Sad People Research Articles

Construct and Criterion Validation of Social Phobia Inventory Indonesian Version

Social anxiety disorder or SAD is a condition of abnormal anxiety experienced by individuals when they are facing a social situation. People with SAD usually tend to avoid social situations because they are afraid or anxious of getting a negative evaluation from other people. The negative impact for people with SAD is important for the need for measuring instruments that can detect the symptoms. The lack of SAD measurement tools in Indonesia is the reason why this validation study (SPIN) is important. The Social Phobia Inventory or SPIN is a self-report measurement tool for SAD symptoms and has good both in reliability and validity in several countries. This study aims to prove the validity and reliability of SPIN in Indonesia with 118 participants. The participants include people with SAD and healthy people. The result of this study that they are a convergent validity between SPIN and Social Cognition Questionnaire (SCQ), discriminant validity between SPIN and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) that evaluate eating disorder and alcohol abuse symptoms, and also SPIN have 66% of sensitivity and 100% of specificity using Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). This study can be used by professionals to assist in determining an objective diagnosis in individuals with symptoms of SAD using SPIN since SPIN is one of the gold standard to measure social anxiety symptoms.

The conception of war and peace in early childhood: a phenomenological analysis of kindergarten children in Banten, Indonesia

ABSTRACT In recent decades, numerous studies have been conducted on children’s understanding of peace and war. Geographic, economic, political, cultural, and social differences influence the concepts of war and peace. This study aims at examining this effect. In addition to comparing studies conducted in Western countries, the study aims to examine early childhood students’ understanding of war and peace concepts. The study involved ten early childhood children who were at the kindergarten level with an average age of 5.7 years. The study employed a phenomenological approach. Drawing and semi-structured interviews were utilized for data collection. The study results indicate that children conceptualize war as unhappiness, conflict, and weapons. War concepts are symbolized by sad people, weapons, and fighting characters. In addition, children conceptualize peace as happiness, the beauty of nature, and a place that makes them feel safe, cheerful, free to express themselves, happy, and in which no one is angry. Smiling people, houses, trees, rainbows, and mountains represent peace. Overall, early childhood simultaneously comprehends the concepts of war and peace. This result differs from those of several prior studies.

Investigating the relationships between emotional experiences and behavioral responses amid the Covid‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional survey

The Covid‐19 pandemic produced a complex combination of intense negative emotions among the general public, influencing people's coping reactions toward the pandemic. Yet each discrete emotion may affect people's behaviors in different ways. Unveiling the specific emotion–behavior relationships can provide valuable implications for designing effective intervention programs. Through the lens of the appraisal theory of emotion, we assessed the relationships between negative emotions and pandemic‐related behaviors among the Chinese population midst the early outbreak of the pandemic. An anonymous online survey was distributed to mainland Chinese participants (n = 2976), which assessed individuals' emotional states and behavioral reactions to the pandemic. Consistent with the differential appraisal theme underlying each negative emotion as delineated by the appraisal theory, mixed relationships between emotions and pandemic‐related behaviors were revealed. Specifically, anxiety was positively associated with behaviors of seeking pandemic‐related information, sharing such information, and stockpiling preventive goods, yet, contrary to prediction, anxious people were reluctant to adopt preventive measures, which is maladaptive. Sad people sought information less frequently and exhibited lower intention to stockpile preventive goods; but, opposing prediction, they shared information less frequently. Angry people were more active in sharing information and in stockpiling preventive goods. These findings suggest that public health practitioners can utilize the emotion–behavior relationships to identify the vulnerable individuals who tend to adopt maladaptive coping behaviors, help them address emotional distress, and encourage their adoption of effective coping behaviors.

Hope in Advanced Cancer Patients in the Terminal Phase of Neoplastic Disease and Stability of Basic Mood.

The aim of this research is to compare the hope experienced by advanced cancer patients in the terminal phase of neoplastic disease in relation to the stability of their basic mood. The study group consisted of 246 patients, average age 59.5. The youngest respondent was 18 and the oldest was 90. The diagnostic tools used in the work comprised the Personal Card designed by T. Witkowski (PC) and an NCN-36 test (Block’s Hope test), designed by B.L. Block to measure the strength of hope in people struggling with serious life-threatening diseases. The test consists of 4 subscales distinguished by factor analysis. Each subscale consists of 8 items. The test allows an evaluation of hope in the following dimensions: situational dimension (health, thelic-temporal dimension), goals to be achieved in the future, spiritual dimension (spirituality), religious beliefs, and emotional-motivational (affective) dimension (motivations). In cheerful patients who are in the terminal phase of cancer, mood stability does not constitute a major differentiating factor for experiencing hope. In sad people, on the other hand, mood stability affects the intensity of hope—those with an unstable mood are more likely to have a stronger emotional-motivational dimension of hope than sad people with a balanced mood.

Are radiologists just all SAD people ...?

Category: Other.

Sejarah Pembinaan terhadap Suku Anak Dalam di Kabupaten Batanghari Provinsi Jambi (1970-2014)

The focus of the problem in this study is to analyze the coaching process carried out by the Government and NGOs. The phenomenon of forest conversion into large oil palm plantations has eliminated the source of livelihoods of the SAD community, which largely depends on forest products. Transfer of land functions also caused some SAD out of their original home range and made SAD fragmented and formed groups with new identities. The study was conducted using historical research methods with a socio-cultural approach. The use of development theory is needed to support the writing of this thesis. From the results of the study it was found that the impact of the formation and effect of the conversion of forest functions which were used as large oil palm plantations and settlements of transmigrants during the New Order changed some SAD communities to shift their livelihoods, change their mindset, broaden their traditions and culture of origin and shape their origin a new identity. After entering the period of Regional Autonomy, the SAD people who were initially silent and accepted all the policies that came from the Central Government, now become a tough person and oppose all the injustices that were perpetrated by the New Order Government. SAD began to demand customary rights in the form of customary land which affected the next Government.

Screening Adherence for Depression Post Stroke: Evaluation of Outpatients, a London Experience (SAD PEOPLE)

ABSTRACTBackground: Post stroke depression (PSD) is common, and the transition home following discharge may be especially challenging for stroke survivors.Objectives: This study aimed to determine how well specific Canadian Best Practice Recommendations for PSD screening were adopted within a stroke rehabilitation outpatient clinic before and after the utilization of a standardized clinical form.Methods: Practices were evaluated through retrospective chart review before and after the implementation of the standardized form which cued physicians to administer the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) at the first outpatient visit. Participants included those aged ≥18 years with a primary diagnosis of stroke.Results: One hundred thirty-five subjects’ charts were reviewed. Form implementation was associated with increased rates of PSD screening (93.8% versus 0%) and charting regarding mood (55.4% versus 15.7%).Conclusion: This study highlights the frequency of depressive symptoms in an outpatient cohort and demonstrates how screening rates can be improved by using a standardized form. Routine PHQ-9 completion at the first outpatient visit was associated with more physician–patient discussion and documentation regarding mood.

From “Sad People on Bridges” to “Kidnap and Extortion”: Understanding the Nature and Situational Characteristics of Hostage and Crisis Negotiator Deployments

AbstractHostage and crisis negotiation is well established as a police tool, and there is a growing body of literature that provides academic insight into the phenomenon. Academics have developed a corpus of literature to explain the way negotiators operate or how they can resolve incidents successfully. Whilst research in this area has originated from various countries and addressed negotiation from a variety of perspectives, there is limited research that has focused specifically on negotiation from an Anglo‐centric perspective. This article presents the findings from a detailed academic examination of negotiator experiences in England, whereby semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 negotiators from nine forces. Analysis using grounded theory revealed 12 deployment categories, situated within a recurring context involving subjects experiencing personal, emotional, or psychological crisis. These categories can be used to enhance our understanding of negotiator deployment in England and are discussed with reference to the implications for negotiator training and practice.

Sad people are more accurate at expression identification with a smaller own-ethnicity bias than happy people.

Sad individuals are more accurate at face identity recognition, possibly because they scan more of the face during encoding. During expression identification tasks, sad individuals do not fixate on the eyes as much as happier individuals. Fixating on features other than the eyes leads to a reduced own-ethnicity bias. This background indicates that sad individuals would not view the eyes as much as happy individuals, and this would result in improved expression recognition and reduced own-ethnicity bias. This prediction was tested using an expression identification task with eye tracking. We demonstrate that sad-induced participants show enhanced expression recognition and a reduced own-ethnicity bias than happy-induced participants due to scanning more facial features. We conclude that mood affects eye movements and face encoding by causing a wider sampling strategy and deeper encoding of facial features diagnostic for expression identification.

Social Representation of Community Therapy in Patients of a Psychosocial Care Center in South Ceará

The decentralization of health care in Brazil, which occurred in the last years since the 1988 constitution, has promoted changes in the mental health care sector. Some proposals for reform in the sector, such as the deactivation of psychiatric hospitals, were implemented. In place of the old asylums, new centers of mental health care emerged, with coexistence in open centers and use of multidisciplinary therapy. Today, the Psychosocial Care Centers called CAPS are already part of the reality of several cities in the country. In Ceará, there were several CAPS in the capital and the interior. In this context of changes also appeared a new therapeutic modality the Community Therapy - TC, implemented by professor Adalberto Barreto, first developed in Fortaleza in Quatro Varas Community, initiating a different approach of attention to mental health. In it the participants help themselves in overcoming their problems, improving their self-esteem and facilitating their return to social life. Our research was carried out with users of the CAPS in South Ceará area, aiming to study the influence of Community Therapy on the treatment of patients. The research was of qualitative character through interviews with users of the CAPS, participants of the Community Therapy. Conclusion: Community Therapy was perceived as positive, a contribution to emotional health. Socialization (environment of meeting with friends, a place of dialogue, where people are willing to listen, moment of fraternization) and a Ressignification (solution of a problem, development, a mental path, attitudes of sad people are softened) of the needs of its users.

Explaining Sad People's Memory Advantage for Faces.

Sad people recognize faces more accurately than happy people (Hills et al., 2011). We devised four hypotheses for this finding that are tested between in the current study. The four hypotheses are: (1) sad people engage in more expert processing associated with face processing; (2) sad people are motivated to be more accurate than happy people in an attempt to repair their mood; (3) sad people have a defocused attentional strategy that allows more information about a face to be encoded; and (4) sad people scan more of the face than happy people leading to more facial features to be encoded. In Experiment 1, we found that dysphoria (sad mood often associated with depression) was not correlated with the face-inversion effect (a measure of expert processing) nor with response times but was correlated with defocused attention and recognition accuracy. Experiment 2 established that dysphoric participants detected changes made to more facial features than happy participants. In Experiment 3, using eye-tracking we found that sad-induced participants sampled more of the face whilst avoiding the eyes. Experiment 4 showed that sad-induced people demonstrated a smaller own-ethnicity bias. These results indicate that sad people show different attentional allocation to faces than happy and neutral people.

Effects of different packages on food product contagion: The moderating roles of mood states and product‐related information

AbstractAcross two experiments conducted for this research, it is evident that different moderators do play a role in the influence of food product contagion effects. This research focuses on how mood states or product‐related information moderate contagion prime and package type. Existing studies indicate that unsealed packages can enhance the extent of the contagion effects more than sealed packages. Study 1 showed that happy people experienced stronger positive contagion effects than sad or neutral ones and that they also demonstrated stronger effects on unsealed packages compared with sealed packages. Conversely, sad people significantly enhanced the extent of negative contagion effects and experienced stronger effects on unsealed packages. Study 2, however, revealed that people receiving positive product‐related information experienced stronger positive contagion effects on unsealed packages, whereas people receiving negative product‐related information showed stronger negative contagion effects on unsealed packages. This is the first study to discuss the chosen moderators on the contagion effect. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effects of food product types and affective states on consumers’ decision making

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of food product types and affective states and on consumers’ variety seeking (VS) tendency. Design/methodology/approach – Two experiments are conducted in this paper to examine the influence of different food product types and the VS-mood state relationship. Findings – The results are consistent with the author's hypotheses and indicate that happy people incorporate more VS when healthful and unfamiliar food products are offered, while sad people incorporate more VS when hedonic and familiar food products are offered. Practical implications – Marketers of leading brands selling hedonic food products could cultivate positive emotions in their target consumers in order to prevent them from switching brands. Conversely, marketers of follower brands may find it appropriate to induce negative moods in their consumers to encourage brand switching. For those marketers who sell less hedonic, healthier food products, marketing strategies should be contrary to those for hedonic food products. In addition, marketers may conduct strategies to prevent consumers from feeling sad in the case of products with a low market profile and which are unfamiliar to their consumers. They could cultivate happy moods in consumers to encourage them to make more varied food product choices. Originality/value – Prior research has focussed mainly on hedonic and familiar products when explaining VS behavior, but the present research has demonstrated the need to discuss different product types, such as healthful and unfamiliar products, in order to obtain a broader understanding of affective states on VS.

Change and status quo in decisions with defaults: The effect of incidental emotions depends on the type of default

AbstractAffective states can change how people react to measures aimed at influencing their decisions such as providing a default option. Previous research has shown that when defaults maintain the status quo positive mood increases reliance on the default and negative mood decreases it. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that positive mood enhances the preference for inaction. We extend this research by investigating how mood states influence reliance on the default if the default leads to a change, thus pitting preference for status quo against a preference for inaction. Specifically, we tested in an online study how happiness and sadness influenced reliance on two types of default (1) a default maintaining status quo and (2) a default inducing change. Our results suggest that the effect of emotions depends on the type of default: people in a happy mood were more likely than sad people to follow a default when it maintained status quo but less likely to follow a default when it introduced change. These results are in line with mood maintenance theory.

Mood and Reactions to Political Advertising: A Test and Extension of the Hedonic Contingency Hypothesis

Research in a variety of contexts has shown that the mood or emotional state of receivers may affect responses to communication messages. This study tested the interaction between mood and message on persuasiveness in the context of political television advertising. Using a 2 (happy or sad mood) by 2 (hedonic consequences: negative or positive) experimental design, a two-way interaction between hedonic consequence and mood was predicted, such that happy people would be more persuaded by positive ads than negative ads. In addition, sad people, it was expected, would be equally persuaded by either ad. Cognitive processing measures, attitudes, and candidate evaluations were used for measuring effects. Data indicated that happy people were more persuaded by positive political advertisements than negative political advertisements. Sad people, however, were equally persuaded by both negative and positive appeals.

The influence of health‐related information on variety‐seeking behavior

PurposeThis paper seeks to explore the effect of mood states and gender on the relationship between health‐related information and variety seeking (VS) behavior among food products.Design/methodology/approachTwo experiments were conducted to examine the moderating effects of mood states and gender on the relationship between health‐related information and VS.FindingsThe results indicate that sad people incorporate more VS than happy people when health warnings and nutritional labeling are absent, but sad and happy people tend to converge to similar levels of VS when health warnings and nutritional labeling are present. Moreover, males incorporate less VS than females when health warnings are present, while females incorporate less VS than males when nutritional labeling is present.Practical implicationsIn the absence of health warnings and nutritional labeling, it is a wiser way for leading brands to cultivate positive consumer moods by utilization of humorous ads, so that they do not search for varied products. For less well‐known brands, inducing negative consumer moods is a better way to encourage brand switching. Further, providing nutritional labeling will strengthen consumer brand loyalty by reducing their VS, especially for females. As the health warnings reduce the VS for males, marketers may take advantage of this effect by associating brand names with health warnings.Originality/valueAs VS is found to be related to over‐consumption, it is important to investigate the effects of health‐related information on VS. However, little empirical evidence has been found on the effect of health‐related information on VS behavior. Further, this study takes into consideration moderating factors as it is important for marketers to realize how health‐related information interacts with the consumer's VS behavior under different mood states and gender. The findings demonstrate that the relationship between health‐related information and VS is moderated by mood states and gender differences, an important contribution to the research on VS behavior.

Sad people are more accurate at face recognition than happy people

Mood has varied effects on cognitive performance including the accuracy of face recognition (Lundh & Ost, 1996). Three experiments are presented here that explored face recognition abilities in mood-induced participants. Experiment 1 demonstrated that happy-induced participants are less accurate and have a more conservative response bias than sad-induced participants in a face recognition task. Using a remember/know/guess procedure, Experiment 2 showed that sad-induced participants had more conscious recollections of faces than happy-induced participants. Additionally, sad-induced participants could recognise all faces accurately, whereas, happy- and neutral-induced participants recognised happy faces more accurately than sad faces. In Experiment 3, these effects were not observed when participants intentionally learnt the faces, rather than incidentally learnt the faces. It is suggested that happy-induced participants do not process faces as elaborately as sad-induced participants.

Creative production by angry people peaks early on, decreases over time, and is relatively unstructured

Anecdotes and introspective reports from eminent scientists and artists aside, a systematic test of the putative creativity-enhancing effect of anger is missing. This article fills this void with three experiments examining creativity as a function of anger (vs. sad or a mood-neutral control state). Combining insights from the literatures on creativity and on mood and information processing the authors predicted that anger (vs. sadness and a mood-neutral control state) triggers a less systematic and structured approach to the creativity task, and leads to initially higher levels of creativity (as manifested in original ideation and creative insights). Following work on resource depletion, the authors further predicted that anger more than sadness depletes resources and that, therefore, creative performance should decline over time more for angry than for sad people. Results supported predictions. Implications for creativity, information processing, and resource depletion are discussed.

Sad people avoid the eyes or happy people focus on the eyes? Mood induction affects facial feature discrimination

Depressed people tend to avoid eye-contact in social situations and in experimental settings, whereas happy people actively seek eye-contact. We report an experiment in which participants made discriminations between faces that had either configural or featural changes made to the eyes, nose, or head shape. The results showed participants induced to be happy detected changes in eyes more often than participants induced to be sad, but failed to detect changes in other facial features. Sad-induced participants detected changes to the head shape but not the eyes. The results are interpreted in terms of differential use of features attended to by happy and sad participants, whereby happy people are more likely to attend to eyes during face perception than sad people.

Affective states, familiarity and music selection: power of familiarity

This study is aimed to examine the influence of familiarity of media contents (music) and affective states (sad vs. happy) on music selection. Based on the previous studies on mood and selective exposure, it was assumed that both sad and happy individuals will prefer to listen to low energetic–joyful (sad) music over the high energetic–joyful music. However, it was predicted that unfamiliarity of the music will prevent such preference tendency for sad people but in some degree it will incite curiosity of happy people. The results confirmed that the familiarity of the music is more important factor in music selection than the current sad or happy feelings. However, the happy participants showed similarly low preference for the unfamiliar music as the sad participants did. Unexpectedly, the unfamiliar/low energetic–joyful music provided sad participants with happy and energetic affects. The familiar/high energetic–joyful music enjoyed more but both types of music were favourably rated.