Safety Of Agricultural Products Research Articles

Impact of Standard Differences on Position in Agricultural Global Value Chains

The development of agricultural global value chains (AGVCs) has led to the rapid development of intermediate goods trade, agricultural products need to cross between several countries, so that more different technical standards such as SPS (Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures) / TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) between countries have been imposed by countries around the world with regard to the quality and safety of agricultural products, which lead the burden of trade costs increase prominent. This paper examines whether the extent to which SPS/TBT measures differ between countries in the agricultural sector affects their position in global value chains, based on the bilateral trade value added data in the OECD inter-country input-output database, combing the social network analysis and UNCTAD database from 2010 to 2018, measure the positions of countries in the agricultural global value chains and the standard differences of SPS/TBT among countries. We use the gravity model to empirically inspect the impact of the SPS/TBT standards heterogeneity between countries (regions) on the AGVCs position. We find: (1) structural differences in SPS/TBT standards among countries negatively affect the centrality of GVCs; (2) the negative impact of standards difference on the total and forward centrality is more serious than backward centrality; (3) The negative impact of the SPS/TBT difference is more pronounced in developing countries.

Advanced imidazole-functionalized metal-organic framework-based dual-mode sensor for rapid detection of FLU pesticide residues in food

In this study, an advanced imidazole-functionalized 2D metal-organic framework (HBU-169), {[Cd2(L)2H2O]2(H2O)}·(4H2O)·(DMF) was presented, which possesses both fluorescent properties and peroxidase activity. HBU-169 demonstrates the ability to detect fluazinam (FLU) via fluorescent and colorimetric modes. In the fluorescent mode, a pronounced fluorescence quenching is observed, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.68 μM. The mechanism may involve dynamic quenching process and competitive absorption of excitation energy. The method could be utilized for rapid in-situ imaging detection of pesticide residues on cabbage surface. In the colorimetric mode, a semi-quantitative test paper was developed, featuring visible color changes and smartphone-assisted detection. The mechanism was attributed to the catalytic effect of HBU-169. A high-throughput method combining fluorescent and colorimetric modes were established for FLU detection. This study provides a promising avenue for assessing the safety of FLU-contaminated food and holds potential for application in ensuring the safety of other agricultural products.

Fertilization of potentially toxic element-contaminated soils remediated with reusable biochar pellets using rice straw, pig manure and their derived biochar.

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are widespread pollutants in agricultural fields, presenting significant challenges to the maintenance of soil ecological functions while simultaneously reducing their concentrations. This study detailed the development of a high-strength reusable silicate magnetic composite biochar sphere (SMBCS) characterized by superior magnetic and adsorption properties, synthesized from natural minerals and biochar. The application of SMBCS over three consecutive remediation cycles led to reductions in cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) concentrations in soil by 28.6%, 26.6%, and 42.9%, respectively, accompanied by corresponding decreases in bioavailability of 52.7%, 49.4%, and 39.4%. The accumulation of Cd, Pb, and As in rice seedlings cultivated in the remediated soil decreased by 79.50-85.47%, 38.05-38.99%, and 39.56-77.10%, respectively. However, the removal of essential mineral nutrients (Al, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Si, N, Zn, Mn, and Cu) from the soil ranged from 3.26% to 36.28%, which adversely affected seed germination and rice seedling growth. Pre-planting fertilization with rice straw (RS), pig manure (PM), biochar (RSB and PMB), and regenerated SMBCS (RSMBCS1 and RSMBCS2) effectively reduced Cd (0.20-45.40%) and Pb (8.70-35.36%) uptake while enhancing the bioavailability of mineral nutrients, thereby promoting crop growth and physiological traits. The SMBCS-fertilization technique emerges as a viable approach for the removal of PTEs in agricultural soils, facilitating the restoration of ecological functions and ensuring safe agricultural production.

Research on the Mode of E-Commerce Assisting Agricultural Innovation and Entrepreneurship under the Background of Platform Economy—A Case Study of E-Commerce Assisting Farmers in Wenchuan County

This paper takes the case of e-commerce aiding agriculture in Wenchuan County as an example to analyze the specific practices and economic benefits of e-commerce aiding agriculture in Wenchuan County. It is discovered that there exist problems such as backward infrastructure construction, shortage of skilled talents, and insufficient market credibility in e-commerce aiding agriculture in Wenchuan County. According to the innovation theory and in combination with the background of platform economy, this paper puts forward strategies and suggestions such as innovating the supply of industrial space, strengthening the introduction and cultivation of talents, and guaranteeing the quality and safety of agricultural products, with the aim of providing references for the development of rural e-commerce.

Green manure plants enhance atrazine degradation in agriculture soil through modulating rhizosphere microbial communities

The widespread use of atrazine in agriculture threatens soil health and the safety of agricultural products. In this study, the removal and mechanism of green manure plants (GMPs) hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, VV) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., LP) to atrazine were investigated. The results showed that VV and LP show a certain tolerance to 5–25 mg/kg atrazine contamination compared to VV and LP without atrazine (VV0 and LP0), with LP exhibiting higher tolerance. Moreover, compared to CK, VV and LP significantly promoted the removal of atrazine by 13.49%∼26.41% and 13.98%∼23.42%, respectively. VV was more effective at lower concentrations (5–10 mg/kg), while LP showed better results at 25 mg/kg. Soil enzyme activities (catalase and urease), as well as bacterial abundance and diversity, were significantly increased by VV and LP treatments. LP had a stronger effect. The function analysis revealed that VV enhances the Cell growth and death pathway in the rhizosphere soil, while LP primarily boosts the Replication and repair pathway to cope with atrazine stress. This difference likely results from the distinct root structures of the two plants, which create varying rhizosphere environments. Additionally, VV and LP upregulate the Atrazine degradation pathway by enriching atrazine-degrading bacteria, thereby promoting atrazine removal. VV growth was affected under 25 mg/kg atrazine treatment, which may lead to lower Atrazine degradation pathway abundance in the rhizosphere compared to LP. This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting plant species for the remediation of atrazine-contaminated soils.

A comparative study of production systems in the Goharkuh Taftan complex utilising emergy and economic analysis

This study evaluated the sustainability of five agricultural production systems (wheat, barley, alfalfa, cotton, and Pistachio) in the Goharkuh Taftan complex using emergy assessment and economic analysis. Pistachio exhibited the highest gross return (1200 million Rials/ha), net profit (850 million Rials/ha), benefit-to-cost ratio (3.43), transformity (Tr) (9.53E + 05 sej/j), specific emergy (2.37E + 10 sej/g), renewability index (%R) (15.12 %), modified emergy sustainability index (0.207), modified emergy yield ratio (1.397), and the lowest modified environmental loading ratio (5.61) among the various products within the complex, as determined through the integration of emergy assessment and economic analysis outcomes. The standard Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR) (143.16), standard Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI) (0.008), Emergy Index for Sustainable Development (EISD) (0.0028), and Emergy Index of Agricultural Product Safety (EIPS) (0.437) of this product were found to be in a favourable condition. On the other hand, cotton exhibited the least favourable performance in various emergy indicators, including the %R (2.07 %), ELR (344.13), ESI (0.003), EISD (0.0021), and EIPS (0.198) within the given context. The alfalfa product exhibiting the most unfavourable economic indicators demonstrated the highest EIPS (0.554) and the lowest Tr (1.34E + 05 sej/j) value among the various systems within the complex. Wheat and barley had similar emergy performance but were less profitable than pistachio and cotton. Reducing reliance on non-renewable resources and lowering costs for land, labor, seed, and machinery improved both emergy and economic indicators. The study revealed a trade-off between emergy and economic indicators in complex production systems. To enhance sustainability, balancing renewable and non-renewable resource use is crucial.

Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on goat farming systems in rural mediterranean regions

Numerous studies have highlighted the detrimental effects of COVID-19 disruptions on various aspects of rural farming communities worldwide, including economic status, food security and nutritional status. However, despite this extensive literature, there is a striking gap in understanding the nuanced impacts of these disruptions on different segments of smallholder goat keepers, particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkiye. The aim of this study is to shed light on the multifaceted impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on goat farming and the local community in rural areas. Data was collected to examine the impact of COVID-19 on various dimensions such as input use, agricultural production (livestock and crops, etc.), market accessibility and food safety among goat farmers in Tufanbeyli, Feke and Karatas districts of Turkiye. The results showed that goat farming in rural areas under the pressure of COVID-19 had a negative impact on input management and marketing. In addition, it was found that breeders suffered economic setbacks, particularly due to the disruption to production and family nutrition caused by COVID-19.

How Has the Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Soil and Water Evolved over the Past 20 Years? A Bibliometric Perspective

Exploring soil heavy metal sources is of great significance for ensuring the safety of ecological environments and agricultural product safety, as well as for guiding pollution control and management policies. This paper retrieved 452 research papers on soil heavy metal source analysis published over the 2004–2024 period from the Web of Science database. The collected literature was subjected to multidimensional bibliometric analysis using the CiteSpace 6.3.R1. The results showed significantly increasing trends in the scientific outputs and the number of papers on heavy metal source analysis in soils and water over the study period. In addition, related research topics have expanded from single to multiple heavy metal elements in environmental media and have increasingly recognized the impact of water pollution on soil contamination. Research methods have also evolved from basic statistical analysis to complex spatial analysis techniques, covering agricultural and urban soils. Previous related studies have focused on heavy metal pollution in different areas, and related research on heavy metal source analysis has now extended from ecological environments to associated human health risks. The present study provides directions for future related research and guidance for ensuring effective source control of heavy metal pollution and safe utilization of land and water resources.

Migration of fungicides, antibiotics and resistome in the soil-lettuce system

The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have become a serious issue in global agricultural production. However, understanding how these ARGs spread across different spatial scales, especially when exposed to both pesticides and antibiotics, has remained a challenge. Here, metagenomic assembly and binning methodologies were used to determine the spread pathway of ARGs in the soil-lettuce system under individual and combined exposure of fungicides (carbendazim and pyraclostrobin) and antibiotics (chlortetracycline and ciprofloxacin). These agrochemicals not only facilitated the spread of ARGs from soil to lettuce but also significantly elevated the risk of developing multi-antibiotic resistance among bacteria, especially to some antibiotic types (i.e. sulfonamide, aminoglycoside, quinolone, and tetracycline). ARGs could be migrated through distinct pathways, including both vertical and horizontal gene transfer, with plasmids playing a crucial role in facilitating the horizontal gene transfer. These transfer pathways have enabled key pathogenic bacteria belonging to the genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Pantoea to acquire resistance and remain recalcitrant, posing the potential risk to crop health and food safety. In summary, our findings highlighted that fungicide and antibiotic could drive upward migration of ARGs in the soil-lettuce system and reduced the quality safety of agricultural products.

Livestock and poultry manure influence thallium accumulation in chili peppers (Capsicum annuum) under complex toxic elements contamination in soil

Long-term mining activities in the mercury-thallium mining area of Lanmuchang, southwestern China, resulting in contamination of surrounding soils with complex toxic elements such as Tl, As, Sb, Hg, and Cd. While manure aids in pollution control and soil fertilization, its impact on Tl bioavailability in soil remains incompletely understood. This study explored the physiological changes and Tl accumulation in Capsicum annuum under combined pollution stress and application of livestock and poultry manure near the Lanmuchang mining area. The results showed that chicken manure promoted Tl accumulation in Capsicum annuum, whereas pig and cattle manure inhibited it, with pig manure exhibiting the strongest inhibitory effect. Both pig and cattle manure reduced the transpiration rate of Capsicum annuum, which decreased the driving force for Tl transport to the plant's upper parts. Additionally, manure increased organic acid secretion in Capsicum annuum roots and decreased soil Eh. This led to a reduction in Tl3+ to the more stable Tl+, which decreased the content of exchangeable Tl form and its activity. Pig manure significantly reduced Tl content in stems, leaves, and fruits by increasing the area of the Casparian bands in Capsicum annuum roots, which hindered Tl accumulation. In contrast, chicken manure had the opposite effect. The findings of this study provide important theoretical support for scientifically guiding agricultural production safety in areas contaminated with the heavy metal Tl.

A Model for Fat Content Detection in Walnuts Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is an efficient and accurate method for fat content detection in walnuts. ‘Wen 185’ walnut is grown in large quantities in southern Xinjiang, and its fat content is an important indicator for evaluating the intrinsic quality. The excessive pursuit of yield efficiency, combined with the neglect of quality, agricultural product safety and other factors, has led to the production of poor-quality walnuts. Moreover, research on predicting walnut kernel fat content based on near-infrared spectroscopy technology is rarely reported. Therefore, a technical framework for walnut kernel detection based on near-infrared spectroscopy and the technical standards for ‘Wen 185’ are urgently needed. After first optimizing the initial spectrum data using five preprocessing methods, we established separate prediction models for walnut kernel fat content based on either a back propagation neural network or a support vector regression (SVR) algorithm. The results show that the correction set and validation set coefficients of determination of the walnut kernel fat content prediction model using the back propagation neural network algorithm were 0.86 and 0.89, respectively, with root mean square errors of 1.56 and 1.58, and an RPD value of 2.57; the coefficients of determination for the calibration and validation sets of SVR were 0.90 and 0.83, respectively, with root mean square errors of 1.76 and 1.70, respectively, and an RPD value of 1.70. Thus, near-infrared spectroscopy can be used to establish a foundation for realizing the rapid detection of walnut kernel fat content.

Reducing the danger of phytopathogen toxins by using an organomineral composition

Relevance. Contamination by toxins of phytopathogens or mycotoxins of food and feed raw materials of plant origin poses a serious threat to the production of high-quality and safe agricultural products. Reducing the risks of contamination of plant raw materials with mycotoxins depends on the effective use of biological products to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins.Methods. Experiments were carried out on primary rat liver cells. Primary liver cells were cultured in DMEM medium in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum at 37OC and 5% CO2. Zearalenone and T-2 toxin were dissolved in a mixture of DMSO and 96% alcohol in a ratio 1:1. Zearalenone T-2 toxin and protective compositions were mixed and aged together for 6 hours and after exposure added to a medium with a cellular monolayer. The concentration of bacterial-based compositions KMBI-3 and KMCI-3 was used for research in three variants: 0.4 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml. After 24 hours of cultivation, the cell layer was evaluated using an inverted microscope according to the following parameters: percentage of surface coverage, cell shape, number of cell aggregates, number of floating cells.Results. A dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was revealed when exposed to zearalenone and T-2 toxin, the most toxic effect was observed at doses from 0.5 х 10-4 and 8.6 х 10-8 M and 2.14 х 10-7 M, respectively. When using the protective composition KMBI-3 at a dose of 4 mg/ml, the least negative effect of zearalenone and T-2 toxin on cell culture was observed. The use of compositions of organomineral origin KMBI-3 helps to increase cell viability when exposed to the toxins zearalenone and T-2 toxin, which indicates the activation of proliferative processes in comparison with the group without the use of drugs. The use of the biopreparation KMBI-3 reduces the pathogenic effect of zearalenone and T-2 toxin on cell culture, increases the resistance of liver cells to the effects of phytopathogen toxins.

Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution from enterprises in China

Heavy metal pollution (HMP) directly affects the safety of agricultural products, thereby impacting human health. Industrial emissions, as the main source of soil HMP in China, require in-depth research on their pollution risks. Based on national heavy metal (HM) enterprise data, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of key enterprises involved in the HMP across the country. It constructs the risk assessment index system of enterprise HMP based on the “source-pathway-receptor” (SPR) process of the HMP, evaluates and partitions the risk of the HMP from enterprises nationwide. The results show that: (1) Enterprises and pollutant discharge outlets are mainly distributed in the eastern and southeastern coastal regions. Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, and Hunan Province are the main distribution regions of smelting enterprises, with the most types of HM pollutants. The hazard of pollution sources shows a spatial distribution pattern of higher risk in the southwest and north, and lower risk in the central region. Counties with high-risk pollution sources are mainly distributed in Yunnan, Hunan, Guangdong, Inner Mongolia, and Jiangxi Province. (2) The hazard of pollutant transmission pathways shows a spatial distribution pattern of higher risk in the southeast and lower risk in the central region. About 31.5 % of counties are at extremely high risk, mainly distributed in the southeastern coastal regions of Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Shandong, and Fujian Province. (3) The vulnerability of the receptors shows significant clustering characteristics in the northeast and central regions. About 3.3 % of counties have a receptor vulnerability level of “extremely high,” mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning Province in the northeast, as well as Hubei and Jiangsu Province. (4) About 1.55 % of counties nationwide have a comprehensive risk level of the HMP classified as “extremely high,” mainly distributed in Guangdong Province and Inner Mongolia. Additionally, some counties in Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang Province have a risk of exceeding pollution standards, requiring further preventive measures to reduce pollution risks in the future. This paper can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control (P&C) of the HMP in China.

LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS Cross-Checking Analysis Method for 426 Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products: A Method Validation and Measurement of Uncertainty.

A method was developed to analyze residual pesticides in various vegetables using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). A method can analyze over 200 individual compounds, selectively separate peaks within 30 min, and meet various criteria such as those by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CODEX). Most compounds showed recovery rates between 70 and 120%, and a relative standard deviation was within 20%. Measurement uncertainty, considering various influencing factors such as instrument precision, method sensitivity, experimental conditions, sample handling, and analytical procedures, was meticulously calculated. The expanded uncertainties of cross-checking 33 available pesticides ranged from 10.1 to 26.2 μg/kg at a confidence level of approximately 95%. Risk assessment of detected pesticides in agricultural products indicated a safety range of 0.00003-2.87240%. The developed method effectively analyzes diverse compounds simultaneously, contributing to agricultural product safety.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ENSURING FOOD SECURITY IN UKRAINE

Ensuring the country's food security is a complex and responsible task, the solution of which is determined by a combination of many factors and factors. Socio-economic factors that determine the level of physical and economic availability of food for the country's population are decisive among these factors. The article examines the main socio-economic factors that influence the sufficiency and availability of food for the population of Ukraine. Among the most important of them, the value of the minimum food basket of Ukrainians, food prices, incomes and expenses of the population, and price trends in the food market were analyzed. A quantitative assessment of rates of the ratio of the cost of a food set and the average wage in Ukraine, which determines the economic availability of food for the population, was carried out. The structure of household expenses is analyzed. The obtained research results showed threatening trends in the growth of the share of population expenditure on food in the structure of spending to the maximum critical value. The price trends for food products and their changes in recent years have been studied. The income level of the population of Ukraine, the actual wages, and their combined effect on the availability and state of food supply are analyzed. An analytical assessment of the current state and dynamics of the level of food self-sufficiency of the population of Ukraine by its main types was carried out. Specific threatening trends have been identified regarding the sufficiency of domestic production of certain food products for food security (fruits, berries, and grapes are characterized. A set of fundamental principles are substantiated, which, according to the authors, become a priority in ensuring the strategic food security of Ukraine based on sustainable development. Priority among them are highlighted: priorities of food quality, safety, and environmental friendliness, formation of sustainable food security networks based on the creation of inclusive agro-food markets, increasing the level of social responsibility of food producers and food consumers, strategic priorities of environmental friendliness, conservation of natural and biological resources and minimization of climate change. Certain aspects of the quality and safety of agricultural production and food products were investigated in the context of the prohibited principles. The organizational principles of food quality and safety monitoring processes in the Ukrainian agro-food sector have been studied.

Spatiotemporal Variation Patterns of Drought in Liaoning Province, China, Based on Copula Theory

Liaoning Province, a crucial agricultural region in Northeast China, has endured frequent drought disasters in recent years, significantly affecting both agricultural production and the ecological environment. Conducting drought research is of paramount importance for formulating scientific drought monitoring and prevention strategies, ensuring agricultural production and ecological safety. This study developed a Comprehensive Joint Drought Index (CJDI) using the empirical Copula function to systematically analyze drought events in Liaoning Province from 1981 to 2020. Through the application of MK trend tests, Morlet wavelet analysis, and run theory, the spatiotemporal variation patterns and recurrence characteristics of drought in Liaoning Province were thoroughly investigated. The results show that, compared to the three classic drought indices, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI), and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), CJDI has the highest accuracy in monitoring actual drought events. From 1981 to 2020, drought intensity in all regions of Liaoning Province (east, west, south, and north) exhibited an upward trend, with the western region experiencing the most significant increase, as evidenced by an MK test Z-value of −4.53. Drought events in Liaoning Province show clear seasonality, with the most significant periodic fluctuations in spring (main cycles of 5–20 years, longer cycles of 40–57 years), while the frequency and variability of drought events in autumn and winter are lower. Mild droughts frequently occur in Liaoning Province, with joint and co-occurrence recurrence periods ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 years. Moderate droughts have shorter joint recurrence periods in the eastern region (1.2–1.4 years) and longer in the western and southern regions (1.4–2.2 years), with the longest co-occurrence recurrence period in the southern region (3.0–4.0 years). Severe and extreme droughts are less frequent in Liaoning Province. This study provides a scientific foundation for drought monitoring and prevention in Liaoning Province and serves as a valuable reference for developing agricultural production strategies to adapt to climate change.

Highly sensitive assaying study based on three-dimensional graphene/cerium oxide nanoparticle nanozyme for the detecting of organophosphate pesticides in vegetable

As an important chemical pollutant affecting the safety of agricultural products, the on-site and efficient detection of pesticide residues has become a global trend and hotspot in research. Herein, this work present a highly sensitive assaying study based on three-dimensional graphene/cerium oxide nanoparticle nanozyme for the detection of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) in vegetable. The detection mechanism is because OPs can inhibit the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Cerium oxide nanoparticles exhibited intrinsic biomimetic oxidase activity and catalyzed the oxidation of the colorless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxidized oxTMB. Upon the introduction of ALP, L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate can be dephosphorylated to ascorbic acid, which aroused the disintegration of cerium oxide nanoparticles into Ce3+ ions. This disintegration weakened the enzyme-mimicking activity, thus impeding the oxidation of TMB. The absorbance at 652 nm exhibited a linear relationship with the concentration of phorate in the range of 0.15–50 μg/mL, generating a limit of detection of 0.13 μg/mL, Phorate recovery in the spiked samples for the absorption detection mode was 81.0 %–96.7 %. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the absorption were in the range of 2.18 %–4.12 %. The results in terms of detecting pesticide residues collected from food samples via this method satisfactorily agree with those obtained via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This simple assay is therefore suitable for sensing pesticides in complex samples, especially in combination with other portable platforms.

Bioassessment of Cd and Pb at Multiple Growth Stages of Wheat Grown in Texturally Different Soils Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films and Traditional Extractants: A Comparative Study.

The bioavailability of heavy metals in soil is a crucial factor in determining their potential uptake by plants and their subsequent entry into the food chain. Various methods, including traditional chemical extractants and the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique, are employed to assess this bioavailability. The bioavailability of heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), is also influenced by soil texture and their concentrations in the soil solution. The primary objectives of this experiment were to compare and correlate the assessment of the Cd and Pb bioavailability using the DGT technique and traditional extractants across two soil textural classes: sandy clay loam (SCL) and clay loam (CL) at two contamination levels: aged contaminated (NC) and artificially contaminated (AC). The specific objectives included assessing the bioavailability of Cd and Pb at different growth stages of the wheat plant and correlating the DGT-based bioassessments of Cd and Pb with their concentrations in various plant parts at different growth stages. This study also compared the effectiveness of the DGT method and traditional extraction techniques in assessing the bioavailable fractions of Cd and Pb in soil. The regression analysis demonstrated strong positive correlations between the DGT method and various extraction methods. The results showed that the wheat plants grown in the AC soils exhibited lower root, shoot, and grain weights compared to those grown in the NC soils, indicating that metal contamination negatively impacts plant performance. The concentrations of Cd and Pb in the wheat tissues varied across different growth stages, with the highest levels observed during the grain filling (S3) and maturity (S4) stages. It is concluded that the in situ assessment of Cd and Pb though DGT was strongly and positively correlated with the Cd and Pb concentration in wheat plant parts at the maturity stage. A correlation and regression analysis of the DGT assessment and traditional extractants showed that the DGT method provides a reliable tool for assessing the bioavailability of Cd and Pb in soils and helped in developing sustainable soil management strategies to ensure the safety of agricultural products for human consumption.

Сталий розвиток агробізнесу через впровадження екоінновацій

This article is devoted to studying eco-innovations’ role in ensuring agribusiness’s sustainable development. The necessity of implementing environmentally oriented technologies is substantiated by the need to reduce the negative impact of the agricultural sector on the environment, increase production efficiency, and preserve natural resources. Key directions of eco-innovations are identified, including resource-efficient technologies, energy conservation, digitalization of production processes, and circular economy principles. These innovations are emphasized as crucial tools for optimizing resource use, reducing production costs, and increasing the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in global markets. The article highlights the major obstacles hindering the implementation of eco-innovations, such as the high cost of technologies, insufficient state support, and the low level of awareness among agricultural producers about the benefits of eco-innovative solutions. These barriers complicate the large-scale adoption of such technologies and require the development of effective mechanisms to overcome them. The study outlines practical recommendations, including the introduction of state support programs, enhancement of investments in research and development, and initiatives to raise awareness among stakeholders. The findings of this study contribute to forming an ecologically sustainable, economically efficient, and socially responsible model of agribusiness development. Such a model is crucial for addressing modern challenges, including global climate change, resource depletion, and increasing demands for environmentally safe agricultural products. The research emphasizes that integrating eco-innovations into agribusiness practices ensures environmental sustainability and strengthens agricultural enterprises’ global competitiveness. By leveraging these innovations, the agricultural sector can transition towards a more sustainable future, securing food security and preserving ecological balance for future generations. Keywords: sustainable development, agribusiness, eco-innovation, resource efficiency, energy conservation, digitalization, circular economy, food security, environmental sustainability, innovative technologies.

Ultrasound assisted upper critical solution temperature type switchable deep eutectic solvent based liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of triazole in water

BackgroundThe use of pesticides to protect crops has long been an important measure to provide healthy and safe agricultural products, but excess pesticides flow into fields and rivers, causing environmental pollution. Earlier methods utilizing organic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction for pesticide residue detection were not environmentally friendly. Therefore, it is significant to find a greener and more convenient detection method to determine pesticide residues. ResultsA new method was established to detect three triazole fungicides (TFs), including myclobutanil, epoxiconazole and tebuconazole, in environmental water samples. And the determination was conducted using a high-performance liquid chromatography with the ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). The switchable deep eutectic solvent (SDES) can be reversibly switched between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states through temperature modulation. Additionally, the method exhibited excellent linearity for all target analytes within the concentration range of 10–2000 μg L−1, with satisfactory R2 values (≥0.9975). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 2.3 to 2.6 μg L−1, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 7.8 to 8.7 μg L−1. The accuracy of the method was assessed through intra-day and inter-day precision tests, yielding relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the ranges of 2.8%–6.7% and 2.2%–7.5%, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicated that hydrogen bonding is a significant factor affecting the binding of DES with triazoles. Three different green assessment tools were used to prove that the SDES-HLLME method had good greenness and broad applicability. SignificanceThis is a homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (HLLME) method based on the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) type switchable deep eutectic solvent program, which can complete the extraction within a few minutes without dispersant. In terms of pesticide detection, the analytical method is simple and more conducive to environmental protection.