Safety Manuals Research Articles

Capacity building for road safety in LMICs: the need for a sustainable local knowledge and research infrastructure

Road crashes continue to be a major cause of death and serious injury for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). At the global level, 90% of traffic fatalities occur in these countries with a dramatic daily amount of 3 260 road deaths, many of whom are children. The first UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020 was designed to develop a massive movement towards a decrease of these numbers. This resulted in many initiatives to introduce the safe system approach in LMICs, i.e. to implement road safety management, make roads, road users, and vehicles safer, and improve post-crash health care. International organisations together with NGOs and universities prepared road safety guides and manuals, gave courses and webinars, introduced auditing and inspection systems, with the overall intention to build capacity in LMICs. Together these actions contributed to a variety of road safety developments in LMICs but the overall results were still modest. At the third Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety in Stockholm, 2020, and in the Global Status report by the World Health Organization, 2023, the results of all efforts were presented and evaluated. Many countries made progress through road safety management and better legislation addressing risk factors such as speeding, drinking and driving, failing to use seatbelts, and poor infrastructure design. However, the reduction in road deaths strongly lagged behind the original goals. Continued implementation of programs and development of new approaches are needed to make a breakthrough, and to reach the goals of the 2nd Decade of Action, i.e. a 50% reduction in fatalities by 2030, and the same percentage reduction in injuries. The present position paper argues that despite the enormous amount of road safety information, which has been and is ‘sent’ to LMICs, and despite the quality and robustness of international organisations behind these programs, there is a shortfall in the scale of the knowledge and research infrastructure currently existing in LMICs, which is needed to ‘receive and transfer’ this knowledge. In order to develop evidence-based policy, LMICs need research programs that are able to transfer safe system principles to the local context and culture. Several literature overviews illustrate the lack of such research in LMICs, i.e. the limited number of programs at local universities and research institutes. Although recently initiatives have been taken in some countries, the implementation of such programs is urgently needed. Based on this observation we call on international organisations to establish a special program for the development of a sustainable road safety knowledge and research infrastructure in LMICs. Such structural local capacity is a prerequisite to translate international road safety knowledge into local guidelines and to develop an evidence-based road safety policy. Most importantly, this local infrastructure will give countries a national knowledge bank, thus providing them with an urgently needed sustainable road safety memory.

Numerical modeling of the effects of impact conditions, foundation stiffness, and cable pretension on the behavior of high-tension guard cable systems

Cable barriers are one type of road restraint system commonly used on highways across the United States to contain and redirect errant vehicles and to prevent crossover accidents. These systems are typically tested under the provisions from safety manuals considering standard crash conditions (e.g., vehicle speed and impact angle). To understand the performance of cable barriers, it is important to evaluate the effects of non-standard crash and system conditions, including various vehicle speeds, impact angles, foundation material stiffness, and cable pretension loads. For that purpose, we created a set of full-scale finite element models in LS-DYNA to assess the effects of these non-standard conditions on the performance of high-tension cable barrier systems. The results from the models show that soft soils and under-tensioned systems yield higher cable deflections. Moreover, the results indicate that speeding vehicles colliding at non-standard angles increase cable tensions by up to 91% and cable deflections by up to 318%. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating cable barrier performance under more severe scenarios, which could lead to system failure and more severe collision consequences.

Effect of Competence in the Translation of Safety Manuals: Assessment Study

Effect of Competence in the Translation of Safety Manuals: Assessment Study

Fuzzy electre model for the characterisation of aeronautical operational risks in the approach and landing phase

One of the significant challenges facing the aviation sector is the management of risks arising from its flight operations, especially in the approach and landing phases, where pilot experience and training are of great importance and where the most significant incidents for air safety occur. Therefore, this paper proposes a model inspired by the structure of a Fuzzy ELECTRE model for managing the operational risks that arise in the approach and landing phases that can lead to safety events. Thanks to the analysis of the literature collected, the management criteria and risk parameters to be taken into account for these two flight phases were shown following air safety manuals such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) manual, and where the data obtained was obtained qualitatively thanks to the implementation of surveys with expert pilots, whose information served as the primary input for the characterisation of risks. Following the structure of the proposed model, five (5) reference risk scenarios management were constructed using the previous information, and an analysis of the dominance and discrepancy of a risk scenario vs. the previously established reference scenarios was carried out. Finally, it can be concluded that the proposed model allowed the quantitative-qualitative characterisation for managing the most relevant risks in the approach and landing phases, integrating the expertise of experts in this area.

Analysis of Building Construction Jobsite Accident Scenarios Based on Big Data Association Analysis

Analysis of Building Construction Jobsite Accident Scenarios Based on Big Data Association Analysis

What has been The Impact of Laboratory Accreditation in Saudi Arabia? A Cross-Sectional Survey of Laboratory Practitioners

Objectives: While laboratory accreditation has improved laboratory practices in several countries, its effectiveness in laboratories in Saudi Arabia remains unclear. This survey aims to assess the impact of laboratory accreditation on laboratory practices across the country. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed laboratory practitioners (n = 207) across Saudi Arabia from September 21 to October 22 using an online questionnaire created over Monkey Survey. Practitioners were queried regarding their laboratory accreditation, practices, and the observed impact on patient laboratory testing. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and potential associations were assessed using the Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all cases. Results: Laboratories with a higher number of accreditations were more likely to have documented standard operating procedures (SOPs) (P = 0.039) and more frequent reviews of laboratory policies and procedures (P = 0.002). Practitioners in our study were more likely to have noticed an overall improvement in patient laboratory testing if their institutes adhered to the components of the accreditation process, such as documented SOPs for testing (P = 0.017), availability of safety manuals (P < 0.01), written policies of internal and external quality assurance programs (P = 0.007), regular meetings to maintain accreditations (P ≤ 0.001), and availability of a task force team to maintain the accreditation program (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: This survey suggests that accreditation has had an overall positive impact on laboratory practices and patient laboratory testing in Saudi Arabia.

Coffee Biopolitics in Vietnam

This article considers the biopolitics of coffee in contemporary Vietnam. Drawing on Vietnamese food safety manuals and coffee processing educational materials, ethnographic research, and recent food safety scandals covered in state media, the article argues that for the Vietnamese state, managing coffee and its microbial matters is about managing people rather than the environment, infrastructure, or export standards in the Vietnamese coffee industry. Commodity coffee production and industrial processing perpetuate food safety scandals, becoming part of the state’s biopolitical strategy to maintain order, safety, and composure in the industry.

Immersive virtual reality training for excavation safety and hazard identification

PurposeIn the construction sector, site excavation is one of the most dangerous and challenging activities. Proper training can be an effective way to mitigate excavation hazards. Virtual reality (VR) has been used as an effective training tool to enhance safety performance in various industries. However, little attention has been paid to the potential of this technology for construction excavation safety training.Design/methodology/approachThis study proposes an immersive VR training system for excavation safety and hazard identification. The proposed VR training system was compared with a health and safety manual via a controlled experiment.FindingsResults based on scores obtained immediately after training indicate that VR training significantly enhanced practical performance, knowledge acquisition and self-efficacy. Results also show that knowledge was retained four weeks after training. In addition, VR training outperformed health and safety manuals regarding knowledge retention.Originality/valueThis study measures the practical performance to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed VR training system. Also, this study compares the VR training system with a traditional training method by measuring knowledge acquisition and retention. The results demonstrate the potential of VR as a training tool for excavation safety and hazards.

공항 내 근로자의 안전 의식, 응급상황 인식 및 응급상황 대처 능력에 관한 연구

In the cabin, in case of an emergency, cabin crew must legally receive first aid training, and can respond to emergency situations, first aid and instructions according to the guide provided for medical situations. However, in an airport that is used by a large number of people in addition to passengers, such as facility users, meals, shopping, etc., any worker at the airport must respond to the situation in case of an emergency. After January 2020, the global pandemic COVID-19 Therefore, it is necessary to deal more with infection control in the cabin and at the airport. Airport workers are responding to various patient situations with simple safety manuals written for each workplace (department), but not much training is provided. Airport workers are not given separate statutory training hours. As the first responders, it was attempted to understand the safety awareness and awareness of emergency situations and coping abilities of the workers at the airport where they can encounter patients for the first time at the scene. The questionnaire was modified and developed in consideration of the characteristics of workers' work in the airport, and consisted of safety and health education, emergency situation awareness, and emergency response ability, so that the responses of the subjects could be easily answered with 'yes' and 'no'. The questionnaire was modified and developed in consideration of the characteristics of workers' work in the airport, and consisted of safety and health education, emergency situation awareness, and emergency response ability, so that the responses of the subjects could be easily answered with 'yes' and 'no'. I explained how to connect to the airport worker so that they could use the Google survey, and 129 subjects who agreed to the survey responded. A survey was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021, and frequency analysis was performed using SPSS/WIN 18.0 to understand the characteristics of the level of safety awareness. Safety and health education for workers in airports 'Yes' 125 people (96.9%) showed that the airport was conducting safety education, and 118 people (91.5%) who had first aid experience were high, and the first responders This indicates that there is a lot of experience in first aid in case of an outbreak of a patient. As for the contents of first aid education, 54 people (41.9%) indicated that they received a lot of education in basic resuscitation (CPR, AED) and received education in medical and surgical situations. As for the degree of awareness of emergency situations, the overall awareness was high in the four questions on the field evaluation (site safety), and the awareness was high overall in the consciousness evaluation, airway evaluation, and respiration evaluation. Since the ability to cope with emergency situations cannot be applied to actual practice, a total of 7 patient cases were presented, and questions were written and answered for each case. It showed that they were well aware of burn cases, internal medicine cases, and cardiac arrest cases, but did not accurately recognize them in respiratory emergency cases, trauma cases, environmental emergency cases, and other emergency cases.

Cross-acceptance of fire safety systems based on SIL equivalence in relation to IEC 61508 and EN 50129

Several sectors, e.g. process, railway, etc., have set their functional safety standards based on the generic IEC 61508. Yet, a product that is originally developed based on IEC 61508 is not automatically accepted for use in specific industries. Therefore, companies that are keen on selling safety products across sectors are faced with the challenge of satisfying the requirements sector by sector, thus incurring more cost and time to market. Cross-acceptance across industries is expected to solve this problem. However, an approach with a quantitative focus (e.g. in relation to SIL) has yet to be identified and validated. Demonstrating consistency and compatibility between cross-domain standards in relation to system safety is necessary for harmonising safety integrity claims. This paper applies the relationship between PFDavg and THR to cross-acceptance, establishing SIL equivalence as a basis for cross-acceptance, supporting this with data prioritisation and recommending it together with architectural constraints, systematic capability, the original safety case, a supplementary safety case (accounting for differences between the original and target standards provisions), and the original safety manuals (for COTS components and the whole system) as a framework for achieving both IEC 61508 (generic) and EN 50129 (railway) certification for a fire detection system.

농산물 가공사업장 발생 안전사고 사례에 대한 근본 원인 분석

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the cases of safety accident that occurred in Agricultural Product Processing Plants (APPPs), and the root cause and system of safety were analyzed by using logic tree diagraming method.<BR>Background: Local rural development organizations have been expanding agricultural processing-related facilities by supporting related education and starts-ups in order to increase non-agricultural income and create jobs. However, since the machinery and equipment of agricultural processing plants use high-pressure, high-temperature, and high-speed rotation, workers are exposed to various risks. Since the number of safety accidents occurring at APPPs is increasing every year, it is necessary to manage and control the characteristics of accidents.<BR>Method: The cases of 29 safety accidents that occurred in 10 APPPs were collected. Demographic characteristics and risk factors were investigated for 29 people who experienced accidents. In addition, logic tree diagraming method was conducted in order to analyze root causes and systems of safety.<BR>Results: For the rate of 29 accidents by type of accident risk, high-temperature (41.4%) was identified as the highest rate, followed by excessive force/movement (20.7%), bump (13.8%), and jammed (6.9%). As for the type of injury, burns (48.3%) had the highest rate, followed by musculoskeletal disorders (20.7%), incised wound (10.3%), and cut (6.9%). Fracture, amputations, and stabbed were 3.4%, respectively. As results of logic tree diagraming method, 119 root causes were derived, which were classified into six categories in systems of safety. The most common system of safety was mitigation (28.6%), followed by design (23.5%), personal protective equipment (19.3%), training (17.6%), warning (9.2%), and communication (1.7%).<BR>Conclusion: It was confirmed that the accident types in APPPs were similar to those in general industries, and it was determined that control and management of burn accidents were necessary. In addition, it is considered that measures such as installing protective devices, attaching warning signs, and wearing appropriate personal protective equipment are necessary to minimize the risk of APPPs.<BR>Application: It is hoped that the results of this study will be utilized in the development of safety guidelines, checklist items, and manuals for the prevention of safety accidents for workers in APPPs.

Identification and ordering of safety performance indicators using fuzzy TOPSIS: a case study in Indian construction company

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a practical framework to measure the safety performance of workers in the Indian construction industry. The key safety performance indicators are identified and ordered on the premise that the higher order assignment of an indicator implies a strong indication of an effective safety performance.Design/methodology/approachVarious indicators of safety performance in the construction industry were identified from extant literature review combined with author's personal viewpoint. The identified variables were inquired for appropriateness for the Indian construction scenario by consultation with experts. Fuzzy Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) technique was considered for the ranking of the indicators from most to least important.FindingsThe most important highlight of the study was the importance of the role of management by participating in informing workers about the safety rules and compliance toward safety measures. Proper and timely safety training to the workers and equipping them with sophisticated safety equipment for daily activities is perceived to be highly important in ensuring a safe and healthy workplace environment. Controlling the absenteeism rate reduces the burden of extra work on the employees, thereby, encouraging safe work-related behavior.Originality/valueSenior management should make safety induction programs compulsory at the time of joining of the employees. The guidelines for safety practices, rules and information about the safety equipment should be properly documented and arranged in safety manuals. Periodical drills involving visual demonstration of the safety practices should be followed to ensure safety at workplace.

Study on the Improvement of Domestic Barrier-free Standard and Response Manual to Secure Evacuation Safety for Blind Persons

There are approximately 290 million blind people worldwide. Among them, approximately 40 million people are severely blind. Although systems and policies have been improved to enhance the convenience of the visually impaired, the standards related to evacuation safety in the case of fire have not been sufficiently improved. Therefore, in this study, to ensure the safe evacuation of the visually impaired in case of fire, domestic fire safety standards were derived by analyzing the development status of a domestic barrier-free system and related manuals based on the characteristics of evacuation behaviors of the visually impaired, as well as by reviewing the cases in the United States and the United Kingdom. As a result, the following measures were derived: 1) improving the display method for landmark elements, 2) customized fire safety education and training for employees, and 3) a plan to develop a personal emergency evacuation planning manual in accordance with the characteristics of a building. It is expected that these objectives can be used to improve fire safety standards and manuals and to develop related technologies for the visually impaired.

Strategies for Communicating Health and Safety Information on Construction

Abstract Accidents are common problems on construction sites globally. The occurrence of these accidents usually leads to loss of time and productivity of site personnel, payments for treatment of the injured and burial expenses for the dead. Previous studies identified poor communication of information on Health and Safety as one of the major causes of accidents on construction sites. This study examined and analyzed the strategies for communication. Mean and standard deviations were used to analyze the strategies. The opinions of supervisors and operatives were tested through an independent t-test and Spearman’s rank correlation. Findings revealed project briefings, operating procedures, and safety manuals as the most frequently used communication strategies. No significant differences exist between the two groups of respondents in their rankings. The correlation coefficient revealed a positive relationship. In other words, respondents concurred in their opinions regarding these communication strategies. This paper, therefore, recommends the adoption of significant strategies identified in this study. In addition, future research can be conducted in other countries in order to explore the research area globally.

Editors' Page

Editors' Page Stephanie G'schwind and Donald Revell A year into the pandemic we each continue to find our own ways of understanding and grappling with the nature of isolation, seeking self-care and coping strategies in these Groundhog Days of staying in, staying safe, staying sane. Many of us are, not surprisingly, finding comfort and companionship in reading. Among the joys of literature is connecting with characters, with stories, and recognizing ourselves—thinking, Yes, I have felt that too or I thought I was the only one … And in those moments we feel, for better or worse, seen, known, perhaps even understood. So in this issue's stories and essays, we hope you discover such moments, in which you see yourself, maybe someone else, and find that, though you may be isolated, you are indeed not alone. We are delighted to feature Holly Goddard Jones's "Antipodes," a fabulist story set amid environmental crisis and postpartum depression, in which a mother's obsession with a sinkhole and fears for her family threaten to overwhelm her. In Tim Erwin's "The Sparks Fly Upward," a man tries desperately to reconcile with his wife but manages only to get in his own way after an illconceived money-making scheme goes awry. A college student, home for the summer and living with her disintegrating family, takes on a lonely copyediting job and seeks solace in a relationship with an older co-worker in Kim Magowan and Michelle Ross's co-written "Twenty-Three Safety Manuals." And in Kathryn Harlan's "Endangered Animals," a young woman accompanies her former girlfriend on a cross-country road trip, anticipating a move that may end their friendship. Molly Rogers's essay "House of Secrets" explores the nature of photography, anxiety, and the secrets our families keep from us, the secrets we keep from them. In "A Shared Stillness," Monica Macansantos considers the possibilities for connection and healing through tango, drawing on her family's trauma and her own grief. And in "Monsters," David Franke returns to his tornado-prone Iowa childhood and observes the unraveling of his parents' marriage. We welcome you to the spring issue—come, join us. You'll be in good company. stephanie g’schwind [End Page 1] ________ There comes a tender shock of recognition when reading the opening line of Maria Zoccola's "At the Downtown Kroger"—"i pray in parking lots"—a recognition not only of shared circumstance but of the courage and humility required to avow as much and then to go forward into the day, into the poem. Every Tuesday morning, just as the designated "Seniors' Shopping Hour" is about to begin, I pull into our supermarket's parking lot, adjust my masks (one for safety and one on top of that with a floral pattern to seem less severe), say a quick prayer, and then go inside for the week's groceries. In this vexed and precarious springtime of 2021, the second spring of the pandemic, all of our public spaces have become little chapels of daring, of wariness, and of faith. We are, it seems to me, newly medieval, steering our shopping carts through allegory, looking to the left and to the right upon our neighbors with both caution and compassion. It's not surprising, then, that the poems appearing in this issue all resound in several worlds at once: worlds of fact, worlds of emblem, worlds of vague but vital anticipation. The skills required to navigate such worlds, as Mary Ann Samyn beautifully proposes, "include humor and patience." As a rule, the springtime is a season of exaltation and refreshing carelessness. Yet this spring, we must take care to exercise patience—with ourselves, with our neighbors of every persuasion, and with our struggling planet—in a spirit of humor and with our allegorical smiles intact. The poems we've gathered here will, I truly believe, help us all to do just that. donald revell [End Page 2] Copyright © 2021 Center for Literary Publishing

Earthquake Hazard Knowledge, Preparedness, and Risk Reduction in the Bangladeshi Readymade Garment Industry

The Bangladeshi readymade garment (RMG) industry is considered the main driver of economic transformation, as it employs many unskilled and underprivileged people. However, recently, the RMG industry has faced international concern because of several building collapses and fire incidents, indicating inadequacy in the structural design and preparedness measures in the factory buildings. This research aims to understand earthquake hazard knowledge, preparedness, and emergency response, which may contribute to earthquake risk reduction in the RMG industry in Bangladesh. A survey using the methods of structured and semi-structured interviews and field observations was carried out to achieve the aims of this research. The findings suggest that 43% of these workers perceived their workplace as being a highly fire-prone environment, while 55 respondents believed that they were at risk of both fires and earthquakes. Only two percent believed that the workplaces are only at risk of earthquakes because the industries they work for have a zero-tolerance policy toward fire hazards. It was noted that the preparedness and improvement strategies were exclusively focused on fire hazards and related safety programs. Finally, the research suggests that the RMG industry may strengthen its earthquake risk reduction program by improving preparedness within the current workplace safety manuals without incurring extra effort and cost.

Safety performance & evaluation framework in Indian construction industry

IntroductionThis paper proposes a framework to evaluate the safety performance of workers in Indian construction industry. The key indicators to measure the safety and health conditions are identified and prioritized on the basis of the importance in the establishment of safe and healthy work environment. Design/methodology/approachFrom the literature review and inputs from the construction managers, key safety indicators were identified. The prioritization was accomplished using multi-criteria ranking method (MCRM). Dominance-based Rough Set (DRSA) is used for the ranking of indicators. It is based on Rough set theory which draws motivation from the indiscernibility relation be- tween the objects. The importance of each indicator is assessed by MCRM method in the contribution towards establishing a safe workplace environ- ment from different perspectives in a construction industry that includes management from top, middle and low-level management. FindingsThe role and involvement of management in the operations and con- stant interaction with workers were found to have a significant impact on the safety performance of the firms. Imparting necessary safety training to the employees and promoting a friendly atmosphere at the workplace aids in building the confidence of the workers that subsequently make them safety compliant. Dedicated staff to ensure that the workers are following safety protocols enlisted in safety manuals acquires an important place in the measurement of the safety performance of the firms. Practical implicationsThe findings of the current study will help the senior management in the small scale Indian construction industry to gain a perspective to- wards the assessment of safety condition in the firms and establishing an efficient and easy-to-use safety assessment framework. It will also be useful for middle and low-level management, since they should read the results as a positive effect of their constant interaction with workers. Management is suggested to design a well-organized and detailed manual that docu- ments the safety-related information including the proper use of safety equipment and emergency procedures. Originality/valueThis paper proposes a safety framework for small-scale Indian construction industry for calibration and benchmarking safety performance of the employees. The mathematical foundation of the framework is the multi-criteria ranking based on Dominance based Rough set approach.

Analysis of barriers to perceived service quality in Ghana: Students’ perspectives on bus mobility attributes

The quality of bus transport to school and its synergistic effects on school attendance, quality teaching, and learning are best measured using experiences and perceptions of users. The study sought to investigate 43 obstacles to the delivery of quality bus service via 20 selected private schools in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana. The survey was an exploratory case study which focused on the use of a questionnaire. Survey participants of 403 students were selected to respond, using the probability sampling technique. Descriptive statistics were used to define essential socio-demographic and bus service-related characteristics and their effects on schoolchildren's mobility decision-making as well as academic work. Exploratory factor analysis was used to construct four latent factors which describe obstacles to perceived service quality (PSQ) delivery. The theoretical factor structure of the data was tested using confirmatory factor analysis in AMOSS 23. Simultaneously, path analysis was employed to investigate the direct and indirect effects of barriers to PSQ in the private schools' transport system. The principal component analysis highlighted four constructs as barriers to bus PSQ in the municipality: (1) perceived scheduling and routing barriers, (2) perceived safety and bus attribute barriers, (3) pedestrian and bus stop facilities barriers and (4) efficiency, effectiveness, and equity-related barriers. We recommend that Private School Authorities and Municipal Board of Education adopt policies and draft operational safety and guideline manuals that clarify acceptable bus service delivery benchmarks and performance indicators for schools.

Reconsidering Journalist Safety Training

Safety training courses and manuals are designed to provide journalists with guidance to assess and mitigate risk. In this article, we ask whether content of such training and guidance is informed by actual threats and risks relevant to journalists working in the field. Departing from our own previous research about threats and dangers faced by journalists working in conflict zones or covering dangerous beats, and a review of the literature addressing the issue of safety manuals for journalists, we evaluate the content of five safety-training documents. Of these, two are descriptions of internationally-focused safety courses, two are safety manuals produced for a national audience, and one is a handbook focusing specifically on safety for women reporters in the Arab region. The purpose is to identify various aspects of safety addressed in training and manuals offered to locally and internationally-deployed journalists—and illuminate how they may differ in focus and approach. Through a comparison of the content of the selected manuals and course descriptions, we conclude that these trainings and manuals to some extent address specific variations in context, but that detailed attention towards gender differences in risk and other personal characteristics are not given equivalent weight. The international training focuses excessively on physical environment issues (such as those of a ‘hostile environment’), while the manuals with national or regional focus are practice-oriented and largely take a journalistic point of departure. We argue that training and manuals can benefit from considering both these aspects for risk assessment, but recommend that addressing journalistic practice and personal resources is fundamental to all journalist safety training since it is at the personal, practical, and media organisational levels that the mitigation encouraged by these trainings can happen.

Strategy Assessment in Risk Management Practices in Construction of Gautam Buddha International Airport

Risk is defined as the possibility of adverse effects occurring in a project that brings about loss or damage in the project. The success and failure of a project largely depends upon the risk management of the project. The overall objective of this research is to assess the existing risk management strategy practiced during the construction of the Gautam Buddha International Airport. Key Informant Interview supported by the Literature Review, Document Study and Field Observation were done with all the three parties i.e. Employer, Consultant and Contractor. Identified Significant and Highly Significant Risk Factors were analyzed in terms of practice, and suggestions to mitigate these risks were given. The methodology of Key Informant Interview was used for identifying the mitigation practices and suggestions for each Highly Significant Risk Factor. It was identified that, though there was no formal risk management plan in this construction project, there was a good practice of risk mitigation for some potential risk factors such as those related to Quality. Some major mitigation suggestions found by the search were implementing strong Coordination between working parties, Review of Design, Drawings and Specifications in detail, Endorsement of Efficient Cash Management System, Appointment of Competent Consultant in the site and Follow of Safety Manuals. The findings from this research will be the learning points for the upcoming other two international airports of Nepal.