Safari Park Research Articles

Individual immune response to rabies vaccination in an African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) in Dubai Safari Park

Individual immune response to rabies vaccination in an African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) in Dubai Safari Park

Medical behavior training for blood collection of Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Dubai safari park

Medical behavior training for blood collection of Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Dubai safari park

Remarks on Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Kobus spp. (Bovidae: Reduncini), with supplementary morphological data of Eimeria congolensis Ricci-Bitti et al., 1973 from a new host subspecies, the common waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus (Ogilbyi, 1833)

Reduncin bovids of Kobus spp. (Bovidae: Reduncini) are natively distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, although some populations have been introduced into parks and zoos around the world. The majority of the species has declining populations, being categorized as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; therefore, protective measures for the conservation of Kobus spp. are necessary, including the study of their parasites, such as the eimeriid coccidians (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae). In this context, the aim of the current study was to brings together the taxonomic data from the descriptions and reports of Eimeria spp. from reduncin bovids, based on the detailed morphological identification of Eimeria congolensis Ricci-Bitti, Pampiglione & Kabala, 1973 from a new host subspecies, the common waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus (Ogilbyi, 1833), in a safari park of Portugal. Five Eimeria spp. are recorded from reduncin bovids, in addition to six more reports identified generically as Eimeria sp., which were compared and taxonomically rearranged. The oocysts identified as E. congolensis in the current study were compatible with the original description and were supplemented for some taxonomic characters not originally included, such as: Stieda body flattened to nipplelike, sub-Stieda body rounded to trapezoidal, sporocyst residuum granular and membrane-bound, in addition to greater details of the micropyle, among others. Finally, the current study highlights the importance of studying the coccidians of reduncin bovids for the conservation of Kobus spp. due to the possibility of these Eimeria spp. are extra-intestinal parasites, which can potentially cause severe coccidiosis associated with increased morbidity and mortality in certain threatened populations of Kobus spp.

Vesicular stomatitis virus in two species of rhinoceros at a California zoological park.

To describe an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in southern white rhinoceros (SWR; Ceratotherium simum simum) and greater one-horned rhinoceros (GOHR; Rhinoceros unicornis) at a safari park in San Diego, CA, from May to September 2023. 21 SWR and 5 GOHR in professionally managed care. Rhinoceros of both species presented with a range of clinical signs and severities. Lesion locations were categorized as cutaneous (coronary bands, heels and soles, limbs, ventrum, neck folds, and ears) and mucocutaneous (lips, nostrils, mucous membranes of the oral cavity, and vulva). Clinical signs included lethargy, lameness, difficulty with prehension, hyporexia to anorexia, and hypersalivation. Severely affected rhinoceros had clinical pathology findings consistent with systemic inflammation. Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus was confirmed via PCR from swabs of lesions in 10/26 (38%) rhinoceros. Of these 10 confirmed cases, 9 (90%) were SWR and 1 (10%) was a GOHR. A further 6/26 (24%) were considered probable cases, and 10/26 (38%) were considered suspect cases based on clinical signs, but the inability to appropriately sample due to the housing environment precluded confirmation. Histopathology samples from 3 rhinoceros were consistent with VSV, and viral RNA was localized in histologic lesions via RNA in situ hybridization for 1 case. All rhinoceros survived infection despite severe systemic illness in 2 animals. This case series describes the clinical appearance and progression of VSV in 2 rhinoceros species. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of VSV in a rhinoceros.

Surgical Management and Treatment of Papillomatous Growth on the Trunk of a Young Captive African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in Dubai Safari Park.

The Papilloma virus, a member of the Papillomaviridae family, is responsible for the benign wart-like cutaneous lesions known as Papillomas1. It has been observed on the skin over the shoulder, hip, leg, and trunk in addition to the nasal or oral mucosa, most frequently at the oral mucocutanous junctions, and it is contagious between elephants. One captive African elephant in the Dubai Safari Park displayed a few tennis ball-sized cutaneous Papillomatous growths on the trunk that required surgical excision and management. The report discusses surgical growth control, autohemotherapy for elephants, and the effectiveness of autogenous vaccines.

Genetic structure and origin of emu populations in Japanese farms inferred from large-scale SNP genotyping based on double-digest RAD-seq

The emu is a novel poultry species in Japan. However, Japanese farmed emu populations have reduced genetic diversity owing to inbreeding. We have previously suggested that there are genetic resources in the Tohoku Safari Park (TSP) and Fuji/Kakegawa Kachoen Garden Park (FGP/KGP) to extend the genetic diversity of commercial emu farms based on microsatellite (SSR) and mitochondrial DNA. However, those markers provide relatively poor information. Thus, we investigated the genetic structure of farmed Japanese populations based on a large-scale genotyping system using RAD-seq and verified the usefulness of TSP and FGP/KGP as genetic resources for expanding genetic diversity. Admixture, phylogenetic, and principal component analyses based on 28,676 SNPs showed that TSP individuals were ancestors in the Okhotsk Emu Farm (OEF). FGP/KGP individuals showed a unique genetic component that differed from that of the others. We have previously reported that the mitochondrial haplotypes of FGP/KGP were shared with an isolated wild population in eastern Australia. These results suggest that FGP/KGP individuals originated from an eastern Australia isolated population different from other populations including ancestral of OEF/TSP. Our results would provide information for the development of Japanese emu farms and industry and for the conservation of genetic resources in the Australian wild emu.

Apolipoprotein C-III amyloidosis in white lions (Panthera leo).

Apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III) amyloidosis in humans is a hereditary amyloidosis caused by a D25V mutation in the APOC3 gene. This condition has only been reported in a French family and not in animals. We analyzed a 19-year-old white lion (Panthera leo) that died in a Japanese safari park and found renal amyloidosis characterized by severe deposition confined to the renal corticomedullary border zone. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis identified ApoC-III as a major component of renal amyloid deposits. Amyloid deposits were also positive for ApoC-III by immunohistochemistry. Based on these results, this case was diagnosed as ApoC-III amyloidosis for the first time in nonhuman animals. Five additional white lions were also tested for amyloid deposition retrospectively. ApoC-III amyloid deposition was detected in 3 white lions aged 19 to 21 years but not in 2 cases aged 0.5 and 10 years. Genetic analysis of white and regular-colored lions revealed that the APOC3 sequences of the lions were identical, regardless of amyloid deposition. These results suggest that ApoC-III amyloidosis in lions, unlike in humans, may not be a hereditary condition but an age-related condition. Interestingly, lion ApoC-III has a Val30 substitution compared with other species of Panthera that have Met30. Structural predictions suggest that the conformation of ApoC-III with Met30 and ApoC-III with Val30 are almost identical, but this substitution may alter the ability to bind to lipids. As with the D25V mutation in human ApoC-III, the Val30 substitution in lions may increase the proportion of free ApoC-III, leading to amyloid formation.

SARS CoV 2 (COVID-19) Diagnosis in Wildlife Animals using Rt-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Dubai Safari Park

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus, a genus that includes several coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, bat SARS-like CoV, and others) isolated from humans, bats, camels, civets, and other animals. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogenic agent that causes the disease COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have emerged from an animal source, most likely a bat, and subsequently spread to humans. While genetically closely related viruses have been isolated from Rhinolophus bats, the exact source of SARS-CoV-2 and its route of introduction into the human population have not been established. Monitoring animal infections is imperative to better understanding their epidemiological significance for animal health, biodiversity, and human health. According to evidence from risk assessments, epidemiological investigations, and experimental studies, animals play no significant role in the spread of SARS-CoV-2, which is sustained by human-to-human transmission. The possibility of Coronavirus testing by veterinary labs was considered after the Iowa State veterinary lab discovered the COVID-19 virus has a similar DNA testing process to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED). PED is another form of coronavirus that killed many piglets in 2013 and was unresponsive to treatment. Several vet labs optimized their equipment and processes to test for PED, helping them determine that older pigs could recover and develop immunity against the virus. Those same labs are still set up for coronavirus testing. We in Dubai Safari Park, particularly within the laboratory Veterinary Hospital, are conducting RT-PCR analysis to test diverse animal species including non-human primates, Carnivores, small mammals, and Ungulates. Even though none of our animals show any respiratory signs, we have conducted this study to ensure that our animal collection is healthy and free of SARS-COV-2.

Probiotics, An Approach towards Modern Medication

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus, a genus that includes several coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, bat SARS-like CoV, and others) isolated from humans, bats, camels, civets, and other animals. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogenic agent that causes the disease COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have emerged from an animal source, most likely a bat, and subsequently spread to humans. While genetically closely related viruses have been isolated from Rhinolophus bats, the exact source of SARS-CoV-2 and its route of introduction into the human population have not been established. Monitoring animal infections is imperative to better understanding their epidemiological significance for animal health, biodiversity, and human health. According to evidence from risk assessments, epidemiological investigations, and experimental studies, animals play no significant role in the spread of SARS-CoV-2, which is sustained by human-to-human transmission. The possibility of Coronavirus testing by veterinary labs was considered after the Iowa State veterinary lab discovered the COVID-19 virus has a similar DNA testing process to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED). PED is another form of coronavirus that killed many piglets in 2013 and was unresponsive to treatment. Several vet labs optimized their equipment and processes to test for PED, helping them determine that older pigs could recover and develop immunity against the virus. Those same labs are still set up for coronavirus testing. We in Dubai Safari Park, particularly within the laboratory Veterinary Hospital, are conducting RT-PCR analysis to test diverse animal species including non-human primates, Carnivores, small mammals, and Ungulates. Even though none of our animals show any respiratory signs, we have conducted this study to ensure that our animal collection is healthy and free of SARS-COV-2.

Relative Advantages of Public Parks in Landscape Design Perspective in Ten Cities of East Java Province

One way to determine the relative advantages of public parks is to carry out a landscape design perspective. This research aims to determine the influence of landscape elements and principles in public parks; to find out the application of landscape design elements in public parks; to find out the usefulness of applying landscape principles to public parks. This research was carried out in 10 Regency Cities in East Java, each with 3 public parks, so there are thirty public parks starting from March 2022 to August 2022. This research was carried out using quantitative and qualitative methods where all data was obtained in the form of results direct observation in the field through questionnaires. The data used in this research is research on landscape performance, the elements and principles of landscape design are the research object. The observed variables include 36 variables. The research took 30 respondents to be interviewed or fill out a questionnaire. The research results show that Sidoarjo Square, Malang Square, Ngegong Park, Apkasi Park, Obor Park, Trembesi Park and Bungkul Park occupy quadrant one. Meanwhile, Gersik Square, Batu Square, Batu City Green Park, Pasuruan City Park, Elderly Park, Ngronggo Park, Safari Park 2, Sekartaji Park and Tanjung Puri Park occupy the second quadrant. The parks that occupy quadrant 3 are Prambanan Gersik, Candra Wilwatikta Park, Kehati Park and Pelangi Park. Quadrant 4 consists of Pancasila Fort Park, Gapura Park, Kendedes Park and Mojokerto Square.

Diversity, prevalence and risk factors associated to gastrointestinal tract parasites in wild and domestic animals from Pakistan.

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals contains various helminth parasites, responsible for subclinical and clinical parasitism. The health situation of animals is seriously affected by these parasites and leads massive financial losses for the livestock trade. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of GIT parasites in small and large ruminants of Mardan district and zoo animals of Golden Life Safari Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 419 fecal samples were collected including 117 from goats, 110 from cattle, 80 from sheep, 66 from buffaloes, 40 from birds, four from deer, and two from leopards. The fecal samples were subjected to sedimentation and floatation to identify parasite eggs. Of a total of 419 fecal samples, 215 (51.31%) were found positive for GIT parasites eggs. The prevalence of GIT parasites was high in sheep (65%), followed by goats (62.39%), cattle (42.70%), and buffaloes (37.87%). In birds, GIT parasite eggs were identified in 11 (45.83%) and 7 (43.75%) fecal samples of Pheasant and Peacock, respectively. However, an absence of infection was noted in fecal samples from deer and leopards. Eggs of GIT Parasites belonging to one superfamily and four different genera were recognized in fecal samples of domestic animals and buffaloes, which were Trichostrongyloidea (19.81%), Strongyloides (9.31%), Trichuris (7.77%), Monezia (6.44%), and Fasciola (4.53%). For bird, the coccidia group comprises the highest representation of parasites (2.63%), followed by the Trichuris genus (1.67%). Settlement, management system, anthelminthic medications and body condition score were significantly associated with the occurrence of GIT parasites in feces (P < 0.05). Animals from rural settlements, rearing under poor management systems, with thin (poor) body condition and under warmed were more affected by GIT parasites. The diversity and the high prevalence of GIT parasites reported in this study highlights the urgent need for intervention through treatment and modification of management practices in the investigated areas of Pakistan.

Tiger attack at a Japanese safari park: a case report

BackgroundBig cat bites are highly lethal due to the enormous bite force of these animals. This article reviews the morphology of these types of injuries and key points of management through a survival case at a Japanese safari park.Case presentationWe report the case of a 26-year-old female keeper who was attacked by a tiger. She was quickly transported to our university hospital by ambulance helicopter. The keeper was severely bitten on the head and face and had wounds all over her body. Craniofacial repair was performed by emergency surgery. She suffered mild facial nerve paralysis and trismus because of being bitten by the tiger and is currently recovering.ConclusionsA multidisciplinary approach of the severe tiger bites successfully treated a young woman cosmetically and mentally. Animal farms and zoos that keep tigers should take strict measures to avoid direct confrontation with tigers.

Gastrointestinal parasites in captive olive baboons in a UK safari park.

From the safety inside vehicles, Knowsley Safari offers visitors a close-up encounter with captive olive baboons. As exiting vehicles may be contaminated with baboon stool, a comprehensive coprological inspection was conducted to address public health concerns. Baboon stools were obtained from vehicles, and sleeping areas, inclusive of video analysis of baboon–vehicle interactions. A purposely selected 4-day sampling period enabled comparative inspections of 2662 vehicles, with a total of 669 baboon stools examined (371 from vehicles and 298 from sleeping areas). As informed by our pilot study, front-line diagnostic methods were: QUIK-CHEK rapid diagnostic test (RDT) (Giardia and Cryptosporidium), Kato–Katz coproscopy (Trichuris) and charcoal culture (Strongyloides). Some 13.9% of vehicles were contaminated with baboon stool. Prevalence of giardiasis was 37.4% while cryptosporidiosis was <0.01%, however, an absence of faecal cysts by quality control coproscopy, alongside lower than the expected levels of Giardia-specific DNA, judged RDT results as misleading, grossly overestimating prevalence. Prevalence of trichuriasis was 48.0% and strongyloidiasis was 13.7%, a first report of Strongyloides fuelleborni in UK. We advise regular blanket administration(s) of anthelminthics to the colony, exploring pour-on formulations, thereafter, smaller-scale indicator surveys would be adequate.

Natural Regeneration Potential of Tree Flora at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park (Bsmsp), Dulahazara, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

The aim of this study was to evaluate the natural regeneration status of tree flora at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park (BSMSP) in Dulahazara, Cox’s Bazar. Six blocks were created within the safari park to explore regeneration potential. A total of 41 sample plots of 5m × 5m size, each centered in the middle of a 20m × 20m vegetation survey plot, was taken. In total, 835 seedlings representing 56 tree species under 29 families were recorded. Euphorbiaceae was the dominant family with 8 species followed by Myrtaceae (6 species) and Combretaceae (4 species). The highest Family Relative Density (FRD) was represented by Myrtaceae (26.95%) followed by Euphorbiaceae (16.05%) and Dipterocarpaceae (12.93%). Euphorbiaceae showed the maximum Family Relative Diversity Index FRDI (14.29%) followed by Myrtaceae (10.71%) and Combretaceae (7.14%). The highest Family Importance Value Index (FIVI) was observed in Myrtaceae (37.66%), whereas Euphorbiaceae and Dipterocarpaceae represented 30.33% and 18.29%, respectively. Species in the order of descending value of Importance Value Index (IVI) were Syzygium fruticosum (24.10), Aporosa wallichii (12.30), Dipterocarpus costatus (12.10), Dipterocarpus alatus (11.60) and Fernandoa adenophylla (11.60). The regeneration percentage of seed-originated individuals was 72%, whereas the rest 28% individuals were from coppices. The onset of safe guard and preserve trees with proper management could contribute conserving native gene pool contribution to ecotourism. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2023, 9(1): 1-12

Two's company, three species is a crowd? A webcam-based study of the behavioural effects of mixed-species groupings in the wild and in the zoo.

Mixed species exhibits in zoos are used to create larger, more stimulating environments to support naturalistic interactions between species. In the wild, mixed species groups are observed as having lower rates of vigilance, presumably due to reduced predation risk through 'detection' and 'dilution' effects. This effect appears to be highly variable depending on factors such as food availability or degree of threat. This study aimed to collect data on mixed-species associations and consequent vigilance rates in the wild, collecting equivalent data from a large mixed-species zoo enclosure to compare the findings between free-ranging and captive populations. The study additionally investigated whether large mixed-species enclosures support natural associations and behaviours, by comparing the behaviour of captive animals with wild counterparts. The study used livestream video feeds from 10 national parks in South Africa and Kenya to observe free-ranging species, and a camera at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park's mixed species African exhibit. Scan and continuous sampling protocols were used simultaneously to record behavioural states as well as the rate of scanning (vigilance) events. GLMMs were run to test whether vigilance of a focal species varied according to the number of animals present, the density of animals in the group, and the diversity of species. In the wild, vigilance decreased with increasing number of animals in the surroundings but in captivity the group size had no impact. The results suggest that in the wild, these species benefit from increased perceived safety in larger groups, regardless of the species making up that group. No effect was noted in the zoo because of a reduced need for animals to show heightened vigilance to the same degree as in the wild. Similarities were observed in associations between species/mixed species group compositions, and in behaviour budgets. These findings provide a preliminary evaluation of how the impact of mixed species groupings may translate from the wild to the zoo, based on the associations and behaviour across a variety of African ungulates.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in wild mammals of a safari park and a zoo in Bangladesh.

In safari parks and zoos, wild animals are kept mainly for recreational purposes. Animals in these enclosures are also crucial for the education, research, and conservation aspect. To ensure better management and good health of wild animals in captivity, it is essential to monitor the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic (helminths and protozoa) infections. The current investigation was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of GI parasitic infections in wild mammals at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib (BSM) safari park and Chattogram (CTG) zoo of Bangladesh. A total of 72 individual faecal samples were collected from 25 species of wild mammals. Routine qualitative (e.g. direct smear, sedimentation, and flotation) and quantitative (e.g. McMaster technique) tests were performed to identify the eggs or oocysts of helminths and protozoa. Results demonstrated that wild mammals of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo were infected with a total of 17 genera/species of helminths and protozoa. The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infections in wild mammals of both zoological parks was 65.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.14-76.12), whereas it was 72.4% (95% CI: 52.76-87.27) in the BSM safari park and 60.5% (95% CI: 44.41-75.02) in the CTG zoo. In both zoological parks, infection with nematodes was more frequent compared to other helminth into the wild mammals. The herbivores were more infected with GI parasites than carnivores and omnivores of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo. The mean eggs/oocysts per gram of faeces was the highest in the carnivores compared to herbivores and omnivores of both enclosures. The findings of the current study demonstrated that wild mammals of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo suffered from various GI parasitic infections. Regular monitoring along with proper therapeutic measures may reduce the severe consequences of GI parasitic infections in captive wild animals.

Preferensi Pemilihan Daerah Tujuan Wisata oleh Wisatawan Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Jawa Barat

The Coronavirus desease-19 pandemic since the beginning of 2020 has had a negative impact on the tourism sector, not only reducing the number of visits but also changing the trend of choice of tourist destinations. This study aims to assess people's preferences towards tourist destinations during the pandemic. A survey using a questionnaire was conducted on 90 visitors to the National Flower and Animal Love Day exhibition at the Bogor Botanical Garden. The results of the study found that natural tourism became a trend during the pandemic, reaching 48.9% with the main objective of enjoying a pristine environment, a quiet and calm atmosphere, and cool and fresh air. Botanical gardens have the highest selection index for residents over the age of 50, while zoos, safari parks, national parks and natural parks have the highest selection index for the age group of adolescents to 20 years. Zoos and safari parks were favored by informants from the city, botanical gardens were favored by informants from the village, while national parks and natural parks were favored by both. Extreme tourism activities are preferred by the 31–40-year age group, moderate activities are preferred by the 41–50-year age group, while special interest tourism is preferred by the age group of 50 years and over. There is a trend of male informants liking natural tourism and modern tourism, while female informants like cultural, culinary and religious tourism. Due to changes in preferences for selecting tourist destinations and types of tourist activities, tourism managers are advised to carry out various product innovations or tour packages, visitor services, promotion/marketing, improve visitor facilities adapted to new normal conditions, and continue to implement health protocols.

Training a Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) for Voluntary Foot Radiographs at Dubai Safari Park

When 0.1 Reticulated Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) began displaying signs of lameness and a persistent swelling of the front left pastern joint, an operant based training program was created for front foot radiographs to diagnose and better manage lameness. Using a protected contact set up, behaviour was shaped using a positive reinforcement procedure. A series of cued behaviors were trained and used to obtain dorsolateral palmar medial oblique front foot radiographs to aid vets in diagnosing the cause of lameness. By training giraffes for foot radiographs, potential causes of lameness could be identified and better managed. Long-term, the results may help zoos identify best practices for managing and preventing lameness in giraffe and subsequently improve welfare. Training animals to participate in their own medical care can improve welfare by giving them a sense of control within the situation. Training for medical procedures helps to reduce the stress imposed on the giraffe and the associated risks compared to alternative methods.

Poor Welfare Indicators and Husbandry Practices at Lion (Panthera Leo) "Cub-Petting" Facilities: Evidence from Public YouTube Videos.

Simple SummaryThe present study documents animal welfare concerns associated with a popular form of wildlife tourism: lion cub “petting”. With data collected from 49 publicly available videos uploaded by tourists in South Africa, we find that lion cubs in these facilities regularly exhibit stress behaviors, including stereotypies, during tourist interactions. Video analysis shows that cubs in these facilities are subjected to several forms of poor husbandry practices such as being forced to interact outside normal waking hours. These results also suggest that regardless of tourism type—pure entertainment (tourism) or educational or pseudo-training opportunities in animal husbandry for volunteers (voluntourism)—“cub-petting” facilities involve acute negative welfare impacts in addition to the broader harms of normalizing the touching of young lions and perpetuating captive breeding.There is growing concern about captive lion hunting and breeding operations in South Africa, including cub-petting tourism. For the first time, we assess the quality of cub-petting facilities and code the stress behaviors of lion cubs when handled by tourists by analyzing four stress-related behaviors and six indicators of poor husbandry in 49 YouTube videos of tourist–lion cub interactions (from at least 11 South African safari parks, 2008-2019). We also categorized videos as regular tourism vs. voluntourism (tourism under the guise of helping those in need). We found a median of four poor husbandry practices per video, with all but two videos involving very young cubs (under 7 months) and the majority (61%) involving cubs estimated under 3 months old. Two videos claimed to show cubs as young as 9 days old and 1 day old, with their eyes still closed. The lion mother was apparent in only 1 of 49 videos. All but one of the interactions took place during the day, although young cubs are primarily active at night. The majority of videos (77%) showed cubs engaging in at least one stress behavior, and the most common stress behaviors were avoidance and aggression. Comparing voluntourism to regular tourism, we found no difference in instances of poor husbandry or observable stress behaviors (p’s > 0.6). These results show that cub-petting operations are characterized by poor cub welfare, including features that are inherently harmful to cub development (e.g., separation from the mother at an early age and forced activity outside normal waking hours). Existing research suggests that many tourists are likely unaware of these negative impacts and may even believe that they are helping the cubs. This analysis provides evidence to the contrary.

Visual and Non -- Visual Elements Found in "Bali Safari Park" Brochure

This research was mainly aimed at finding out the visual and non-visual element and their meanings in Bali Safari Park brochure. The brochure was chosen because there were various types of pictures and texts. The data were collected by finding and reading that brochure and note taking the data from Bali Safari Park brochure using the observation method. The method that was used in analyzing the data was a descriptive method. The presenting the data was formal method by using symbols, pictures or images to illustrate the phenomena found in the data. The result of this research showed that there were the visual and non-visual elements found in Bali Safari Park brochure. The visual and non-visual elements were in the form of pictures, the logo, symbol, colors, the pictures of fonts, phrases, and sentences. Those forms were found in headline, body copy, signature line, and standing details. The types of meaning found in the visual and non-visual elements were affective meaning, conceptual meaning, and denotative meaning.&#x0D; Keywords: discourse analysis, visual and non-visual elements, Bali Safari Park