Safety Specialists Research Articles

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF TRAINING OF LABOUR PROTECTION SPECIALISTS

The article examines the role of digital technologies in the current period of industrial development and the transition to Industry 4.0 (the 4th Industrial Revolution), and specifically the use of virtual simulators for training qualified personnel in the field of industrial safety at oil and gas facilities.The practice of using virtual simulators for occupational safety specialists is not yet widespread. The developed virtual simulators can simulate several types of production activities, such as working at height during the repair of a storage tank for oil products, working with lifting mechanisms and welding, and also provide an opportunity for feedback to improve the skills and knowledge of workers supervising and monitoring compliance with safety requirements in production.

Digital Contact Tracing Implementation Among Leaders and Health Care Workers in a Pediatric Hospital During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Interview Study.

Health systems had to rapidly implement infection control strategies to sustain their workforces during the COVID-19 pandemic. Various outbreak response tools, such as digital contact tracing (DCT), have been developed to monitor exposures and symptoms of health care workers (HCWs). Limited research evidence exists on the experiences with these technologies and the impacts of DCT innovations from the perspective of stakeholders in health care environments. This study aims to identify the factors influencing the adoption of DCT, highlight variations in perspectives across 3 key stakeholder groups concerning the impact of DCT, and provide benchmarking evidence for future pandemic preparedness. Guided by the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework, we conducted an exploratory qualitative study to investigate the implementation and impact of DCT at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario between December 2022 and April 2023. We conducted 21 semistructured interviews with key stakeholders, including health care administrators (6/21, 29%), occupational health and safety specialists (8/21, 38%), and HCWs (7/21, 33%). Stakeholders were asked about the factors influencing engagement with the DCT tool, organizational-level uptake, the implementation process, long-term use and sustainability of DCT, and unintended consequences. Verbatim transcripts were subject to thematic analysis using NVivo (QSR International). The implementation of DCT was viable and well received. End users indicated that their engagement with the DCT tool was facilitated by its perceived ease of use and the ability to gain awareness of probable COVID-19 exposures; however, risk assessment consequences and access concerns were reported as barriers (reach). Participants commonly agreed that the DCT technology had a positive influence on the hospital's capacity to meet the demands of COVID-19 (effectiveness). Implementors and occupational specialists referred to negative staffing impacts and the loss of nuanced information as unintended consequences (effectiveness). Safety-focused communication strategies and having a DCT tool that was human-centered were crucial factors driving staff adoption of the technology. Conversely, adoption was challenged by the misaligned delivery of the DCT tool with HCWs' standard practices, alongside the evolving perceived threat of COVID-19. Stakeholders collectively agreed on the viability of DCT and its applicability to infectious disease practices (maintenance). Hospital stakeholders were highly satisfied with DCT technology and it was perceived as feasible, efficient, and having a positive impact on organizational safety. Challenges related to the alignment and delivery of DCT, alongside the evolving perspectives on COVID-19, posed obstacles to continued adoption by HCWs. Our findings contribute to evidence-based practices and present benchmarks that can inform preparedness for future pandemics and infectious disease outbreaks and help other organizations implement similar technologies.

Employee’s Security and Health Augmentation in the Hotel Sector

The vibrant and quick-paced environment that defines the hotel sector is defined by a strong emphasis on employee welfare. This study examines the various aspects of worker health and safety in the context of the hospitality sector with the goal of identifying problems, prevalent behaviors, and appropriate remedial measures. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of safety event data with qualitative interviews with important industry players. In-depth interviews with hotel managers, staff members, and safety specialists are conducted as part of the qualitative component to elucidate the myriad difficulties faced by hotel staff in upholding their health and safety. The effects of irregular work schedules and sleep patterns, workplace stress, and ergonomic considerations all emerge as major themes. The study also examines how well the current training and safety practices work, looking for flaws and potential improvement areas. The study examines historical safety event data from a wide range of hotels on the quantitative front. The goal of this analysis is to spot trends, prevalent accident causes, and geographic regions with a higher prevalence of safety concerns. The results offer a data-driven framework for creating focused interventions and preventive actions. The research also examines how technology can support initiatives to increase employee safety in hotels. We investigate the possibilities for real-time monitoring systems, wearable technology, and enhanced training simulations to improve safety awareness and reactivity. A series of suggestions for enhancing employee health and safety in the hotel business are provided as part of the study's conclusion. The incorporation of technical solutions, specialized training programs, and changes to policy are all included in these suggestions. The hotel business may cultivate a safer and healthier work environment by resolving the issues mentioned, enhancing overall employee well-being and assisting in the industry's long-term success.

Development and implementation of autoverification standardization in the adult and pediatric emergency department.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. This project utilized the guidance of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) autoverification toolkit to refine our health system's approach to autoverification and contribute to the literature regarding appropriate use of autoverification technology in a pediatric and adult emergency department (ED). This single-center quality improvement study was conducted in an academic medical center ED that has 33 pediatric beds and 77 adult beds. A team consisting of clinical pharmacy specialists in emergency medicine, medication safety and informatics personnel, operational managers, and pharmacy leadership was identified to develop and implement autoverification best practices in the ED utilizing practices outlined within the ASHP autoverification toolkit. Before implementation of best practices, defined as the "preoptimization" state, autoverification took place for most medications available in the automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs). By anchoring the autoverification rule on ADC inventory, it was challenging to optimize both inventory practices and autoverification best practices. This project focused on redesigning the autoverification rules in the electronic health record, defined as the "postoptimization" state. In the postoptimization state, autoverification in the ED was updated to better align with regulatory standards. Autoverification metrics and the percentage of orders that autoverified vs required pharmacist verification were analyzed in the preoptimization and postoptimization states. This project utilized the guidance from ASHP's autoverification toolkit to refine our health system's approach to autoverification. High-alert medications (eg, insulin, extended-release opioids, digoxin) were taken off autoverification following implementation. Optimization of autoverification rules allows more orders for high-alert medications to be reviewed by a pharmacist.

Анализ состояния дорожно-транспортного травматизма, связанный со средствами индивидуальной мобильности в Хабаровском крае

This scientific article analyzes the situation related to road accidents occurring with personal vehicles in the Khabarovsk Territory. The analysis found that the main factors influencing the level of road accidents are speeding, violation of traffic rules and improper behavior of drivers. Most accidents occur with the participation of motorcycles, scooters and bicycles, which indicates insufficient road culture of the owners of such vehicles Purpose: to analyze the state of road traffic injuries associated with personal mobility devices in the Khabarovsk Territory. Methods: statistical analysis of data on road accidents in the Khabarovsk Territory for 2022. Results: dased on the results obtained, specific measures were proposed aimed at reducing the number of road accidents in the Khabarovsk Territory. One of the main directions of work is conducting educational work among the population about the need to comply with traffic rules and responsible behavior on the roads. Also important is the improvement of road infrastructure and the creation of safe conditions for the movement of pedestrians and cyclists. Practical importance: in general, the results of this study can be recommended to government agencies and road safety specialists when developing programs to reduce road accidents in the Khabarovsk Territory.

Healthy from the Start: Co-Designing Sleep, Nutrition and Physical Activity Resources for Young Shiftworkers-Novel Implementation and Evaluation.

The increasing prevalence of shiftwork among young adults poses significant health risks, primarily due to its disruptive effects on sleep, nutrition and physical activity. Addressing these risks necessitates the development of tailored, evidence-based resources to support these key health behaviours. Participatory research approaches, engaging those with relevant lived experience (i.e., co-design) are a novel and effective approach in developing these resources. As such, the aim of the present study was to explore whether sleep, nutrition and physical activity resources for young shiftworkers could be developed using participatory, co-design approaches and how co-designers would rate both the approaches used and the resulting resources. A participatory approach engaged co-designers (young, experienced or previous shiftworkers; workplace health and safety specialists; science communicators and academic experts) to complete 2-3 online questionnaires and participate in 1-2 online workshops, to co-design sleep, nutrition and physical activity resources for young shiftworkers. Following resource development, co-designers assessed both the participatory approach and the resulting resources, through an online questionnaire, which included the Public and Patient Engagement Evaluation Tool (PPEET). Co-designers (n = 48) participated in the development of sleep, nutrition and physical activity resources for young shiftworkers. Co-designers evaluated the participatory approach positively, with a mean rating across all PPEET items of 4.7 (±0.2) on a 5-point Likert scale. Co-designers also provided positive ratings for the resources, with the majority (91.7%) either agreeing or strongly agreeing that they were user-friendly, valuable and informative for young shiftworkers and would serve as a credible source of health information. By adopting a novel participatory approach, we successfully co-designed sleep, nutrition and physical activity resources for young shiftworkers. Participatory approaches, including co-design, should be considered when developing health interventions for shiftworkers, given the value of embedding lived experience to address their unique lifestyle challenges. Co-designers and/or people with relevant lived experience were involved in all project activities: conceptualisation, design, recruitment, data collection, data analysis, knowledge translation and output generation.

Information technologies in the mining industry

In the mining industry, a company’s level of competitiveness is primarily determined by productivity and operational excellence. Digitalization is becoming an important factor for mining companies to remain competitive in the production market. It is obvious that modern technologies are opening up new directions for increasing productivity. Mining companies invest huge amounts of money in the development and application of modern information technologies, energy and drilling systems to increase the production level and improve environmental efficiency. The study aims to analyze advantages and disadvantages of modern information technologies implemented at mining enterprises and to assess the prospects for using them in training occupational safety experts. It was established that in training occupational safety specialists, it is advisable to use domestic software. Examples of software products used by Irkutsk National Research Technical University are provided.

BSP – Computer code for evaluating protection against bremsstrahlung radiation from extended beta radiation sources

For a long time, radiation safety specialists have been aware of computer codes designed to calculate human dose exposure from beta or gamma radiation. However, these products have a major drawback: they do not consider the radiation fields generated by extended beta radiation sources due to bremsstrahlung. Existing solutions are either not widely available or use outdated nuclear-physical constants and methods for calculating dosimetric characteristics. A computer code was developed specifically for calculating shielding against bremsstrahlung. It allows to estimate effective, equivalent, exposure dose rate, ambient dose equivalent, and air kerma rate from bremsstrahlung. It utilizes the ANS/ANSI 6.4.3 materials data and the last dose conversion factors from ICRP 116.

Implementation of the practice-oriented mathematics teaching methodology to future rescue engineers

Introduction. In modern conditions, the practice-oriented training of rescue engineers, whose professional activities are associated with high-risk situations, is being updated. The purpose of the study is to describe the implementation of the author's methodology of practical-oriented training in mathematics of future specialists in fire and technosphere safety and experimental verification of efficiency. Materials and methods. The experimental training was attended by 685 students of the Donetsk Institute of the State Fire Service (Russian Federation), studying in the specialty "Fire safety" and the areas of training "Technosphere safety" (321 students in experimental groups, 347 in control groups). Methods of mathematical statistics: Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Fisher's exact test, Chi square test, Student's t-test. Results. The methodology of practice-oriented teaching mathematics to future rescue engineers has been developed. Mathematical training of students based on a practice-oriented approach ensures the formation of students' practice-oriented skills and mathematical modeling skills in the field of civil protection, as well as the development of personal qualities of a rescuer. Practice-oriented learning technologies are used: integration of educational and future professional activities of students, educational and practice-oriented research activities. Practice-oriented teaching methods are used (imitation of the practical activities of rescue engineers, "rapid response" and practice-oriented visualization of mathematical objects). The implementation of the developed teaching methodology contributes to the effective formation of practice-oriented mathematical competence among students (T = 0.32, α = 0.05). Conclusions. The implementation of practical-oriented training in mathematics of future specialists methodology in fire and technosphere safety contributes to increasing the level of development of practical-oriented mathematical competence due to the formation of personal qualities of the rescue engineer and his value orientations, knowledge of mathematical and practical-oriented knowledge, skills and methods of activity in mathematical and computer modeling.

Professionalising patient safety? Findings from a mixed-methods formative evaluation of the patient safety specialist role in the English National Health Service.

Objectives: While safety-dedicated professional roles are common in other high-risk industries, in health care they have tended to have a relatively narrow, technical focus. We present initial findings from a mixed-methods evaluation of a novel, senior role with responsibility for leadership of safety in English National Health Service organisations: the patient safety specialist. Methods: We conducted interviews with those responsible for designing, developing and overseeing the introduction of the role. We also carried out a national survey of current patient safety specialists. Data collection and analysis focused on the rationale for the role, its theory of change, and experiences of putting the theory into practice. Results: Interview participants articulated a clear theory of change for the role, highlighting ways in which the focus of the role, the seniority, responsibility and influence of role holders, and the expertise they brought might result in better safety management and speedier implementation of initiatives to manage risk and improve safety. Survey respondents had mixed experiences of the role to date, particularly in terms of material and symbolic support from their organisations. Together, findings from the two datasets indicated the need for a careful balance between strategic and operational activities to secure impact for patient safety specialists while ensuring they were embedded in the realities of clinical work as done-a balance that not all role holders found easy to achieve. Conclusions: The vision for the patient safety specialist role is clear, and supported by a plausible account of how the work of role holders might result in the intended objectives. The degree to which specialists are supported and resourced to deliver on these ambitions, however, varies markedly across organisations.

Adaptation of the content of education in the training of occupational safety specialists to the requirements of the professional standard and the demands of employers

Adaptation of the content of education in the training of occupational safety specialists to the requirements of the professional standard and the demands of employers

Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Occupational Diseases with Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms: Different Sector Applications

Abstract − The Occupational health and safety is a discipline that prevents work accidents and occupational diseases with a proactive method. For employee health, countries have legal responsibilities within the scope of international conventions, and employers have national responsibilities. It is obligatory for employers to carry out risk assessments, provide occupational safety trainings, carry out inspections, employ occupational safety specialists and workplace physicians, and record all work regard work safety. In countries, inspections are carried out with labor inspectors and private companies provide occupational safety services. However, it is difficult for the authorities to monitor occupational safety in large industrial facilities such as petrochemicals and refineries, where the flow of workers, materials and work equipment is too much and very fast. As workplace capacity, number of employees and material flow increase, the type and number of work accidents and occupational diseases also increase. Artificial intelligence technologies facilitate these follow-ups. The purpose of this article is to investigate the proactive prevention of the factors that cause work accidents and occupational diseases with supervised machine learning algorithms in different sectors. A literature search was conducted on sciencedirect, scopus, googlescholar databases. It has been examined what kind of algorithms are used in which sectors. According to the studies in the literature and applications in different sectors, the data collected with sensors and stored with cloud computing are fed to the relevant supervised machine learning algorithms that have been trained and tested before, and the factors that cause work accidents and occupational diseases are determined in advance. In addition to sound, image, health, location and environment data, physical parameters such as distance, level and pressure are monitored instantly with sensors. Managers are warned when a dangerous situation or behavior is detected in and threshold values are exceeded. In addition to employee and vehicle location tracking, predictive maintenance is provided by monitoring the performance of work and production vehicles. With the decrease in occupational accidents and diseases, occupational safety performance increases and costs decrease.

Methodology of designing a professionogram of a technosphere safety specialist

The training of specialists for industrial areas and individual industries implies the availability of professional competencies that allow them to perform functional duties efficiently and efficiently. The specifics of professional activity can be expressed by a list of competencies that describe the field of tasks of specialists, their knowledge, skills, competencies, requirements for a specialist, both in terms of theoretical knowledge and practical experience, and personal components necessary for the performance of duties. Is it possible today to talk about a certain set of competencies for a particular profession or activity? There are various types of descriptions of professional activities of specialists: job descriptions, qualification reference books, professional standards, models of specialists, occupational descriptions, professional or qualification structures. Such a variety of formats for describing a profession, type of activity implies their different content, depending on the goals, design tasks, expected result of the project, characteristics of the employee’s activity, data necessary for accounting and control of the result. The purpose of the professionograms is to describe the necessary and sufficient competencies for a particular specialist. Such a description becomes a roadmap for obtaining professional education, for activities, for professional retraining and certification of a specialist. The methodology of designing professionograms is based on an algorithmic approach that allows describing the universal process of developing a professionogram for a specific field of activity.

Paraplegic Patient with Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Radioactive Iodine Therapy Safety and Efficacy Strategy.

High-activity radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for metastatic thyroid cancer (TC) requires isolation to minimize radiation exposure to third parties, thus posing challenges for patients needing hands-on care. There are limited data on the approach to high-activity RAI treatment in paraplegic patients. We report a state-of-the-art multidisciplinary approach to the management of bedbound patients, covering necessary radiation safety measures that lead to radiation exposure levels as low as reasonably achievable. Given the limited literature resources on standardized approaches, we provide a practical example of the safe and successful treatment of a woman with BRAFV600E-mutant tall-cell-variant papillary TC and pulmonary metastases, who underwent dabrafenib redifferentiation before RAI therapy. The patient was 69 y old and had become paraplegic because of a motor-vehicle accident. Since caring for a paraplegic patient with neurogenic bowel and bladder dysfunction poses radiation safety challenges, a multidisciplinary team comprising endocrinologists, nuclear medicine physicians, radiation safety specialists, and the nursing department developed a radiation mitigation strategy to ensure patient and staff safety during RAI therapy. The proposed standardized approach includes thorough monitoring of radiation levels in the workplace, providing additional protective equipment for workers who handle radioactive materials or are in direct patient contact, and implementing strict guidelines for safely disposing of radioactive waste such as urine collected in lead-lined containers. This approach requires enhanced training, role preparation, and practice; use of physical therapy equipment to increase the exposure distance; and estimation of the safe exposure time for caregivers based on dosimetry. The effective and safe treatment of metastatic TC in paraplegic patients can be successfully implemented with a comprehensive radiation mitigation strategy and thorough surveying of personnel for contamination.

Рекомендации по оценке уровня рисков опасных и вредных факторов рабочей среды операторов технологических установок нефтеперерабатывающих заводов

The results of research on the urgent problem of reducing the risks of occupational diseases and occupational injuries among operators of technological installations of the main workshops of oil refining industries are presented. For the reliability of the influence of dangerous and harmful factors existing in the workplace, a questionnaire method is proposed, the form of which was developed in the form of questions concerning the nature and content of work, as well as factors of the working environment. The survey respondents were the operators of technological installations of the isomerization shop with the CMC-1 LK-6U unit of «PetroKazakhstan Oil Products» LLP. It was found that the largest number of operators (up to 90%) indicated the risks associated with psychological stress, which correlates with studies on the increase in anxiety and stress conditions in workers due to increased visual information on the operator's monitors during the technological process, constant interaction between shift workers to promptly correct emerging deviations in installations and equipment to prevent accidents and other emergencies. Occupational safety specialists of enterprises need to pay attention to the hazard factors for which an employee cannot give a satisfactory answer, due to the lack of specific data. The results of the survey on the health effects of such factors as various types of radiation showed that 100% of respondents noted that there is no information on them. In this regard, at enterprises in the field of occupational safety and health of person nel, measures are needed to carry out measurements and studies to obtain these data. The results of the survey of operators of technological installations on the influence of dangerous and harmful factors of the working environment in which they carry out their work functions allow the Department of labor Protection to receive correct and reliable information and use it in the development of the Register of Hazards of each workplace to assess the level of risk to the health and safety of workers.

Determining the significant contributing factors to the occurrence of human errors in the urban construction projects: A Delphi-SWARA study approach

The construction industry is believed to be more susceptible to human errors than other industries because of its unique characteristics, particularly when it comes to urban construction projects (UCP). Despite the considerable attention given to human errors in construction sector, there has been a lack of emphasis on analysing these errors in specific projects like construction in urban environments with distinct complexities. Hence, this paper seeks to determine and assess the critical factors influencing human errors associated with the UCP. In this vein, Three rounds of Delphi surveys were done with 17 specialists in safety and construction management. According to the Delphi survey results, 35 substantial factors that contribute to the incidence of human errors in the UCP were discovered. Then, an empirical questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert scale of measurement was developed and distributed among 37 construction experts to assess the level of impact that each factor on occurring human error in the UCP. The questionnaire had 35 influential factors related to human errors, categorised into five primary divisions (environmental, technological/information systems, individual (permanently related), individual (temporarily related), and organisational). Before the distribution, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were evaluated and confirmed. The factors were ranked using the Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) technique at this point. The research findings indicated that the criterion of “technological factors/information systems” is the most crucial, with the criterion of “individual factors (permanently related)” coming in second and the criterion of “environmental factors” coming in third. The sub-criterion “weak maintenance management systems” scores first in the general ranking of sub-criteria, indicating traditional network systems, the absence of appropriate tools and equipment, and a lack of understanding of required resources. The sub-criterion “defects in details and information and lack of design dynamism” is placed second, while the sub-criterion “violation of safety regulations (use of drugs, etc.)” is ranked third. The study results can help industry practitioners make more educated judgements to minimise and manage human errors in the UCP.

Identification and Overcome the Harmful Situations Related to Chemical with the Help of Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Using Failure Mode and Effective Analysis (FMEA) Method

Exposure of Chemical are a major occupational health and safety issue in chemical work place industry. Management of chemical hazards requires the combined efforts of occupational health and safety specialists, including generalist OHS professionals, occupational hygienists, and occupational health practitioners. This Research is about analysis of Hazards and their developed Control Measures in industrial chemicals, the manner in which their toxicity is assessed and the use of such assessments in regulatory decision-making. It begins with general points concerning toxicological data availability and hazard identification, then moves on to risk assessment and occupational exposure limits, and finally looks briefly at some standard specific toxicological issues, where the science is far from resolved after brief consideration of the historical context of chemical reactivity and toxicity issues, acute and chronic exposure, chemical hazard classification systems, and the identification, risk assessment, and control of chemical hazards

Presentation on the methodology used to calculate the self-rescuing index for communities downstream mining dams

This paper presents the methodology developed to calculate the Self-Rescuing Index for communities downstream of mining tailings dams. An initial calculation formula was developed based on consultations with specialists in engineering, safety, geotechnology, geotechnics, geography, social work, and social sciences. This formula consisted of twenty-two indicators and five indices that make up the final index. The initial results were revised after a new round of consultation using the Delphi method, as well as considering the data available from official sources, Dam Break studies, and primary data collection from communities located in risk areas. The results were georeferenced, enabling a detailed analysis of people's location, their vulnerabilities, as well as of the territory, making a consistent geostatistical tool available for decision-making in managing disaster risks related to mining dams.

ПРОВЕДЕНИЕ ОЦЕНКИ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ РИСКОВ: ПОШАГОВЫЙ АЛГОРИТМ

A step-by-step algorithm for conducting an occupational risk assessment procedure to help an occupational safety specialist is proposed

TO THE EXPEDIENCY OF STUDENTS' TRAINING IN ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION PROTECTION

Problem statement. Electromagnetic radiation is a combination of electric and magnetic radiation, the energy of which, when it affects a given material body, does not cause an ionisation process in it. Natural electromagnetic radiation not only guarantees the proper development of every living organism, but also affects the change of seasons and weather. Humans have disturbed the Earth's natural electromagnetic environment by including devices that emit electromagnetic energy in a wide range of frequencies. Artificial electromagnetic fields accompany us everywhere: at home, at work, on the road, and during leisure. The sanitary and hygienic state of the environment, including the electromagnetic situation in populated cities, is of great hygienic importance for ensuring proper living conditions for the population. The electromagnetic situation in cities and other settlements is created by a large number of radio and electrical equipment for economic, defence and other purposes. The purpose of the article. To conduct a systematic analysis of the impact of electromagnetic radiation from various types of electrical equipment on the environment. It is shown that electromagnetic radiation is dangerous both for the population as a whole, especially for children, and for personnel who operate powerful equipment - sources of electromagnetic radiation. Conclusion. Studies of electromagnetic radiation in the environment show that prolonged exposure to powerful electromagnetic fields can cause illness and even death. Therefore, rules for using artificial sources of electromagnetic radiation should be followed to minimise the damage to both human health and the environment. These rules are not so difficult to follow, but they are quite effective. And for labour protection and civil safety specialists, this knowledge will enable them to create safe working conditions in the workplace.