Safety Requirements Research Articles

Suitability of the Current Health Technology Assessment of Innovative Artificial Intelligence-Based Medical Devices: Scoping Literature Review.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based medical devices have garnered attention due to their ability to revolutionize medicine. Their health technology assessment framework is lacking. This study aims to analyze the suitability of each health technology assessment (HTA) domain for the assessment of AI-based medical devices. We conducted a scoping literature review following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology. We searched databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library), gray literature, and HTA agency websites. A total of 10.1% (78/775) of the references were included. Data quality and integration are vital aspects to consider when describing and assessing the technical characteristics of AI-based medical devices during an HTA process. When it comes to implementing specialized HTA for AI-based medical devices, several practical challenges and potential barriers could be highlighted and should be taken into account (AI technological evolution timeline, data requirements, complexity and transparency, clinical validation and safety requirements, regulatory and ethical considerations, and economic evaluation). The adaptation of the HTA process through a methodological framework for AI-based medical devices enhances the comparability of results across different evaluations and jurisdictions. By defining the necessary expertise, the framework supports the development of a skilled workforce capable of conducting robust and reliable HTAs of AI-based medical devices. A comprehensive adapted HTA framework for AI-based medical devices can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and societal impact of AI-based medical devices, guiding their responsible implementation and maximizing their benefits for patients and health care systems.

A method determining critical operating parameters for landing aircraft based on runway pavement skid resistance

ABSTRACT Poor skid resistance of airport pavement is the critical cause of runway excursion accidents. While the current determination methods of skid resistance are limited to the independent operating parameters and the discontinuously monitoring the skid resistance, the empirically calculating critical operating parameters. In this study, an aircraft tire-fluid-airport pavement skid resistance model was developed using numerical simulation technology. The wide-body aircraft B777 was taken as an example, the available skid number (SN) was used to continuously track the skid resistance of pavement under various landing conditions. The combined effects of groove type, water film thickness and landing weight on the pavement skid resistance performance were evaluated when the pavement reached the maintenance threshold state. Results show that the skid resistance of the ungrooved pavement was subpar according to FAA. The skid resistance was positively connected with the grooved size and landing weight but negatively correlated with the water film thickness. Under certain operating conditions, the FAA maintenance threshold groove still meets the requirements for aircraft landing safety throughout the whole range of landing speeds. A real-time determination method of pavement skid resistance was proposed. It can guide pavement maintenance management departments to avoid runway excursion accidents.

Status of Livability in Indonesian Affordable Housing

Indonesia is experiencing population growth, as well as urbanization, thus increasing the needs of housing. As a result, land prices are soaring, and the housing supply cannot meet the demand. The most recent measure to overcome housing problems is the One Million House Program, which aims to provide more than a million homes annually, with the majority of them being simple housing. The main characteristics of simple housing are limited space, limited facilities, and the use of basic materials. Regulation stated that any housing must satisfy the requirement of livable housing, which means the fulfilment of safety, health, and living-area requirements. This paper looks at affordability, livability, and sustainability criteria based on government regulation. It is found that the performance of housing cannot satisfy some of the requirements. The problems come from either inherently limited housing design, occupant requirements, or local climates. The existing research only focuses on one of three factors. Intertwined relationships between the three factors make an integrated approach necessary. A solution based on integrated performance modeling of the criteria is proposed.

Specific Grammatical Aspects of Translating the Iaea Regulatory Documents into the Russian Language

The article discusses some grammatical features of the IAEA safety requirements and guides in the English language and in their Russian translations. Considering that these documents make a foundation of the global nuclear safety system, and grammar is the backbone of the language and an essential constituent of the communication content, the paper is focused on the analysis of the ways of translating specific grammatical structures, which determines current importance of this study. The aim of the work is to compare typical grammatical constructions used in the texts of the Russian translations of the IAEA publications under consideration with the grammatical features of similar Rostechnadzor’s regulatory documentation. The main tasks of the authors are to compare the ways of translating English modal and passive constructions, English verbals and verbal structures into Russian and to verify the translator’s choice of a certain grammatical structure in the translations of the regulations and guidelines under consideration. Taking research tasks predetermined the choice of the following research methods: comparative analysis; linguistic and statistical analysis; contextual analysis; inductive and deductive analysis. To obtain linguistic and statistical analysis data, the authors applied such software tools as SDL Trados, Adobe Acrobat, Excel and MS Word. In order to ensure the correctness of the results, only the substantive part of the documents under consideration was analyzed.The analysis has brought to the following results: the need to comply with the regulatory requirements narrows the choice of Russian modal constructions in the translation of "should" statements used in IAEA documents. The issue of changing the regulatory requirement that prescribes to use the Russian verb "следует" has to be treated very carefully, considering the established practice of both translating the IAEA safety guides and their understanding by the target users; the translation of English passive constructions and verbals used in the IAEA safety guides gives clear preference to the use of Russian indefinite-personal structures with verbs in the active voice in the 3rd person plural; the grammatical structures used in the translation of the IAEA publications in question generally correspond to the grammatical structures used in the Rostechnadzor regulatory documents, which is predetermined by the information nature and ensures a fairly high similarity of their style.

Use of Modeling as an Enabler for Cross-Topic Knowledge Management and Ontologies to Support Return of Experience and Replicability of Large Nuclear Projects

Abstract Nuclear projects often produce and consume a large amount of knowledge. Capitalization on this knowledge constitutes a significant way to increase efficiency on subsequent projects for any stakeholder. In this study, modeling is used as a main approach to support this capitalization. It constitutes, through graphical layout, a more reliable and robust way to transfer information. Moreover, the use of an interconnected set of models enables organizations to break the silos between the disciplines. The approach proposed is based on the operational implementation of existing “on-the-shelf” elements to benefit from previous implementations. The presented example illustrates how, on a nuclear project, engineering processes have been modeled from knowledge of previous projects. These components are all interconnected to constitute a self-supporting set of models as a body of knowledge. The use of models as a main base for knowledge management and transfer has been initiated due to (i) increased traceability of design decisions and impact analysis required by ever-increasing safety requirements from 1980s, 1990s, and Fukushima accident for new nuclear and (ii) gradual departures of design teams and lifetime extension of existing power plants requiring efficient ways to pass down knowledge to newcomers. Additionally, transfer of knowledge from document-centric to model-centric has enabled securitization of interfaces (between organizations, between systems) due to more numerous stakeholders and reduction of rework and site works.

THERMAL AND STATIC ANALYSIS OF AN AUTOMATED BRAKE SYSTEM USING CATIA

Safety aspect in automotive engineering has been considered as a number one priority in development of new vehicle. Each single system in brake system has been studied and developed in order to meet safety requirement. Instead of having air bag, good suspension systems, good handling and safe cornering, there is one most critical system in the vehicle which is the braking systems. If there is no proper braking system in the vehicle the passenger in the vehicle is in unsafe position. Therefore, it is a must for all vehicles to have proper braking system. Due to critical system in the vehicle, many of researchers have conducted a study on brake system and its entire component. In this project, we have conducted a study on performance of normal disc brake rotor of normal passenger vehicle at different speeds when different materials are used. The study is more likely concern of Stress distribution on disc brake rotor and deformation and stresses developed on it due to different speeds. The widely used brake rotor material is cast iron which consumes much fuel due to its high specific gravity. The aim of this project is to select the optimum material for the application of brake disc system emphasizing on the substitution of this cast iron by any other lightweight material. The present project is aimed to study the given disc brake rotor for its stability and rigidity, for this Thermal analysis and coupled structural analysis is carried out on a given disc brake rotor to find out its deformation, stress when different materials are used. For these three different materials in each case is analyzed. KEYWORDS: Disc brake, Disc brake rotor, CATIA, ANSYS

Microbial and insect oils: A sustainable approach to functional lipid

AbstractThe increasing global population, coupled with the effects of climate change on agricultural activities has spurred a demand for sustainable food production to meet human needs. In response to this, there has been a growing interest in sustainable food production initiatives. One of such initiatives is harnessing microbial and insect lipids as valuable ingredients to address increase in demand for lipids across various sectors, including functional food, nutritional supplements, and biodiesel production. Over the last decades, there has been increasing scientific investigations exploring lipid from algae, microbes, and insects as alternatives to traditional agro‐ and marine‐based sources. This review, therefore, presents progress made in microbial and insect oils production, with emphasis on sustainability. Emerging extraction techniques, regulatory and safety requirements, and challenges that exist in the production and utilization of these new lipids are also discussed. The review shows that lipids from a wide range of oleaginous microorganisms and insect species have the potential to serve as a valuable ingredient for healthful food preparation. However, challenges such as cultural acceptance, lack of standardized regulations, high cost, and low yield associated with most emerging environmentally friendly extraction technologies continue to hinder widespread use or adoption of microbial and insect lipids on a global scale. These challenges call for innovations to reduce cost of production and improve lipids yield. So far, a substantial progress has been made in the utilization of readily available feedstocks such as industrial food wastes and sugar‐rich industrial wastewater to grow insects and microorganisms which will significantly reduce the processing costs.

Integrating security in hazard analysis using STPA-Sec and GSPN: A case study of automatic emergency braking system

Hazard analysis is a vital step in developing intelligent connected vehicles, aiming to eliminate or control hazards in the initial stages of system development and to provide theoretical support for the system’s safety design. However, conventional hazard analysis methods, such as Fault Tree Analysis and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, suffer from two shortcomings: they do not account for the impact of cybersecurity factors on system safety and do not provide sufficient quantification of hazard scenarios. To this end, we propose a quantifiable hazard analysis method with security consideration, which integrates System Theoretic Process Analysis for Security (STPA-Sec) and Generalized Stochastic Petri Net (GSPN), supporting the extraction, modeling, and quantification of hazards. Specifically, we employ STPA-Sec for qualitative analysis to identify causal scenarios, safety requirements, security requirements, and the corresponding mitigations. Then, based on the identified causal scenarios, a GSPN model is established to quantify system-level hazards. A case study on a real open-source test vehicle demonstrates that the proposed method not only offers a comprehensive analysis of hazards but also provides a quantitative assessment. Comparative assessments suggest that the proposed method exhibits an advantage in terms of analysis processes (integrating security) and results (quantification).

A road surface reconstruction dataset for autonomous driving

Recent developments in intelligent robot systems, especially autonomous vehicles, put forward higher requirements for safety and comfort. Road conditions are crucial factors affecting the comprehensive performance of ground vehicles. Nonetheless, existing environment perception datasets for autonomous driving lack attention to road surface areas. In this paper, we introduce the road surface reconstruction dataset, providing multi-modal, high-resolution, and high-precision data collected by real-vehicle platform in diverse driving conditions. It covers common road types containing approximately 16,000 pairs of stereo images, point clouds, and ground-truth depth/disparity maps, with accurate data processing pipelines to ensure its quality. Preliminary evaluations reveal the effectiveness of our dataset and the challenge of the task, underscoring substantial opportunities of it as a valuable resource for advancing computer vision techniques. The reconstructed road structure and texture contribute to the analysis and prediction of vehicle responses for motion planning and control systems.

Evaluation of urban ecological security model based on GIS sensing and MCR model

Urban ecological security is not only a basic safety requirement for human security and development, but also an important part of national security and other security and infrastructure carriers. Protecting the environment is an important factor in the construction of China's natural civilization. In recent years, with the deterioration of the environment, the region and its people have paid more and more attention to the safety of urban ecological environment, which has become one of the hottest issues in current research. Land use/cover rate change (LUCC) affects the environment, which will also affect environmental safety, and changes in its appearance will also affect nature and the environment, providing a positive impetus for the control of natural processes. In this paper, researches on the above problems in City K and Zhengzhou are carried out, using MSPA and visual image forms to better connect local resources, and through the MCR model based on ecological control, a weight-based multi-structure network model is established, which is conducive to the establishment of a multi-structure network model based on ecological control. Build a city of environmental science network. The GIS control line was explored, and the concept of the control line was filled to a certain extent. At the same time, taking City K and Zhengzhou as examples, determining the breadth of their layout and management, as well as the control strategy of their environmental control lines, provides a specific reference angle for the layout and research of other cities. Urban ecological security is very important to each of us living in cities. It is a difficult problem at this stage to establish an ecological security model to open a new security pattern.

Large Scale Physical Model Study On Clay Erosion With Gras Cover On Primary Coastal Defence Structures

Sea dikes in the Netherlands consist of sandy or clay core with a clay layer with grass. The lower outer slope is often covered with a hard revetment, such as asphalt or a placed block revetment, to protect the dike material against wave impact. Since the strength of the clay layer with a grass subject to severe wave impact is unknown, the hard revetment needs to be constructed on a large part of the outer slope to ensure that the flood defence meets the safety requirements. Therefore, a research programme was started to determine the strength of the clay layer with grass on the upper slope of a dike. As a first step, large scale physical model tests have been performed. In the second step the CFD model OpenFOAM has been used to extend the physical model results by computing the peak pressure of the hydraulic load on the clay for the tested geometries and additional geometries with varying parameters that may influence the erosion rate. With all results, it was possible to derive formulas for failure probability calculations in the final step. The knowledge development on the erosion of a clay layer with grass on the outer slope by wave attack resulted into formulas that are currently used in the safety assessment of dikes contributing towards safer deltas and resilient designs of dikes.

Advancing hydrogen leak detection: Design and calibration of reference leaks

The introduction of hydrogen into the gas grid requires stricter safety measures due to its enhanced flammability compared to natural gas. Detecting small hydrogen leaks is crucial for meeting health and safety requirements, given hydrogen's potential for easy ignition and the hazards associated with its combustion. This paper presents an overview of the quantification of small hydrogen leaks, regarding conversions between common units of measurement, namely concentration and leak rate. In addition, the need for traceable assessments of hydrogen leakage was also considered, which included proposal of the design, calibration, and metrological evaluation of portable hydrogen reference leaks in the range of 10−6 to 10−4 Std cm3/s, the latter being considered as the lowest side of the range of interest for quantifying hydrogen leaks. Two methods of manufacturing leak artefacts, namely conductance and permeation, are explored, and the produced leaks were used to test two hydrogen leak detectors with different working principles. A calibration technique based on a constant pressure gas flowmeter is described together with the uncertainty budget. The study provides insights into the challenges of calibrating detectors for hydrogen leaks, highlighting the importance of traceability in ensuring safety and environmental protection in the context of hydrogen infrastructure. It was demonstrated that reference leaks are highly suitable to test hydrogen leak detectors in the mentioned flow range due to their simplicity, high reliability, low depletion rate and high portability.

PROMOTING PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY RUNNING FESTIVALS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH PARKINSON’S DISEASE - A MODEL FOR MEANINGFUL PARTICIPATION

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Community-based walking and running groups have become popular social phenomena in recent years. Integrating individuals with Parkinson’s disease into community-based walking and running events confers multiple socio-biological benefits, but may be problematic for individuals with Parkinson’s disease in the later stages of the disease progression. METHODS This research evaluates the participation of a group of individuals with Parkinson’s disease in a long-standing community running festival, the Gold Coast Marathon Festival. Evaluation of participation comprised: 1) description of the activities undertaken by the Exercise Physiologists to ensure the safe and effective participation of the interested parties; and 2) a qualitative evaluation of the participant’s experiences with the event. RESULTS Ten adults with Parkinson’s disease (70% male), mean age 69.6 ± 7.8 years (range = 57-79) participated. Time post-diagnosis ranged 1 to 15 years (mean = 6.7 ± 4.4 years). Participants registered to complete one of two distances: 5.7 km (n = 9) or 700 m (n = 1). Activities undertaken by the Exercise Physiologist prior to participating were divided into three themes: participation, safety, and administrative requirements. Participant experiential data was divided into six themes: preparation prior to participating; pre participation planning and organisation; reasons/meaning for choosing to participate; barriers for participating; event recovery; and event suitability. The data collated was triangulated to provide recommendations to facilitate participation in similar events. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that with effective planning and coordination, participation in community-based walking and running events confer physical and mental health benefits for individuals with Parkinson’s disease. However, significant barriers need to be addressed prior to participation to ensure meaningful participation. This paper provides recommendations for practicing Exercise Physiologists who wish to promote participation of their own clients with Parkinson’s disease in similar initiatives.

Thermal-magnetic coupling inhomogeneous temperature field analysis of cylindrical eddy current brakes

With the increasing requirements for safety and reliability, it is now necessary to analyze the thermal characteristics to the same extent as the electromagnetic design for eddy current brakes(ECB), because the working characteristic will be greatly influenced by temperature. In this paper, the transient thermal-magnetic coupling analysis of permanent magnet cylindrical eddy current brake, which is used as the recoil mechanism in artillery, is presented. First, the structure and working principle of this ECB are described in detail. Second, the analytical electromagnetic model is established by multilayer theory to derive the heat source of this ECB. Thirdly, the thermal-magnetic coupling model is established to calculate the dynamic inhomogeneous temperature field of the ECB. The heat conduction equation is solved in different regions with inhomogeneous internal heat source by Finite Difference method(FDM) in two-dimensional cylindrical coordinate. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is verified by commercial Finite Element software. The thermal characteristic and its effects on braking force is analyzed during working. The maximum value of temperature approximately rises by 16℃ in each firing. The braking force will decline by 8% considering temperature.

Wave Loads On Hydraulic Structures

Hydraulic structures are essential for flood protection, water management and navigation in coastal, delta and lake regions. Their importance will continue to grow in the coming years and decades, because of two main factors. Firstly, because of the consequences of climate change and sea level rise. Secondly, because of the continuous development and urbanization of coastal, delta and lake regions, with an increase in the value of the assets and activities in those locations combined with more strict safety requirements. Those factors will lead to the construction of a series of new hydraulic structures and the renovation of several existing structures around the world. Wave loads acting on such hydraulic structures are crucial for their design and safety assessment. This study addresses two different types of wave loads acting on hydraulic structures: confined wave impact loads and bimodal wave loads. To this end, a series of laboratory experimental test campaigns were carried out in a wave flume.

Analysis of Seepage Field Characteristics of Water Diversion Power Generation System of Pumped Storage Power Station

Based on the diversion power generation system project of the Hami pumped storage Hydropower Station, the drainage substructure method is used to accurately simulate the drainage holes of the plant area, and the three-dimensional finite element model of the plant area including the main faults and reflecting the seepage characteristics of complex rock mass is established. Based on the inversion analysis of the natural seepage field, the distribution characteristics of the three-dimensional seepage field in the plant area were studied, and the rationality of the layout of the anti-seepage drainage system was evaluated. The results show that under the action of the anti-seepage drainage system, the groundwater level of the mountain is greatly reduced, and the descending funnel is formed in the three caverns, the seepage flow is controllable overall, and the permeability stability meets the engineering safety requirements.

Human Eye Ball Gazing and Face Based Ultra Digital Security System using AI

Abstract: The "Eye Ball Gazing and Face-Based Ultra Digital Security System" invents a remarkable surveillance mechanism by fusing recognition of faces with eye ball movement monitoring. It gathers and safely retains people's unique visages and eyeball peering patterns uponparticipation. It sets up an authentication system with multiple factors that bolsters security and cuts the chance of unlicensed entry if access is requested. This novel solution to the continually evolving requirements of technological safety distinguishes real-time eye-ball peering information with recorded sequences, besides ensuring human facial features. Sophisticated facial identification and eye motion monitoring techniques are put together in the "Eye Ball Gazing and Face-Based Ultra Digital Security System" to produce an effective validation structure in the realm of digital safety. When a person signs up, the tool confidentially saves distinct facial traits and eyeball staring movements. Upon access request, the documented data is cross-referenced with actual time eyeball gazing sequences, and recognition offacial features is utilized to confirm ID in addition.The simultaneous use of both of these methods oflogin minimizes the possibility of inappropriate entry and improves confidentiality, which requiresa multi-step verification procedure. In the current age of technology, this groundbreaking solution guarantees top-notch security and accessibility control.

Control co-design optimization of floating offshore wind turbines with tuned liquid multi-column dampers

Abstract. The technical progress in the development and industrialization of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) over the past decade has been significant. Yet, the higher levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of FOWTs compared to onshore wind turbines is still limiting the market share. One of the reasons for this is the larger motions and loads caused by the rough environmental excitations. Many prototype projects tend to employ more conservative substructure designs to meet the requirements for motion dynamics and structural safety. Another challenge lies in the multidisciplinary nature of a FOWT system, which consists of several strongly coupled subsystems. If these subsystems cannot work in synergy, the overall system performance may not be optimized. Previous research has shown that a well-designed blade pitch controller is able to reduce the motions and structural loads of FOWTs. Nevertheless, due to the negative aerodynamic damping effect, improvement in the performance by tuning the controller is limited. One of the solutions is adding tuned liquid multi-column dampers (TLMCDs), meaning that there is a structural solution to mitigate this limiting factor for the controller performance. It has been found that the additional damping, provided by TLMCDs, is able to improve the platform pitch stability, which allows a larger blade pitch controller bandwidth and thus a better dynamic response. However, if a TLMCD is not designed with the whole FOWT system dynamics taken into account, it may even deteriorate the overall performance. Essentially, an integrated optimization of these subsystems is needed. For this paper, we develop a control co-design optimization framework for FOWTs installed with TLMCDs. Using the multi-objective optimizer non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), the objective is to optimize the platform, the blade pitch controller, and the TLMCD simultaneously. Five free variables characterizing these subsystems are selected, and the objective function includes the FOWT's volume of displaced water (displacement) and several motion and load indicators. Instead of searching for a unique optimal design, an optimal Pareto surface of the defined objectives is determined. It has been found that the optimization is able to improve the dynamic performance of the FOWT, which is quantified by motions and loads, when the displacement remains similar. On the other hand, if motions and loads are constant, the displacement of the FOWT can be reduced, which is an important indication of lower manufacturing, transportation, and installation costs. In conclusion, this work demonstrates the potential of advanced technologies such as TLMCDs to advance FOWTs for commercial competitiveness.

Effect of Flashlamp Heating System Parameters on the Wedge Peel Strength of Thermoplastic Carbon Fiber Tape in the Automated Tape Placement Process

Laser-assisted automated tape placement systems are currently the state of the art regarding thermoplastic tape placement. Flashlamp heating systems are rather new in this field of application and offer high energy density with low safety requirements and moderate costs compared to laser-assisted automated tape placement systems. In this study, the effect of processing parameters on interlaminar bonding of carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 tapes is investigated using a flashlamp heating system. The temperature during placement is monitored using an infrared camera, and the bonding strength is characterized by a wedge peel test. The bonding quality of the tapes placed between 210 °C and 330 °C at a lay-up speed of 50 mm/s is investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and micrographs are used to investigate the material properties and effects of the processing conditions on the thermophysical properties and geometric properties of the tape. No significant changes in the thermophysical or geometric properties were found. Moisture within the tapes and staining of the quartz guides of the flashlamp system have significant influence on the bonding strength. The highest wedge peel strength of dried tapes was found at around 330 °C.

Analisis Daya Dukung & Penurunan Bored Pile 80cm di Proyek Kompleks Kantor-Apartemen dengan Metode Analitis & Elemen Hingga

This study will look for the ultimate bearing capacity value of bored pile foundation and foundation subsidence, based on SPT data and loading test calculated empirically with SPT data using equations provided by O'Neil and Reese while loading test data using curve interpretation Davidson Method, Mazurkiewich Method, Chin Method and finite element method using 2D Plaxis software with all types of medium mesh. After analysis, the ultimate bored pile carrying capacity value of ø 80 cm based on SPT data using the O'neill and Reese equations was 1242 tons, then analysis using the Davisson method of 875 tons, using the Mazurkiewiech method of 960 tons and the Chin method of 876 tons. While the ultimate carrying capacity based on PLAXIS 2D calculations is 1364 tons. 5. Based on SPT data, the carrying capacity of a single bored pile axial permit (Qi) was obtained at 497 tons with SF = 2.5. And for the value of the decrease that occurs in the bored pile foundation based on analytical results is 22.85 mm, based on the loading test is 7.95 mm and based on the PLAXIS 2D program is 14.12 mm. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the O'Neil and Reese equations provide a greater value than the interpretation of load testing so that it will provide a large safety value if used when design and descent analysis that is closest to the results in the field is analysis with 2D PLAXIS with the Mohr-Coulomb modeling type. There are differences in carrying and lowering capacity analysis results with several methods used, but the use of analytical methods and finite element methods with PLAXIS 2D meets the safety requirements of bored pile foundations.