was 11.8% at the age of (9-12) years. The infection rate was 69.4%, high in families with 10 or more members, while in small families (4-5) individuals, the infection rate was 30.5%. The infection rate was highest in children who drank unfiltered river water, at 50.8%, and lowest in children who drank pure water, at 3.3%. The prevalence of this parasite in rural areas was higher than in urban areas, at a rate of 55.9% in all areas of the governorate. It was found that there were varying rates of infection in the different months of the year, reaching 28.8% in the summer, and the lowest infection rate in the winter.

Farmers’ Training and Knowledge Needs in the Use of Solar Power System (Photovoltaic PV) in Salah Al-Din Governorate/Al-Sharqat District

Farmers’ Training and Knowledge Needs in the Use of Solar Power System (Photovoltaic PV) in Salah Al-Din Governorate/Al-Sharqat District

The Role of Media in Achieving Sustainable Agricultural Development from the Point of View of Agricultural Employees in Salah Al-Din Governorate |1

The Role of Media in Achieving Sustainable Agricultural Development from the Point of View of Agricultural Employees in Salah Al-Din Governorate |1

Job polarization and its impact on increasing strategic awareness an exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of workers in the Salah Al-din governorate municipalities directorate.

Job polarization and its impact on increasing strategic awareness an exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of workers in the Salah Al-din governorate municipalities directorate.

Obstacles to Extension Communication from the Point of View of Agricultural Employees in Salah Al-Din Governorate / 1

Obstacles to Extension Communication from the Point of View of Agricultural Employees in Salah Al-Din Governorate / 1

Preparing a Map of the Spatial Variation of Ready Phosphorus in the Units of Gypsum Soil Series in Al-Dur District / Salah Al-Din Governorate

Preparing a Map of the Spatial Variation of Ready Phosphorus in the Units of Gypsum Soil Series in Al-Dur District / Salah Al-Din Governorate

Role of Human Resource Governance in strengthen Organizational Trust An Analytical Study of the Opinion of a sample of the faculty members in Salahaddin University of Erbil- Iraq

The research aimed at analyzing the relationship and impact of human resources governance in enhancing organizational trust, which raised several questions about the nature of the correlation, impact and contrast between the independent variable (human resource governance) and the dependent variable (organizational trust). The main and sub-variables were described, as well as to analyze the relationships and influence between the variables. The research represented the faculties of Salah al-Din University, Erbil, and they numbered (13). As for the individual respondents, they numbered (338) members of the teaching staff of the faculties of the study sample. The hypotheses were tested through a set of statistical analyzes and tests by the computer program (SPSS V.22). The study reached a set of main conclusions, including the results of the correlation analysis revealing the existence of positive, high-level moral relationships between human resources governance and organizational trust at the macro and micro levels. The study proposed a set of proposals, the most important of which are: the necessity of encouraging the university to apply laws to all faculty members transparently.

Pedogenic and Spatial Distribution of Gypsum Content in Soil Series units in Al-Dur District in Salah Al-Din Governorate

Pedogenic and Spatial Distribution of Gypsum Content in Soil Series units in Al-Dur District in Salah Al-Din Governorate

The Level of Farmers’ Knowledge About the Risks of Pesticides on the Environment in Samarra District / Salah Al-Din Governorate

The Level of Farmers’ Knowledge About the Risks of Pesticides on the Environment in Samarra District / Salah Al-Din Governorate