Safe Criteria Research Articles

Fretting Fatigue Life Model Under Combined Loading

ABSTRACTThis paper evaluates the capability of the theory of critical distances (TCD) coupled with the Fatemi–Socie (FS), Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT), and normal stress range (S‐N) criteria for the lifetime estimation of combined fretting fatigue, that is, the combination of bending and axial loading modes, for 316L stainless steel along with the effect of increasing the grain size of the material. After evaluating the stress field, the point, line, area, and volume methods have been implemented to estimate the lifetimes of fretting fatigue experiments based on the dependency of the critical distance on the number of cycles to failure. Whereas the area and volume methods were overestimating the lifetimes, the point and line methods were more accurate. FS and SWT criteria were proper in lifetime estimation, but the normal stress range (S‐N) criterion was not a safe criterion. At the same time, increasing the grain size of the material leads the TCD to be more conservative.

Fish Health Altered by Contaminants and Low Water Temperatures Compounded by Prolonged Regional Drought in the Lower Colorado River Basin, USA.

The goal of this study was to assess health of male Common Carp (carp, Cyprinus carpio) at four sites with a wide range in environmental organic contaminant (EOC) concentrations and water temperatures in Lake Mead National Recreation Area NV/AZ, US, and the potential influence of regional drought. Histological and reproductive biomarkers were measured in 17-30 carp at four sites and 130 EOCs in water per site were analyzed using passive samplers in 2010. Wide ranges among sites were noted in total EOC concentrations (>10Xs) and water temperature/degree days (10Xs). In 2007/08, total polychlorinated biphenyls (tPCBs) in fish whole bodies from Willow Beach (WB) in the free-flowing Colorado River below Hoover Dam were clearly higher than at the other sites. This was most likely due to longer exposures in colder water (12-14 °C) and fish there having the longest lifespan (up to 54 years) for carp reported in the Colorado River Basin. Calculated estrogenicity in water exceeded long-term, environmentally safe criteria of 0.1-0.4 ng/L by one to three orders of magnitude at all sites except the reference site. Low ecological screening values for four contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in water were exceeded for one CEC in the reference site, two in WB and Las Vegas Bay and three in the most contaminated site LVW. Fish health biomarkers in WB carp had 25% lower liver glycogen, 10Xs higher testicular pigmented cell aggregates and higher sperm abnormalities than the reference site. Sperm from LVW fish also had significantly higher fragmentation of DNA, lower motility and testis had lower percent of spermatozoa, all of which can impair reproduction. Projections from a 3D water quality model performed for WB showed that EOC concentrations due to prolonged regional drought and reduced water levels could increase as high as 135%. Water temperatures by late 21st century are predicted to rise between 0.7 and 2.1 °C that could increase eutrophication, algal blooms, spread disease and decrease dissolved oxygen over 5%.

ANALISIS POTENSI PAKAN SERTA INDEKS DAYA DUKUNG WILAYAH TIGA KECAMATAN DI KABUPATEN MAGELANG TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN TERNAK SAPI PERAH

Magelang Regency is a district with an area of 1.085,73 km2 with an agricultural land area of 78,897 Ha consisting of wetland with 36,974 Ha and dryland with 41,923 Ha. The total population of dairy cattle in Magelang Regency is 503, while the need for milk reaches 8.184,61 liters/year. This research aims to find out and provide information regarding the potential amount of forage availability and the regional carrying capacity index in supporting the development of dairy cattle. The data collection method used is a survey method with samples taken from Grabag District, Sawangan District, and Ngablak District with data consisting of the identity of livestock ownership, number and type of livestock owned, origin of feed, and kind of feed used, as well as harvest area. The data analysis method that is used is descriptive analysis. The results of the research show the potential of agricultural products in 2021 consisting of waste products from corn straw, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and cassava in Ngablak District, Sawangan District, and Grabag District is 796.962 tons, the potential for natural forage is 16.638,6 tons, the carrying capacity of dairy cattle is 2.892,3 ST, the Carrying Capacity Index (IDD) is 2.273,6 and this is included in the safe criteria which still has great potential to be used as a dairy cattle development area.

Evaluation of natural radioactivity in the soil surrounding Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract Activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides in soil samples collected during 2013–2018 from different 53 locations around Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, were determined using high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometry. An R and D center of BARC is upcoming at Visakhapatnam, North coastal Andhra Pradesh. The annual effective dose (AED) and the radiation indices from the soil activity were evaluated to generate the baseline data for this area. The average activity concentrations of the naturally occurring radionuclides 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the soil samples studied are 29 ± 8 Bq/kg, 31 ± 1 Bq/kg, 188 ± 2 Bq/kg, and 471 ± 10 Bq/kg, respectively. The concentration of 226Ra and 40K in the collected samples is comparable with the world average concentrations of 33 Bq/kg and 420 Bq/kg, however, 232Th is observed to be higher than the world average of 45 Bq/kg. AED due to external terrestrial radiation from the region studied is in the range the range 0.37 to 2.5 mSv/y with an average of 0.9 mSv/y. The mean radium equivalent activity values for around 70% of the studied samples are lower than the permitted levels of 370 Bq/kg. The mean external exposure index has been determined to be around the safe criterion limit of unity. The mean value of the representative level index Iϒ is 2.4. Higher values in some locations are due to thorium in monazite deposits. This report will be useful as preoperational study to evaluate the impact on the environment due to ongoing and future man-made developments.

Predicting obstruction risk using common ultrasonography parameters in paediatric hydronephrosis with machine learning.

To sensitively predict the risk of renal obstruction on diuretic renography using routine reported ultrasonography (US) findings, coupled with machine learning approaches, and determine safe criteria for deferral of diuretic renography. Patients from two institutions with isolated hydronephrosis who underwent a diuretic renogram within 3 months following renal US were included. Age, sex, and routinely reported US findings (laterality, kidney length, anteroposterior diameter, Society for Fetal Urology [SFU] grade) were abstracted. The drainage half-times were collected from renography and stratified as low risk (<20 min, primary outcome), intermediate risk (20-60 min), and high risk of obstruction (>60 min). A random Forest model was trained to classify obstruction risk, here named the 'Artificial intelligence Evaluation of Renogram Obstruction' (AERO). Model performance was determined by measuring area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUROC) and decision curve analysis. A total of 304 patients met the inclusion criteria, with a median (interquartile range) age of diuretic renogram at 4 (2-7) months. Of all patients, 48 (16%) were low risk, 102 (33%) were intermediate risk, 156 (51%) were high risk of obstruction based on diuretic renogram. The AERO achieved a binary AUROC of 0.84, multi-class AUROC of 0.74 that was superior to the SFU grade, and external validation (n = 64) binary AUROC of 0.76. The most important features for prediction included age, anteroposterior diameter, and SFU grade. We deployed our application in an easy-to-use application (https://sickkidsurology.shinyapps.io/AERO/). At a threshold probability of 30%, the AERO would allow 66 more patients per 1000 to safely avoid a renogram without missing significant obstruction compared to a strategy in which a renogram is routinely performed for SFU Grade ≥3. Coupled with machine learning, routine US findings can improve the criteria to determine in which children with isolated hydronephrosis a diuretic renogram can be safely avoided. Further optimisation and validation are required prior to implementation into clinical practice.

Evaluation of Casualty Risk Index for Evacuating When Inundation Occurs on Excavation Construction Sites

Recently, inundation accidents occur repeatedly on underground excavation construction sites owing to frequent intensive rainfall events. In the case of the inundation of underground construction sites, injury and drowning accidents may occur on the evacuation route. However, no method or standard for calculating the risk of casualty while evacuating workers has been proposed. In this study, we defined the casualty risk index (CRI) and developed a method for estimating CRI. We adopted the “HV,” which is the product of height (water depth) and velocity (water velocity) recommended by previous researches. The “HV” indicates that humans can walk safely in water flow without stumbling. The proposed method was applied to a hypothetical underground construction site in the city of Yeosoo. ArcGIS Pro was used to model the hypothetical excavation site, and XPSWMM was used to simulate rainfall runoff and two-dimensional hydraulic simulation. While the runoff was flowing into an underground construction site, we simulated the water height and water velocity on the evacuation route to estimate the CRI. The results showed that CRIs from various rainfall scenarios remained in the safe criteria, indicating that workers could safely evacuate from the site in the rainfall scenarios. However, the CRI is influenced by site-based factors, and these factors are discussed.

Penggunaan Metode Rolling Sphere untuk Pengamanan Jaringan 150 kV dari Sambaran Petir Langsung

Lightning strikes can cause protection failure at substations such as equipment damage at substations due to insulation failure or what is known as flashover. Because of that, a lightning strike protection system is needed to minimize the occurrence of direct lightning strikes to equipment and buses at the substation. This study discusses the modeling of the protection of the substation from direct lightning strikes using the rolling sphere method at the Wonosari-pedan 150 kV substation using lightning rod poles. The calculation results show that with the configuration of a lightning rod as high as 21 m and the use of a ground wire of 17.8 m it meets the safe criteria for the height of the protected area in the case study of this research.

249.11: Survival After COVID-19 in Liver Transplant Recipients According to Disease Waves - Results From a Brazilian Multicentric Study

The Covid-19 epidemiological profile of disease presented two main waves in the world as well as in Brazil between 2020 and 2021.There are no robust works describing the profile of liver transplant patients who are victims of COVID-19, especially when it comes to comparing this profile against the waves. We carried out a national multicenter study that can cover a significant number of liver transplant patients and verify the prognostic factors of survival of these patients according to the period of illness by COVID-19. The main objective of this study was to evaluate factors associated with wave survival in COVID-19 disease, in the postoperative period of liver transplantation.This is a cross-sectional, retrospective study, with analysis of data from the medical records of patients with suspicion or positivity for COVID-19 provided by the coordinators of the Liver Transplantation Groups of Brazil (GTxF-COVID-19/Brazil), through a survey applied online. In this study, 25 centers were evaluated, totaling 311 patients in the postoperative period of liver transplantation, of which 128 (41.1%) were treated at home and 183 (58.9%) were hospitalized. Of the 183 hospitalized, 54 (hospital mortality of 29.5%) died. The need for mechanical ventilation was 65/183 (35.5%).The prevalence in this study was 311/16345 (1.9% or 1,900) and mortality was about 291.2 per 100,000 inhab. (17.36%). There were no records of deaths at home. Evaluating the number of cases according to the waves of COVID-19, we observed that in wave 1 there were 131 cases (47.3%) and in wave 2 there were 146 cases (52.7%).In the two waves, the most frequent symptoms (over 10 cases) were: fever, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, coryza, headache, diarrhea, myalgia and dyspnea. The most frequent comorbidities in both waves were diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, kidney disease and heart disease. The length of stay in ICU days was longer in the first wave (5.72 ± 11.79; p=0.04) than in the second wave. There was a greater number of hospital admissions in the first wave, 70.2% against 53.4% in the second wave (p=0.004). There was a greater number of “pre” COVID-19 treatment (use of hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and azithromycin) in the first wave (65.6%) compared to the second wave (51.9%) and this difference was significant (p= 0.03).There was less management, reduction or withdrawal of immunosuppression in these patients in the second wave (p=0.02). The actuarial survival curve estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method comparing survival from the onset of symptoms to resolution of the patients’ clinical condition did not show a statistically significant difference between the two waves.As already mentioned, there are no reports of cases similar to ours in relation to COVID-19 after liver transplantation, however, studies such as the one presented here are imperative in order to create solid foundations for definitions of the management of this population that requires attention and safe criteria.

Analisis Pemilihan Moda Transportasi Untuk Perjalanan Ke Kampus (Studi Kasus: Civitas Akademik Politeknik Negeri Bali)

In carrying out the daily movement of man from one place to another requires a mode of transportation. In this context, the ownership and use of private and public vehicles can be said to be one of the alternatives for society in meeting the demands of the movement. Specifically in the travel pattern there is information about the characteristics of the traveler and the type of activity of the individual or person per person. Jimbaran area as a tourist area and synonymous with educational institutions and campuses, of course there are many tourist attractions and campuses, one of which is the Bali State Polytechnic. Along with this, research on the preference behavior of the use of student transportation vehicles, aims to analyze the choice of modes on daily trips to PNB, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process method with expert choice software version 11. to find out the most influential factors. The instrument includes a questionnaire form as well as conducting observations and direct interviews with the PNB academic community to identify the characteristics of the PNB academic community in the selection of transportation modes, analyzing the factors that most influence the use of transportation modes, both private vehicles and public vehicles. The results showed that the first priority for undergraduate students at the criteria level was the criteria for getting the highest weight of 36.4% followed by the cost criteria of 34.1%, and finally the safe criteria of 2 9.5%, with an inconsistency value of 0.00096 . From the results of the expert assessment through the questionnaire given, the alternative mode of transportation chosen was motorcycles by 46.4% as the first alternative in the selection of transportation modes, followed by private cars by 35.7% and finally public transportation by 17.9%.

Predictive value of postoperative day 1 parathyroid hormone levels for early and late hypocalcaemia after thyroidectomy

PurposeEarly parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels after total thyroidectomy can predict patients at low risk of hypocalcaemia who can be discharged early without calcium supplementation. For centres without facility to perform early PTH levels, PTH levels sent on the first postoperative day (POD1) may be an alternative. However, there is less data regarding optimal cut-off PTH levels for POD1 discharge.MethodsRetrospective review of prospective database of thyroid operations between September 2009 and February 2020 at tertiary referral centre. Main outcome measure was symptomatic hypocalcaemia.ResultsFive hundred seventy patients undergoing total (521) or completion thyroidectomy with POD1 PTH levels available were included. Among patients with POD1 PTH levels ≥ 20 pg/ml and POD1 calcium ≥ 2.0 mmol/l, the incidence of symptomatic hypocalcaemia was 1% (3/300), and need for intravenous calcium 0.3% (1/300). For POD1 PTH levels 15–19 pg/ml and POD1 calcium ≥ 2.0 mmol/l, the incidence of symptomatic hypocalcaemia and need for intravenous calcium was 5.4% (3/55). For PTH levels 10–14 pg/ml and calcium ≥ 2.0 mmol/l, the incidence of symptomatic hypocalcaemia and need for intravenous calcium was 11.7% (7/60). The risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism was < 1% for POD1 PTH levels ≥ 15 pg/ml; 5.4% for levels 10–14 pg/ml; and 19.8% for levels < 10 pg/ml.ConclusionsPOD1 PTH levels ≥ 15 pg/ml along with calcium ≥ 2.0 mmol/l are associated with low risk of symptomatic hypocalcaemia, and represent a safe criterion for discharge of most patients without calcium supplementation. For certain patient groups, a higher threshold of 20 pg/ml could be considered.

TAX AVOIDANCE AND TAX EVASION

The subject of this article has been the object of repeated administrative and judicial discussions, given the difficulty of delimiting the limits and identifying the characteristics between tax avoidance, tax evasion and tax planning. It should be noted, therefore, that the central discussion of the topic is exactly how the definition of tax avoidance and tax evasion and its limits, since they are not unanimous by the doctrine. This lack of definition is so serious that it undermines the very determination of a standard (fixed, and safe) criterion to distinguish fraud from fiscal elision, since, at least in theory, since the taxpayer legitimately removes the tax obligation, his conduct must be respected by the Treasury, which can not punish him. Thus, the hypothesis is initially raised that the only safe criterion currently - but not yet completely, given its exceptions - to distinguish and identify whether the acts practiced deal with tax evasion or avoidance, is to verify if the acts to avoid, delaying or diminishing the payment of the tax were practiced before or after the occurrence of the taxable event. As a secondary hypothesis, the idea is that the anti-circumvention and anti-evasive norm itself causes confusion in the distinction between concepts, since it imposes taxation at all costs, preventing free tax planning. Thus, the brief study seeks to know and understand these limits based on the latest jurisprudence and opinions of established jurists in the tax sphere, without neglecting to observe the already established concepts of Tax Law, which will be taken as a basis to indicate which would be the most appropriate tax strategic decisions to aid in the success of a company - or put it at risk. In addition, this article aims to analyze the limits of tax planning, especially its forms, tax evasion and tax avoidance, as well as criticizing the anti-tax rule, set forth in article 116, sole paragraph of the National Tax Code.

Model-based patient matching for in-parallel pressure-controlled ventilation

BackgroundSurges of COVID-19 infections have led to insufficient supply of mechanical ventilators (MV), resulting in rationing of MV care. In-parallel, co-mechanical ventilation (Co-MV) of multiple patients is a potential solution. However, due to lack of testing, there is currently no means to match ventilation requirements or patients, with no guidelines to date. In this research, we have developed a model-based method for patient matching for pressure control mode MV.MethodsThe model-based method uses a single-compartment lung model (SCM) to simulate the resultant tidal volume of patient pairs at a set ventilation setting. If both patients meet specified safe ventilation criteria under similar ventilation settings, the actual mechanical ventilator settings for Co-MV are determined via simulation using a double-compartment lung model (DCM). This method allows clinicians to analyse Co-MV in silico, before clinical implementation.ResultsThe proposed method demonstrates successful patient matching and MV setting in a model-based simulation as well as good discrimination to avoid mismatched patient pairs. The pairing process is based on model-based, patient-specific respiratory mechanics identified from measured data to provide useful information for guiding care. Specifically, the matching is performed via estimation of MV delivered tidal volume (mL/kg) based on patient-specific respiratory mechanics. This information can provide insights for the clinicians to evaluate the subsequent effects of Co-MV. In addition, it was also found that Co-MV patients with highly restrictive respiratory mechanics and obese patients must be performed with extra care.ConclusionThis approach allows clinicians to analyse patient matching in a virtual environment without patient risk. The approach is tested in simulation, but the results justify the necessary clinical validation in human trials.

Doppler is a Safe Criterion for Ensuring the Implementation of Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy

Objective: This is a prospective study concerning patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic significant carotid stenosis. Preoperative and intraoperative measurements of the peripheral extension of the carotid atherosclerotic plaque have been compared with postoperative measurements to identify a preoperative method that safely allows the performance of eversion carotid endarterectomy (ECEA).Materials and Methods: The study included 37 patients with symptomatic internal carotid stenosis greater than 70% and 43 patients with asymptomatic stenosis greater than 80%. Four methods were used for establishing criteria: preoperative Doppler examination, intraoperative measurement of the carotid atheroma before artery division, measurement of the removed plaque, and histological measurement of the plaque.Results: Preoperative Doppler examination is a method of estimating the actual distal extension of the internal carotid artery (ICA) atheroma, with correction as dictated by the following formula:AL= 0.6704+0.7685⋅DopplerIn all cases, preoperative ultrasound measurements and intraoperative estimation confirmed the correct decision to proceed with the eversion technique.Conclusion: The peripheral extension of the atherosclerotic plaque of the ICA can be assessed with accuracy by preoperative Doppler study, which can be used with safety as a predicting criterion of the existence of healthy peripheral carotid tissue that allows the performance of the eversion endarterectomy technique.

Kajian Ergonomi pada Alat dan Perlengkapan TNI dalam Rangka Mendukung Kepentingan Pertahanan Negara

This study purpose to determine the feasibility and ergonomics aspects of the P-1 and Ranpur Panser APS 1 6X6 produced by PT. Pindad. The data was collected using a survey method through filling out a questionnaire with a purposive sampling method, interviews, and observations. Questionnaires were distributed to 350 TNI soldiers for the use of the P-1 Pistol and 180 of the TNI soldier. Measurement of anthropometric data and fatigue of Ranpur Panser APS soldiers was carried out on 30 soldiers who were randomly drawn from 180 soldiers. The results showed that the Pistol P-1 produced by PT. Pindad in general was still safe, comfortable, and accurate to shoot. However, the addition of infrared will make it easier for soldiers to shoot the targets. The results of the research on the application of ergonomic aspects at Ranpur Panser APS 1 6X6 resulted in a value of 57.47% for the effective criteria, 66.83% for the safe criteria, 69.56% for the comfortable criteria, 75.83% for the healthy criteria, and 80.17% for the efficient criteria. The results show that Ranpur Panser APS fulfill overall EASNE aspects with several notes discussed. Related to the fatigue test, results obtained a significance value of 0.01&lt;0.05 which indicates a significant correlation between fatigue before and after using Ranpur Panser APS 1 6X6.

A Virtual Clinic for DDH Pavlik Harness Monitoring.

Pavlik harness (PH) treatment is successful in treating over 90% of newborns with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). There is a need for close supervision, frequent adjustments, size changes, and monitoring of complications. This paper aims to provide a safe criterion for remote follow-up of DDH patients treated in a PH to reduce the risk of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) exposure to patients, parents, and health practitioners. All infants with stable hips (Graf I, IIa/b/c/d, treated III/IV) with consenting parents after appropriate counseling were enrolled in a virtual clinic. Clinics were conducted using the NHS "Attend anywhere" virtual link service by an extended scope practitioner-specialist physiotherapist and a clinical nurse specialist. The virtual clinic group was compared with a matched cohort of patients from 2018/2019. A total of 141 patients were referred to the neonatal hip clinic; 45 patients were eligible for harness treatment and 20 patients were selected for virtual clinics. In total, there were 35 virtual clinic appointments. Each of the patients had an average of 1.7 virtual appointments ranging from 1 to 3 (26.3% of total number of clinics). Age at presentation of the treated group was 7±4.2 weeks and control group 5.7±5.5 weeks (P=0.59). PH duration of the study group was 9±2.6 weeks and the control group, 7.8±2.5 weeks (P=0.12). There were no missed complications at the follow-up face-to-face appointment. Patients saved an average of 76 km total travel distance. This study demonstrates adequate evidence that children requiring routine follow-up appointments involving PH adjustment, skincare, and identification of clinical anomalies, can be treated and followed up safely using virtual clinics. Clinical triage of suitable patients for virtual clinic provision must always be made by experienced clinicians. Children presenting with Graf IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, as well as those with stable and improving Graf III at initial diagnoses, had successful treatment with virtual clinic follow-up appointments in this study. Level IV.

The content of acoustic signals and biological effects of noise in conditions of high level of work intensity.

SummaryBackgroundThe biological effects of noise depend on its physical parameters, combination with other hazards, the content of acoustic signals. This article aimed to analyze the difference in biological effects caused by the selection of nonverbal and verbal signals in conditions of a high level of work intensity.MethodsWork conditions, physical characteristics of noise, levels of work intensity were studied among 75 telephone operators and 96 geophone operators. Levels of permanent hearing thresholds, evaluated by pure-tone audiometry, and results of self-estimation of operators’ health were compared. The contribution of the content of acoustic signals in the shifting of hearing thresholds was evaluated by the one-way analysis of variance.ResultsSelection of acoustic signals in the noise background (< 65 dB), in conditions of high work intensity, causes a significant increase of permanent hearing thresholds in both studied groups comparing to the non-noise exposed population. A combination of the high level of work intensity and distinguishing of nonverbal acoustic messages leads to significant deterioration of health resulting in decreasing of hearing sensitivity and a number of complaints on the state of health (p < 0.05). The content of acoustic signals significantly contributes to the biological effects of the nose.ConclusionObtained results testify necessity to revise safe criteria of noise levels for workers, engaged in selection, recognition and distinguishing of acoustic messages in the noise background combined with a high level of work intensity. In case when the energy of the acoustic field cannot be reduced, occupational safety measures should focus on decreasing of work intensity.

Pengembangan Desain Walker Fleksibel Bagi Lansia

The health condition of the elderly generally has decreased which can cause several physical and mental problems. Elderly aged over 70 years or 60 years who have health problems are categorized as high risk elderly. In carrying out their daily activities inside the house or outside the house, such as going to the mosque, garden, etc., they usually use a equipment called a walker. The types of walkers on the market still have limitations, so they need to be developed in a flexible walker design. The stages used in the flexible walker design development research are compiling a list of requirements, determining reference concepts, developing alternative concepts, selecting concepts, and analyzing techniques and postures for the selected design.&#x0D; The selected concept has specifications, namely the front pedestal functions as a fixed leg or wheeled leg, the arm of the walker holder can be adjusted up and down by 150 mm in height, has a seat that can be folded, and the walker can be folded. In addition, the results of stress analysis on the critical component, namely the main fulcrum, obtained safe criteria where the maximum stress value that occurs is 7.35x106 N/m2 is given still below the yield strength value of the brass material 3.5x108 N/m2. Posture analysis using the RULA method in standing and sitting positions obtained an average final score of 2 in the acceptable category for walker users..

Design and Build 3d Educational Game "Motorized Millennials" for Indonesian Teenagers

Traffic signs are one of the things road equipment which consists of symbols, numbers, letters, sentences or a combination of them serves for prohibitions, orders, warnings, and instructions for road users. The younger generation often neglects even many who do not obey the traffic rules, as a result, accidents often occur. From a research Rahmi concluded that 84.5% of students ride motorbikes to school and get 56.8% respondents and have criteria for less safe actions in two-wheeled driving and 43.3% safe criteria including driving while communicating with a mobile phone 51% (Rahmi, 2009 ). An innovation that is suitable for Indonesian youth in studying traffic signs is the game method. Because teenagers tend to like to play and learn. so the game method with game media is very suitable to be applied to make it easier for teenagers to learn about traffic signs. Therefore, the purpose of this research is one of them can attract the interest of the younger generation to be able to learn to recognize traffic signs in order to reduce accidents while driving. The data collection methods that we use in this study include: Interviews, Field Observations, Functional Requirements Analysis, System Design, System Testing, Application Testing Design. We have carried out the results of testing this educational game starting from testing all buttons, displaying questions, displaying scores, and displaying every available menu. The results of research that have been carried out are displaying menus in motorized millennial games including: first we install the apk, bring up the application icon, display the game start page starting from: how to play, start and exit.

Calculation and Analysis of Critical Heat Flux at LWR Passive Safety Design

Critical heat flux (MDNBR) is one parameter for safe nuclear reactor operation. The magnitude of MDNBR is determined by local heat flux. When it is sufficiently high, it will cause a change in heat equilibrium and deteriorate nuclear fuel structure. To obtain assurance for nuclear reactor safety in safe criteria, Calculation and analysis of Critical heat flux of 630 MWe passive LWR was carried out at steady state and transient condition. The study used COBRA IV-I sub channel program coupled with critical heat flux correlation of EPRI-Columbia and W-3. The program models the core into 1/8 sections, each of which is divided into 83 sub-channels in radial direction and 40 nodes in axial direction, including 8 sub-channels of the hottest assembly. Normalized coast down flow and reactor power decay at initial phase is 10 second after loss of flow accident (LOFA) caused by anticipated primary pump failure. The effects of all input parameters, such as radial nodes, axial nodes, mix coefficient, velocity of coolant mass entering the core and power variation, have been identified. Evaluation of the results of safety calculation indicates that MDNBR, cladding temperature, and hot channel temperature are 1.83, 349°C and 2033°C, respectively. As the licensing limits for those parameters are 1.3, 1850°C, and 2840°C, it is concluded that the design of 630 MWe passive LWR has met the licensing criteria of safety. Modelling for safety analysis of passive LWR employs COBRA IV-I program. The results show that this program can be used to calculate hydraulic safety parameters with sub-channel model.

Radiological implication of the granitoid rocks and their associated jasperoid veins, El-Missikat area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt

ABSTRACT Older and younger granites mainly represent gable El-Missikat in addition to red and black jasperoid veins. The studied granitic rocks and silica veins show wide variation in their Uranium, Thorium, Radium and potassium contents. The current study aims to calculate radiological hazard parameters for samples of the investigated granites and red and black jasperoid veins from Gable El-Missikat in the central-eastern desert of Egypt. Eighty-five samples were collected and measured using gamma-ray spectrometer with NaI(Tl) detector. Derivation of the radiological hazard indices caused by gamma-emitting natural radionuclide were determined from the obtained values of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K. The estimated average value of red and black jasperoid veins of radium equivalent in the present work are higher than that of the recommended maximum value of the World. Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk of granitic rocks ranges from 109.2 to 1512.4 and average reach of about 633.0, while red and black jasperoid veins range from 144.7 to 13,802.3 with average up to 3592. El- Missikat area represents an important radioactive mineralised area in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, so that all samples are exceeding the world permissible safe criteria and consider a risk source for human environment.