Safety Data Sheets Research Articles

Calls made to the Poisons Information Centre reveal need for improved risk management of cleaning agents in the workplace

Purpose. This study aimed to investigate chemical injuries caused by cleaning agents and disinfectants by reviewing poison control data. Methods. We performed a 5-year retrospective analysis of calls to the Swedish Poisons Information Centre (PIC) concerning occupational use of cleaning agents and disinfectants. In addition, callers for 17 new cases were interviewed. Results. Out of 8240 occupationally related cases handled by the PIC during 2010–2014, 24% concerned cleaning agents and disinfectants (N = 1983). Of these, one-third were classified as major risk cases, generally due to potential for corrosive eye and skin injuries. The most frequent type of workplace was restaurants and caterers. However, information about occupation was only identifiable for 30% of the cases. Follow-up interviews exemplify how limited awareness of safety data sheets and disregard of protective equipment may contribute to health-related outcomes such as absence at work. Conclusions. Management and prevention strategies for cleaning agents should be improved. PIC records hold relevant information both for designing interventions and for future research on occupational health and safety management. We suggest that systematic collection by the PIC of information on occupation and age would further improve the usefulness for occupational injury surveillance purposes.

Chemical Classification and Labelling System in Malaysia: Before and After GHS

In Malaysia, the Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997 (CPL Regulations) were replaced by the Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Labelling and Safety Data Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013 (CLASS Regulations) as a step towards the implementation of the Globally Harmonized System of Chemical Classification and Hazard Communication (GHS). This paper highlights 10 significant differences between the two regulations in these aspects: (i) the legal status of reference documents; (ii) clarity of chemical classification; (iii) incorporation of environmental hazards; (iv) classification criteria; (v) their labelling presentation; (vi) use of danger symbols and hazard pictograms; (vii) sizes of danger symbols and hazard pictograms; (viii) hazard descriptions; (ix) safety data sheet; and (x) inventory submission. Although both CPL Regulations and CLASS Regulations have similar frameworks, the legal requirements outlined in both regulations differ significantly particularly in chemical classification, labelling and safety data sheet requirements, and inventory submission. The most important step forward is that the CLASS Regulations’ requirement for chemicals to be classified with proper documented evidence and comprehensive hazard communication makes the chemical suppliers take greater responsibility for the chemicals they supply.

IMPROVING THE SAFETY LEVEL OF PYROTECHNIC ARTICLES TESTING IN VARIABLE CONDITIONS OF MICROCLIMATE

The related European directives in force stipulate that product testing shall be performed in conditions that reproduce as accurately as possible the real ones that may be encountered during their operation. These are products whose intended use are specified in the safety data sheet or within the instructions for use, and whose limits of the micro-climatic parameters that can be encountered (temperature, humidity, wind - for the outside ones, temperature, humidity, generation of restricted toxic compounds for interior ones) are known. In order to implement an integrated and complete solution for ensuring the compliance for measurement and determination of operational testing of pyrotechnic articles (categories F1, F2, F3 and F4), under high accuracy conditions in accordance with the methods and standards applied, there was used a multifunctional equipment purchased under within the research project code PN 16 43 03 04, developed within the Nucleu Program. The equipment type Rain Wise CC-3000 is designed for monitoring and recording micro-climate parameters and disposes of an incorporated software. Taking into account the applicable requirements in the field of pyrotechnic articles testing and the possibility of monitoring / determining micro-climate parameters specific for the test environment, for each type / category of pyrotechnic article tested may be established, on a scientific basis, the possible influence of external factors of the test environment, factors which may affect their proper operation, respectively: the wind (by its intensity and direction), ambient temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, nature and consistency / soil quality / launch platform on which the pyrotechnic article is placed before to actual testing.

Potential Risk of Benzene in Petroleum-Derived Products Used from 1974 to 2012 in Korea

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to assess the levels of benzene in petroleum-derived products (PDPs) through literature reviews reported in Korea and to estimate the inhalable benzene to which workers who handle PDPs containing trace amounts of benzene are exposed. All of the available data until 2012 on benzene-containing products in Korea were collected from prior studies, reports, and epidemiological surveys. A total of 32 products from 7 reagents, including ethylbenzene and trichloroethylene, were also analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass spectrometer to confirm the trace levels of benzene. Finally, a total of 112 data sets with 131 bulk samples for benzene content information were collected. Thinner had the highest benzene content (56.7% in 1997), followed by printing agent (30.1% in 2005), solvent used in the maintenance and repair of motor vehicles (8.96% in 2005), and gasoline (6.0% in 2002). The amount of benzene contained in the PDPs exhibited a declining trend over the years, but workers handling thinners containing less than 0.1% benzene were found to be exposed to concentrations above 1 ppm. 13 of the 32 reagents were also confirmed to contain benzene, and the products of trichlorethylene and ethylbenzene contained more than 0.1% benzene. In conclusion, if there is a possibility of benzene exposure, even when the benzene content is below 0.1%, specifying the presence of benzene in the material safety data sheet to ensure the protection of workers is warranted.

APPLICATION OF AGROTOXICS IN THE RURAL AREA OF PARÁ

The pesticide has been used over time to optimize agricultural production and prevent certain types of unwanted fungi or herbs in its production with certain pesticides making it harmful to health both by consuming and especially by creating a direct contact, using as base the work safety standards imposed by federal law. 7,802, July 11, 1989 and Decree 4,074, January 4, 2002, NR15 and NR31 aiming at the correct application of pesticides and better storage using the field research methodology, photographic records and questionnaires with the rural worker, resulting in non-compliance with the same already mentioned for lack of correct use of PPE during the application and lack of MSDS (Chemical Safety Data Sheet) at the storage site, however in view of the information presented, attention is needed with the rural worker and his quality of work.

페놀의 연소특성치의 측정 및 예측

The fire and explosion properties necessary for waste, safe storage, transport, process design and operation of handling flammable substances are lower explosion limits(LEL), upper explosion limits(UEL), flash point, AIT( minimum autoignition temperature or spontaneous ignition temperature), fire point etc., An accurate knowledge of the combustion properties is important in developing appropriate prevention and control measures fire and explosion protection in chemical plants. In order to know the accuracy of data in MSDSs(material safety data sheets), the flash point of phenol was measured by Setaflash, Pensky-Martens, Tag, and Cleveland testers. And the AIT of phenol was measured by ASTM 659E apparatus. The explosion limits of phenol was investigated in the reference data. The flash point of phenol by using Setaflash and Pensky-Martens closed-cup testers were experimented at 75℃ and 81℃, respectively. The flash points of phenol by Tag and Cleveland open cup testers were experimented at 82℃ and 89℃, respectively. The AIT of phenol was experimented at 589℃. The LEL and UEL calculated by using Setaflash lower and upper flash point value were calculated as 1.36vol% and 8.67vol%, respectively. By using the relationship between the spontaneous ignition temperature and the ignition delay time proposed, it is possible to predict the ignition delay time at different temperatures in the handling process of phenol.

대학 연구활동종사자의 물질안전보건자료(MSDS) 인식에 관한 연구

대학 연구활동종사자의 물질안전보건자료(MSDS) 인식에 관한 연구

Awareness of occupational hazards and personal protective equipment use among dental hygienists.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness of occupational hazards and personal protective equipment use among dental hygienists (DHs).MethodsA total of 271 self-administered questionnaires were obtained from 280 DHs working at dental hospitals or clinics in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.ResultsThe occupational hazards included work involving dust (94.1%), volatile substances (86.0%), noise (97.0%), and light-curing units (96.7%). The proportion of dental hygiene tasks that participants perceived as harmful were 42.4%, 51.7%, 9.2%, and 31.4% in the same order as above. The proportion of participants who used dust-proof masks during work involving dust was 1.1%. Those who wore gas-proof masks and gloves for work using volatile substances were 0.7% and 31.2%, respectively. Participants who used goggles for work involving light-curing units were 31.0%. None of the participants used ear plugs for work involving noise. A total of 22.9% of the participants recognized the Material Safety Data Sheet, while 79.7% had never been educated about harmful work environments.ConclusionWhen compared to exposure status and perception of occupational hazards, the level of protective equipment use was very low. Extra measures to increase DHs’ use of personal protective equipment are necessary.

Effect of Performance and Exhaust Emission using Liquid Phase LPG Sequential Injection as an Alternative Fuel in Spark Ignition Engine

LPG has a higher research octane number (RON) and low carbon to hydrogen ratio contains. Thus LPG has prospects to gain more performance and reducing the exhaust emission in spark ignition (SI) engine. The objectives of this study are to identify the influence liquid phase LPG system tested on SI engine and investigate the performance and exhaust emission of LPG and gasoline. The contain LPG has 60% butane and 40% propane, according to Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). The experiment was operating on a 1.6 Liter, 4 inline cylinders from a Proton Gen 2 (S4PH). The engine fuel delivery was equipped with Multiport Injection (MPI) system. Injectors LPG Liquid Sequential Injection (LSI) was mounted at close intake valve without disturbing gasoline injectors. To control the LPG injector system, the piggy-back system was installed as to emulate the stock Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The engine was tested via chassis dynamometer at steady state conditions to analyze the Brake Power (BP) and Brake Torque (BT) at a desired engine speed from 1500rpm to 4000rpm with increments of 500rpm. Meanwhile, the Throttle Position (TP) was varied at four conditions that were 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for every single engine speed. The result of the performance showed liquid phase LPG increased BT and BP in the range of 3% to 7%, BSFC was reduced in the range 21% to 52%. The exhaust emission from carbon monoxide (CO) was decreased in the range of 2% to 19%, exhaust emission from a hydrocarbon (HC) was emitted increment in the range of 40% to70% and nitrogen oxide (NOX) exhaust emission was elevated in an average of 60% in comparison with gasoline. The LPG LSI system is more effective than gasoline in Spark Ignition (SI) engine at lower engine speed (1500rpm to 2500rpm) due to low Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and exhaust emission.

TITANIUM POWDERS USED IN POWDER BED FUSION: THEIR RELEVANCE TO RESPIRATORY HEALTH

This study aimed to characterise three titanium powders used in powder bed fusion in terms of particle size, shape, and elemental composition for comparison with safety data sheet (SDS) information, and their relevance to additive manufacturing (AM) operators’ respiratory health. Thoracic (< 10 μm) and respirable (< 4 μm) particles were present in the virgin and used powders. If inhaled, these particles have the potential to cause adverse health effects. Discrepancies in particle size and elemental composition compared with what was declared in the SDSs were found. The SDSs provided insufficient information, which places AM operators’ health at risk. Recommendations for promoting AM operator health are provided.

Work-Relatedness.

Work-Relatedness.

An evaluation of engineered nanomaterial safety data sheets for safety and health information post implementation of the revised hazard communication standard

In 2012, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration issued the revised Hazard Communication Standard to bring the US in closer alignment with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals, and make the exchange of health and safety information more effective. To evaluate the impact of this change on the reliability and accuracy of safety data sheets, a sample of safety data sheets specific to engineered nanomaterials was obtained by using an internet search engine and subsequently evaluated. These safety data sheets were evaluated using a modified Kimlisch et al. (1997) criteria for ranking the quality of data into categories of reliability and the Eastlake et al. (2012) ranking scheme for scoring four categories. While 86 safety data sheets for nanomaterials were obtained during 2016-2017, 19 of these had no date of completion or revision and could not be evaluated since it was impossible to determine if they were pre or post 2012, when the revised OSHA Hazard Communication Standard was issued. The remaining 67 safety data sheets were ranked by the Kimlisch et al. criteria, and 28.4% (19) were found to be reliable without restrictions (excellent), 35.8% (24) were reliable with restrictions (good), and 35.8% (24) were determined to be unreliable. Evaluating the SDSs using the Eastlake et al. ranking scheme resulted in 3% (2) as satisfactory, 17.9% (12) as being in need of improvement, and 79% (53) in need of significant improvement. It is noteworthy that out of the 79% in need of significant improvement, 25.4% (17) did not have enough data to be evaluated. This evaluation of nanomaterial safety data sheets revealed that the quality of information on many still cannot be relied upon to offer adequate information on the inherent health and safety hazards, including handling and storage of engineered nanomaterials.

Potential Hazards Not Communicated in Safety Data Sheets of Flavoring Formulations, Including Diacetyl and 2,3-Pentanedione.

Workers using flavoring formulations containing diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione may be at risk of inhalational exposure, as these volatile hazardous chemicals are emitted from the bulk material, especially at elevated temperatures. However, flavoring formulations that contain diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione might not list these ingredients because they are generally recognized as safe to ingest, may be part of a proprietary mixture deemed a trade secret, or may not be required to be listed if they are present at <1% composition. The objective of this study was to investigate whether potential inhalational hazards present in flavoring samples were reported as chemical ingredients on their corresponding safety data sheets (SDSs). A convenience sample of 26 bulk liquid flavorings obtained from two coffee roasting and packaging facilities in the USA was analyzed for 20 volatile organic chemicals present in the headspaces of vials containing flavoring liquids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Flavoring samples were included in the study if headspace analysis results and SDSs were available. Flavoring samples included hazelnut, French vanilla, amaretto, chocolate, and caramel as well as some flavoring mixtures containing added fruit flavors such as cherry and raspberry. The presence of a chemical in the flavoring formulation was then compared to the ingredient list on the SDSs. All the flavoring SDSs contained trade secret designations. None of the SDSs listed diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione. Headspace analyte concentrations revealed that diacetyl was present in 21 of 26 samples (81%) with a maximum concentration of 5.84 × 10(4) µg m-3 in flavor 18 (caramel). 2,3-Pentanedione was present in 15 flavors (58%) with a maximum concentration of 3.79 × 10(5) µg m-3 in flavor 24 (oatmeal cookies). A majority of the flavorings tested had diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, or both as volatile constituents in the headspace. These chemicals were not listed on the SDSs, but inclusion of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione on SDSs would serve to protect downstream users from unrecognized exposure and potential respiratory disease. The headspace technique presented here is a viable tool to rapidly screen for volatile hazardous chemicals that may be present in flavoring formulations. Facilities that use flavorings should be aware that constituents in flavorings may present a potential inhalational hazard even if not identified as such by the SDS. A precautionary approach is warranted when working with flavorings, including exposure monitoring and effective exposure control strategies such as containment and local exhaust ventilation.

Isothiazolinone in Residential Interior Wall Paint: A High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometry Analysis.

There is limited information regarding isothiazolinone content in residential wall paints in the United States. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of 5 isothiazolinones-methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone, benzisothiazolinone (BIT), butyl BIT, and octylisothiazolinone-in US residential wall paints. Forty-seven paints were obtained from retailers in Minneapolis/St Paul, Minnesota. Paint samples were assessed for the presence of the 5 isothiazolinones using high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry. At least 1 isothiazolinone was detected in all 47 paints. However, no paint contained butyl BIT, and only 1 paint had octylisothiazolinone. The MI and BIT were found in 96% and 94% of the paints, respectively. Methylisothiazolinone ranged in concentration from 17 to 358 ppm, whereas BIT varied from 29 to 1111 ppm. Methylchloroisothiazolinone was found solely in oil-based paints. Isothiazolinones were declared in 15% of Safety Data Sheets but did not correlate with high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry. One "preservative-free" paint had BIT at 71.5 ppm. Paint sheen was not statistically associated with BIT or MI concentrations. Unpigmented paints and paints with volatile organic compound claims had significantly lower concentrations of MI, but not BIT. All paints contained at least 1 isothiazolinone. Methylisothiazolinone and BIT were the most common. Safety Data Sheets are insufficient for ascertaining isothiazolinone content in US paints.

Chemical use in the semiconductor manufacturing industry.

The semiconductor industry is known to use a number of chemicals, but little is known about the exact chemicals used due to the ingredients being kept as a trade secret. The objective of this study was to analyze chemical use using a safety data sheet (SDS) and chemical inventory provided by a major semiconductor company, which operated two factories (A and B). Descriptive statistics were obtained on the number of chemical products and ingredients, photoresists, and carcinogens, classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), as well as trade secret ingredients. The total chemical use per year was estimated from chemical inventories mass (kg). A total of 428 and 432 chemical products were used in factories A and B, respectively. The number of pure chemical ingredients, after removing both trade secret ingredients and multiple counting, was 189 and 157 in factories A and B, respectively. The number of products containing carcinogens, such as sulfuric acid, catechol, and naphthalene was 47/428 (A) and 28/432 (B). Chemicals used in photolithography were 21% (A) and 26% (B) of all chemical products, and more than 97% among them were chemicals containing trade secret ingredients. Each year, 4.3 and 8.3 tons of chemicals were used per person in factories A and B, respectively. Because of the high level of commercial secrecy and the use of many unregulated chemicals, more sustainable policies and methods should be implemented to address health and safety issues in the semiconductor industry.

Awareness and assessment of the Material Safety Data Sheet by dental technicians in Jeju province

The purpose of this study was to investigate the furnishing rate and dental technicians’ comprehension level on Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) in Jeju province. On-line and off-line questionnaires filled out by 102 dental technicians were acquired and analyzed by frequency analysis, chi-squared test, and one-way ANOVA by SPSS 20.0. On average, respondents rated 3.21±0.87 on a Likert 5-point scale regarding familiarity with hazardous effects of chemicals, 2.54±1.09 to awareness of MSDS, and 2.05±1.09 to familiarity with the contents of MSDS. Regarding availability of MSDS or similar information at workplace, 18.6% responded MSDS were furnished, 5.9% responded similar information sheets were provided, 29.4% responded MSDS or similar information sheets were not furnished, and 46.1% responded that they were not sure. Total of 24.5% responded positive to availability of MSDS or similar information, which was higher than result from a similar study from 2010 but lower than that of the 2016 study. Gender difference in awareness and comprehension level of MSDS were noted. No statistically significant differences were noted between graduates of Jeju and of other regions regarding awareness and comprehension of MSDS. Position at work rather than length of employment affected level of awareness and comprehension of MSDS. Efforts to rouse dental technicians’ interest in chemical safety may enhance workplace health and safety, and there is room for improvement in MSDS provision and education in dental labs of Jeju.

Qualitative analysis of dental material ingredients, composite resins and sealants using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry

Since 2011, the World Health Organization has encouraged a global phase-down of the use of dental amalgam and actively supported the use of alternative, resin-based dental materials. The resins consist of (meth)acrylate monomers derived from Bisphenol A (BPA), such as Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) and Bisphenol A ethoxylate methacrylate (BisEMA) or triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) which lack the BPA backbone. Besides monomers, other compounds such as photoinitiators and stabilizing agents can be present in the dental resin matrices. The current study consists in the development of an analytical method for the separation and identification of dental material components using LC-QTOF-MS. The developed method was applied on several dental material ingredients, unpolymerized composite resins, and a common dental sealant. The acquired high resolution accurate-mass data was analyzed using suspect screening with an in-house developed library. Next to the main components, various isomers and impurities related to the production of the main component have been detected and identified in the dental material ingredients. In total, 39 chemicals have been identified in the analyzed dental materials. On average 15 chemicals have been identified. Major components, such as BisEMA, BisGMA and TEGDMA were identified although they were not always stated in the material safety data sheets. Minor components included photoinitiators, such as ethyl 4-dimethyl aminobenzoate (EDMAB) and (meth)acrylates impurities originating from production of main ingredients.

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by colophonium.

Colophonium is a common contact allergen that is present not only in household products but also in occupational settings. To describe the sources of occupational exposure to colophonium and the occupations at risk of colophonium allergy. We reviewed patch test files from the years 2002 to 2017 at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health for patients with allergic reactions to colophonium and abietic acid. We analysed the patch test, occupation and exposure data of 39 patients diagnosed with occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) caused by colophonium. Of the patients examined for suspected occupational dermatitis, 4.6% (n = 118) reacted positively to colophonium. The majority of the OACD patients worked in the wood industry, as machinists, or were involved in soldering or agriculture. The most common occupational sources of exposure were coniferous wood and wood-derived materials, followed by glues, metalworking fluids, and soldering materials. Colophonium is not always mentioned in safety data sheets (SDSs), and the sources of colophonium exposure are often materials for which there are no SDSs. OACD caused by colophonium is quite common and occurs in a variety of occupations. SDSs provide poor information for exposure assessment. Patch testing with the patient's own materials was often useful in establishing the diagnosis.

Occupational and Hand Dermatitis: a Practical Approach.

Occupational skin disease is common. It affects workers more often than reported. Contact dermatitis, both irritant and allergic, accounts for the majority of occupational skin diagnoses. Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) frequently affects the hands and may have a profound impact on an employee's ability to perform a job. Severe OCD can affect a worker's activities of daily living and can even lead to job loss. Numerous irritants have been described in the workplace, from the common (wet work) to the more obscure (warm, dry air). Several contact allergens may be work-related, and the majority of established occupational allergens are also known nonoccupational allergens. Emerging occupational allergens are continually described in the literature. Patch testing is the gold standard for the workup of allergic contact dermatitis. Patch testing in the setting of OCD may require extended or unique allergen trays, as well as a thorough occupational history and collection of workplace Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). These MSDS contain valuable information but may not be complete or accurate. Proof of occupational causation can be aided by employing the Mathias criteria. Certain industries and occupations are associated with higher rates of OCD, and as expected, the industries with direct contact with irritants and allergens are highly represented. The differential diagnosis for occupational dermatitis is broad and should be considered when evaluating an employee with suspected OCD. Some other diagnoses to consider include atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and manifestations of internal disease, as well as an overlap syndrome of more than one diagnosis. OCD treatment should ideally follow the public health hazard controls' stepwise approach. Prevention and early intervention are key to promoting occupational health and preventing OCD. Multidisciplinary teams have been successful in the treatment of OCD, and newly described topical treatments may provide additional modalities for use in the occupational setting.

Evaluating the readability and suitability of construction occupational safety and health materials designed for workers.

Printed materials for training and hazard communication are an essential part of occupational safety and health programs, but must be understood by their intended audience. Researchers collected 103 safety training handouts, brochures, and Safety Data Sheets and scored them for readability and suitability using four standard health communication instruments: the SMOG test, the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Assessment, the SAM (Suitability Assessment of Materials), and CCI (the CDC Clear Communication Index). Some of the materials used unfamiliar and technical terms. The SAM and CCI checklists revealed several elements of design and layout known to facilitate communication and comprehension, but missing from most of the materials scored. Occupational safety and health professionals preparing curricula and handouts for distribution to workers should incorporate some form of readability and suitability assessment to help ensure their written materials are clear and comprehensible to all segments of their audience.