Sacrificial Activity Research Articles

Study on the Symbols "Sheng" and "Zu" in Hongshan Culture Rock Paintings

Fertility and ancestor worship are important expressions of social ecology and natural views in Hongshan culture. Based on archaeological findings, numerous archaeological remains related to fertility have been found in Hongshan culture sites. These artifacts reflect the worship, respect, and emphasis on female fertility by the people of Hongshan culture. Additionally, Hongshan culture demonstrates reverence for its ancestors. Archaeological studies have uncovered numerous sacrificial sites and offerings, indicating the reverence and sacrificial activities towards ancestors during the Hongshan culture period. Ancestor worship evolved from primitive totem worship in transitioning from matrilineal to patrilineal societies. Recent surveys and field investigations of rock paintings in the Chifeng region have identified 130 individual "Sheng" and "Zu" character rock paintings, meticulously documented through data recording. Comparative studies of similar "Sheng" and "Zu" character symbols in artifacts and rock paintings from the Hongshan culture period reveal the culture's emphasis on fertility, ancestor worship, and reverence for life. These beliefs and cultural traits were fully expressed in Hongshan culture and profoundly influenced subsequent cultural developments and people's values. This study enhances our understanding of the beliefs and values of the people of Hongshan culture, their regard for life, fertility, and ancestors, and the role of these symbols in cultural transmission.

Study on the Sports Value of "Subealilu" Dance by Baiyi People in Heqing County

This article uses the method of literature review to study the sports value of the Bai ethnic group's "Yabeilu" dance in Heqing County. The research shows that the origin of the Bai ethnic group's "Yabeilu" dance theory contains profound cultural heritage, returning to mythology, migration, and plague memories through body movements and performances. Analyzing the cultural connotation of the "Subealilu" dance leads to the conclusion that it embodies a multicultural significance. The "Subealilu" dance has been inherited and developed in the local sacrificial activities. Baiyi people also express their emotions and gain a sense of group identity in the process of the folk activities to entertain god and oneself. The "Subealilu" dance has become the spiritual bond connecting other nations and uniting them.

Christian Ecology in the Letter to the Hebrews

AbstractThis paper proceeds from a discourse analytical perspective and asks what we can learn from Hebrews 1-2 concerning the relationship of humanity to creation through Christ. First, the exordium is examined to reveal a descent–ascent motif for the incarnate Son who is the one through whom God creates (1:2) and who sustains everything by his powerful word (1:3). The paper then explains how the Son’s sacrificial activity is subsumed within this theology as we look at the catena of scriptural citations found in the rest of chapter 1, where the catena deepens the theology of the exordium by presenting the same events in reverse order. However, towards the end of the catena, when we would expect a reference to the Son and his having inherited a name greater than the angels (1:4), we instead hear about how the angels are sent to serve humanity who inherit salvation. This enables the discourse to move on to chapter 2 and the purpose of Christ’s descent to lead humanity heavenward to glory (2:10). This paper uncovers how that glory is the Son’s own glory and posits a process of theosis by which humanity shares in the Son’s sustaining role over creation.

The sacrificial area at the Sanxingdui site in Guanghan, Sichuan

Abstract Since May 2022, six newly-discovered sacrificial pits have been excavated at the Sanxingdui site, revealing 13,000 cataloged artifacts. Over 3000 of them are intact, well-preserved artifacts made of ivory and other materials. Considering the discoveries from these six pits and the two previously excavated pits, we propose that pits K5 and K6 were used as sacrificial pits for sacrificial activities, while the other pits served as burial pits for ritual objects. The excavations detailed in this article hold great significance for understanding the sacrificial activities, the sacrificial systems of the ancient Shu state, and the shifting settlement patterns at the Sanxingdui site.

STRATEGI PROMOSI TEBAR HEWAN KURBAN DOMPET DHUAFA DALAM PERSPEKTIF KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN TERINTEGRASI

Integrated communication channels make it easier for the market to capture promotional messages. Mistakes in designing marketing communication strategies will have an impact on messages that cannot be conveyed. This can damage the company's image because the market cannot find the benefits of the product. This study aims to analyze the promotion strategy of the Dompet Dhuafa Sacrificial Animal Stocking program using the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) perspective presented by Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong. This research applies a qualitative-inductive descriptive method using library data from various relevant sources. The results showed that the promotion of the Dompet Dhuafa Sacrificial Animal Stocking program applies the principles of integrated marketing communication. The IMC principle that emphasizes the integration process of promotional channels that convey one promotional message has been implemented in the promotion of Sacrificial Animal Stocking 1443 H through the message of the benefits of #JadiManfaat sacrifice. All parties involved in THK activities have coordinated their activities on the delivery of sacrificial benefit messages in order to achieve the objectives of the sacrificial decision. The above study can be recommended for managers of institutions that organize sacrificial activities to pay attention to the integration of promotional messages that use various communication channels in order to achieve promotional goals.

Characterizing ancient jade by on-site analysis in Sanxingdui, China

Characterized by various materials, types and patterns, ancient jade is a unique symbol of Chinese civilization. However, crucial information can be jeopardized by the sudden exposure during excavations, and abundant jade artefacts were stored without scientific identification in the archaeological context. Sanxingdui site was an essential center of a complex society in the Chengdu Plain in Bronze Age China. During the new excavation in Sanxingdui sacrificial area (pit K3–K8) since 2019, cabins have been used for better site conservation, providing ideal conditions for on-site study. Employing portable devices, on-site non-destructive analysis were conducted inside pit K8. The results of Raman and XRF show that the raw material is nephrite, indicating the consistency of jade material preference with the majority of Sanxingdui jade from pit K1–K2 and the majority of prehistoric jade as well. Evidence of mineral thermal phase transition from tremolite to diopside was found on the zao chisel and proved the existence of jade burning related to the sacrificial activities. The Fe content in the surrounding soil led to the red and orange colors on the jade surfaces and the neutral environment helped retaining of the original texture and natural luster of the nephrite. Based on the geometric morphometric database, the jade zhang forked blade was quantitatively recognized as the most typical zhang type only found in Sanxingdui. It is demonstrated that the non-destructive analysis is efficient to characterize the ancient jade and makes it possible to construct the database of all the jade artefacts on site, providing the basis of solving larger-scale archaeological problems that are not necessarily bounded by geographical regions or time periods.

Persembahan Yang Layak Di Hadapan Tuhan Ditinjau Dari Kejadian 4:1-16

Humans are basically spiritual beings. Because, a person can mentally react to something. Humans have always tried to relate to the divine. So the relationship with the god is in the form of worship. The concept of worship in both the Old and New Testaments is the same concept. The Hebrew word for century and the Greek for the beginning of latreia denote the occupation of slaves. And to perform "worship". Before Allah, then His servants must bow down in fear of adoration full of awe, awe and respect. This is the concept behind one's operation in every sacrificial activity in every ministry. Likewise with the implementation of public worship believing in the Lord Jesus. Human sacrifices given as thanksgiving offerings to God are part of worship. No after service offers. This is because the offer is not simply a symbol of giving with what one has, whether in money, or in kind, or in some other way. But the best thing about an offer is that to whom the offer is made the Lord Jesus must be based on faith or the right foundation of a gift from someone else or for some other purpose. Almost all forms of worship are carried out by Sunday schools for children, youth, youth, mothers, fathers, parents, Sunday services and other services bringing offerings of thanks for being part of the service. But the gift must be well understood and taken seriously.

从『诗经』中看祭祀活动由商至周的政治化演变

문명은 언어, 문자, 혈연, 인종, 종교, 문화 풍습을 포함한 여러 요소에 의해 결정되며, 그 중 일부는 강하게 관련된 요소이고 일부는 약하게 관련된 요소이며 중국 문명의 경우 종교는 상대적으로 약하다. 하상주夏商周상고上古사회의 무문화巫文化, 제사문화는 종교의 궤도에 오르지 못하고 오히려 주나라 때부터 제사가 정치화되어 국가 예교, 정치의 일부가 되었다. 시경은 중국 문학의 보물로 제사에 관한 내용도 있는데, 이 작품들은 문학적 가치가 매우 높 을 뿐만 아니라 문화적 의미도 풍부하다. 시경을 통해서 제사의 변화를 볼 수 있다. 중국에서 는 예로부터 제사가 존재하였고 주나라에 이르러 제사를 정치화政治化하는 전환이 이루어졌 다. 제사는 상대의 단순한 봉신奉神행위에서 정치적인 윤리적인 도덕적인 행사로 전화하였고 교화의 역할을 맡았다. 이러한 전환은 중국 문화사에 매우 중요한 영향을 미쳤다. 이 글은 시경 중에 제사와 관련한 내용을 담고, 다른 사료들과 문헌을 결합하여 제사의 4대 요소(제사 의 대상, 제사의 물건, 제사의 절차, 제사의 기능)를 분석하여 상나라에서 주나라로 미신적 제사가 정치적 제사로 변화되는 과정을 설명하고 있다. 문화와 정치 사이의 상호 침투는 하루 아침에 이루어지지 않으며, 고대 중국의 정치화된 미만성瀰漫性종교를 이해하는 것은 현대 중국의 정치 환경을 더 잘 이해하는 데 큰 도움이 된다.

Livestock supply to an imperial sacrificial site of the early Chinese empires evidenced by strontium isotope ratios

A newly excavated ritual site, Xuechi, exposed abundant sacrificial livestock, allowing to understand the supplies and managements of livestock during the early Chinese Qin-Han Empires. Here we reported animal enamel 87Sr/86Sr values from the Xuechi site that are obviously higher than those of local snails and surface water, as well as calcites of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) where the site was located, strongly suggesting that these sacrificial animals were not raised in the vicinity of the site. The regional bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr isoscape further indicates that some livestock were probably derived more than one hundred kilometers away, suggesting a complex social network for recruiting and managing the sacrificial activities. In the context of other Neolithic-Bronze Age records on the CLP, an increasing trend in variation of faunal 87Sr/86Sr values shows a robust correlation to Chinese states’ trajectory, in concordance with the territorial expansion model for state formation.

Ethnozoological Study of Wild Bird Species Body Parts Supply in Traditional Medicine Markets, Abeokuta, Nigeria

The paper examined the ethnozoological study of wild bird species' body parts supply of eighty-three traditional medicine marketers in six traditional medicine markets in Abeokuta North and South Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria using snowball and convenience sampling techniques through the administration of a set of structured questionnaire to 83respondents. The result showed that four-fifths of the total respondents were females (85.54%), two-thirds of the total respondents (68.68%) were less than 50 years and 91.56% of the total respondents had formal education. A total of 21 bird species had their body parts and products on sale in the different markets studied in the study area. Due to the belief and faith of the people, the respondents agreed that there were some bird species that are regarded as being sacred or forbidden and thus, the birds and their bird body parts are used and sold in traditional medicine to treat different ailments and for sacrificial activities of their clients. It was concluded that the existence of bird species cannot be over-emphasized because they are important in believed resources for curing specified types of ailments and sacrificial offerings in traditional medicine. It was recommended that since birds significantly contribute to the natural ecosystem, human health and nutrition, forest and wildlife conservation campaign should be strengthened.

Research on the Cultural Tracing of the Patriarchal Clan System of Traditional Buildings in the Eastern Zhejiang Province, China, Based on Space Syntax: The Case Study of Huzhai in Shaoxing

The patriarchal clan system is an important prerequisite for the formation and development of Chinese traditional culture. The spatial layout and space usage of traditional buildings are intimately related to patriarchal culture. Thus, analyzing the spatial layout and usage is an effective way to trace the culture of traditional buildings. In this study, a typical traditional building named Huzhai in eastern Zhejiang was examined as an example. The spatial layout characteristics of Huzhai and different space usage relations corresponding to different users under the influence of the patriarchal clan system were investigated through “all lines” analysis in space syntax. In this process, traditional ritual activities were considered crucial for tracing the culture of traditional buildings in the eastern Zhejiang province. The results demonstrate that spatial layout and the usage of traditional buildings in the eastern Zhejiang province have led to “class” distinctions under the influence of patriarchal culture. The sacrificial activities of families further emphasize the class distinctions of building space. The differences in building space usage among different classes reflect the unequal distribution of social resources in China’s traditional feudal society. These differences reflect the inequality of space mastership and control among different classes that are a result of the unequal distribution of social resources in China.

Fracture images in temple murals for sacrificial activities in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Shanxi

A great number of 'fracture images' in murals remain in some temples in Shanxi province, describing Buddhist rituals for sacrificial activities in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Some 'fracture images', such as 'splint fixation method' and 'suspension fixation method', were found in Puguang Temple, Yunlin Temple and Yong'an Temple. These murals with 'fracture images' demonstrated characteristics of secularisation and realistic style, as vivid portrayals of surgical medicine in the Ming Dynasty. For instance, one of the pictures in Puguang Temple clearly described the shape of orthopedic splints at that time. The depictions in 'fracture images' in temple murals were basically consistent with the records in ancient literature based on the investigation on fracture treatment in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. They provided visual materials for further study of orthopedic history.

A Psychological Analysis of the Imagery of Chinese Menshen

The prominent imagery of Menshen (门神door gods) within traditional Chinese culture has led to the development of a variety of cultural symbols, including military door gods, civil door gods, praying door gods, and other related ones, such as stone lions and Shigandang (stone tablets). This article studies the impact of the belief in Door Gods and their worship on Chinese psychology and behaviour on both a conscious and unconscious level. At the conscious level, from its first articulation to its development into a cultural image and related myths and legends, the belief in Door Gods can be said to have gone through four stages: a primitive worship of reproduction in ancient times, animal worship during the Zhou Dynasty, the worship of anthropomorphic gods during the Han Dynasty and the worship of hero gods worship during the Tang Dynasty. This process corresponds to the four specific symbols of ‘peach branch’, ‘tiger/chicken’, ‘Shēn Shū(神荼)’ and ‘Yù Lǜ(郁垒)’ (‘鬼’: the two spirits guarding the entrance of the house), and ‘hero’. On an unconscious level, the psychological symbolism of the belief in Door Gods belief is interpreted through the Door Gods sacrifice and the Fu(复)” hexagram. Closing the door is related to Kun (坤, the receptive, earth), while opening the door is related to Qian (乾, the creative, heaven). Together, Kun and Qian were held to be in a state of continual transition, one changing into the other, which reflects Chinese philosophy’s emphasis on movement. Traditionally, Chinese people held more than 10 kinds of door-related sacrificial activities every year. Although some of these activities have gradually fallen out of use, the traditional custom of pasting door couplets and images of Door Gods to doorways has been preserved. By repeating the ritual every year, the Chinese gain the strength to protect themselves and their family members. Clinical studies of sandplay therapy have found that the image of Door Gods constitutes a ‘patron saint’ on an unconscious level. Door gods guard the boundary between consciousness and unconsciousness (the inner and outer worlds), thereby protecting the spiritual strength of those who supplicate them. This suggests that using their images in a therapeutic context could help individuals to maintain boundaries and protect themselves. The emergence of the Door Gods image can transform the guardian energy hidden at the border between unconsciousness and consciousness, help the clients keep the boundary and protect themselves.

The Path Deduction from Folk Art to Stage Art in the Change of Geographical Environment: Take Anhui Flower Drum Lantern as an Example.

Anhui flower drum lantern, as a folk dance in the Huaihe River Basin, exudes the local cultural atmosphere and expresses the cultural color of song and dance drama incisively and vividly. At the same time, it is a sacrificial activity with social belief. As a typical example of the development of folk activities in Anhui, it is an important intangible cultural heritage. With the accelerating construction of economic globalization and social innovation, the pursuit of “cultural confidence” has gradually become the belief of a country, a nation, and even everyone. More and more attention is being paid to the protection and dissemination of national intangible cultural heritage. The paper takes Anhui flower drum lamp as the research object, combined with the characteristics of the regional nature, performance form, content, and cultural connotation of Huagu Lantern, by reading the social activities of the people on both sides of the Huaihe River Basin and using literature data, field visits, interviews, logical analysis, and other research methods. The origin, living environment, development historical context, cultural value, existing confusion, and development countermeasures of Huaihe River are analyzed and discussed. This article helps to spread to the people the understanding of the evolution law of the traditional projects with the characteristics of generational attack. At the same time, it is also helpful to grasp the understanding of Hua Gu Deng and the social life, social beliefs, social relations, and other factors on both sides of the Huaihe River. This also make people further understand the social status and value function of the flower drum lantern along the Huai River and it is of great practical significance to the dissemination of the same type of intangible cultural heritage.

Tibetan Folk Songs and Dances in Diebu – The Musical Characteristics of Gerba (Gar Pa)

Folk songs and dances originated from people’s sacrificial activities in the struggle against nature in the primitive society. Their origins are related to the ideology and living environment of the people at that period of time. These activities were expressed in the form of primitive songs and dances, and gradually evolved into folk songs and dances. The gar pa song and dance from Diebu, in Gannan region, is a unique song and dance of a Tibetan region on the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Its content and form are unique. It still retains the original trinity feature which includes poem, music, and dance. The production of songs and dances contains rich cultural connotations and unique local characteristics. This article elaborates the characteristics of Diebu’s gar pa song and dance in terms of its music and performance form.

A Maximal Understanding of Sacrifice: Bataille, Richard Wagner, Pilgrimage and the Bayreuth Festival

This paper calls for a broad conception of sacrifice to be developed as a resource for cultural sociology. It argues the term was framed too narrowly in the classical work of Hubert and Mauss. The later approach of Bataille permits a maximal understanding of sacrifice as non-utilitarian expenditures of money, energy, passion and effort directed towards the experience of transcendence. From this perspective, pilgrimage can be understood as a specific modality of sacrificial activity. This paper applies this understanding of sacrifice and pilgrimage to the annual Bayreuth “Wagner” Festival in Germany. Drawing on a multi-year mixed-methods study involving ethnography, semi-structured interviews and historical research, the article traces sacrificial expenditures at the level of individual festival attendees. These include financial costs, arduous travel, dedicated research of the artworks, and disciplines of the body. Some are lucky enough to experience transcendence in the form of deep emotional experience, and a sense of contact with sacred spaces and forces. Our study is intended as an exemplary paradigm case that can be drawn upon analogically by scholars. We suggest that other aspects of social experience, including many that are more ‘everyday’, can be understood through a maximal model of sacrifice and that a rigorous, wider comparative sociology could be developed using this tool.

The Punctuation of Hebrews 10:2 and its Significance for the Date of Hebrews

The significance of Hebrews 10:2 for the date of the letter has been the subject of debate, with some scholars finding it decisive for a pre-70 CE date and others denying it any importance, proposing (rightly) that the writer is arguing theoretically about sacrificial activity extending since the time of Aaron. The 2017 publication of the Tyndale House Greek New Testament brings the debate into sharp focus with Hebrews 10:2a punctuated as a statement (‘If the sacrifices were effective, they would not have ceased to be offered’) rather than a question (‘If the sacrifices were effective, would they not have ceased to be offered?’). Reading the clause as a statement implies that the temple has fallen and sacrifices have ceased, leading to the conclusion that Hebrews postdates this event. An examination of the manuscript evidence, the history of interpretation, the syntax, and the context shows that the clause should be read as a rhetorical question expecting a positive answer from the readers: ‘Yes, the sacrifices would have ceased if they were effective.’ Even if the writer were arguing theoretically, this would be a difficult answer had the temple been destroyed. This makes a pre-70 date more likely than a post-70 date.

Qualitative Exploration of the Psychological Characteristics of Folk Tian Worship —Taking Folk Sacrificial Activities to Tian in Linyi Area as Sample

The worship of Tian; Folk faith; The folk sacrifice of Tian; Ancestor worship

New Insight into Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Tetrasodium Salt as a Sacrificing Sodium Ion Source for Sodium-Deficient Cathode Materials for Full Cells.

Sacrificing sodium supply sources is needed for sodium-deficient cathode materials to achieve commercialization of sodium-ion full cells using sodium-ion intercalation anode materials. Herein, the potential of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt (EDTA-4Na) as a sacrificing sodium supply source was investigated by intimately blending it with sodium-deficient P2-type Na0.67[Al0.05Mn0.95]O2. The EDTA-4Na/Na0.67[Al0.05Mn0.95]O2 composite electrode unexpectedly exhibited an improved charge capacity of 177 mA h (g-oxide)-1 compared with the low charge capacity of 83 mA h (g-oxide)-1 for bare Na0.67[Al0.05Mn0.95]O2. The reversible capacity of an EDTA-4Na/Na0.67[Al0.05Mn0.95]O2//hard carbon full-cell system increased to 152 mA h (g-oxide)-1 at the first discharge with a Coulombic efficiency of 89%, whereas the Na0.67[Al0.05Mn0.95]O2 without EDTA-4Na delivered a discharge capacity 51 mA h g-1 because of the small charge capacity. The EDTA-4Na sacrificed itself to generate Na+ ions via oxidative decomposition by releasing four sodium ions and producing C3N as a decomposition resultant on charge. It is thought that the slight increase in discharge capacity is associated with the electroconducting nature of the C3N deposits formed on the surface of the Na0.67[Al0.05Mn0.95]O2 electrode. We elucidated the reaction mechanism and sacrificial activity of EDTA-4Na, and our findings suggest that the addition of EDTA-4Na is beneficial as an additional source of Na+ ions that contribute to the charge capacity.

Faith in the Water God General Yang Si and the Construction of Its Sacred Field at Taoyuan

Sacred land experience is exclusive to the sacred space, with its unique geographical location, the spiritual beliefs of ethnic groups as the carrier, become a place of pilgrimage for people. In view of the increasingly serious problems such as floods, soil erosion and water pollution, we should respect rivers to advocate the harmonious coexistence of human and water. Through sacrificial activities, site selection, spatial pattern and symbolic system, this paper explains the future focus on the research and protection of historical space culture, revealing the close correlation between the construction of sacred sites and the planning of ecological environment protection.