Saccharum Munja Research Articles

Analysis of thermomechanical and dynamic characteristics of treated saccharum munja fiber polymer composite

Analysis of thermomechanical and dynamic characteristics of treated saccharum munja fiber polymer composite

Insights into application of novel citric acid modified Saccharum munja biosorbent for facile removal of fuchsin basic dye, crystal violet dye and copper metal ion: statistical modelling, kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium studies

Insights into application of novel citric acid modified Saccharum munja biosorbent for facile removal of fuchsin basic dye, crystal violet dye and copper metal ion: statistical modelling, kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium studies

Revealing the interface chemistry of polyaniline grafted biomass via statistical modeling of multi-component dye systems: optimization, kinetics, thermodynamics, and adsorption mechanism.

The growing need to examine the adsorption capabilities of innovative materials in real-world water samples has encouraged a shift from single to multicomponent adsorption systems. In this study, a novel composite, PANI-g-SM was synthesized by covalently grafting a lignocellulosic biomass, Saccharum munja (SM) with polyaniline (PANI). The as-synthesized composite was investigated for the simultaneous adsorption of cationic (Methylene Blue (MB); Crystal Violet (CV)) and anionic dyes (Reactive Red 35 (RR); Fast Green FCF (FG)) from four single components and two binary systems, MB + RR and CV + FG. Further, the effect and interaction of pH (2-11), dosage (0.01-0.04g/10mL), and initial concentration (0.0313 to 0.1563mmol/L) on the elimination of dyes by PANI-g-SM were studied through a novel design of Box-Behnken of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique which was found to be highly useful for revealing the chemistry of interfaces in multi-component systems. The extended Langmuir model for the binary system indicated the presence of synergism, as result the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity increased by 44.44%, 645.83%, 67.88%, and 441.07% for MB, RR, CV, and FG dye, respectively. Further, the adsorption process mainly followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the thermodynamic studies revealed the exothermic nature of adsorption for RR and FG dye while endothermic for MB and CV dye, respectively with varying from - 1.68 to - 6.12kJ/mol indicating the spontaneity of the process. Importantly, the efficacy of the composite was evaluated for the treatment of textile industry effluent highlighting its potential as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

Indigenous traditional knowledge for protection of crops from wild animals and birds

Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) is the term used to describe certain local, indigenous, or regional societies' well-developed, long-standing customs and practices. ITK is not yet fully utilized in the developmental process. This always requires technology transfer from a location that perceives this knowledge. The horizontal spread of this knowledge requires the involvement of some agents who recognize it, value it, and appreciate it in their interaction with the local community and document it percolating from one generation to another generation. For this purpose, Krishi Vigyan Kendra Ajmer involved READY (Rural Entrepreneurship Awareness Development Yojana) students during their village attachment program. The READY students interacted with knowledgeable /progressive farmers to collect and document ITK being used by farmers to safeguard their crops against wild animals and birds. The study revealed 16 ITK technologies that are used by the local farmers.The study also revealed that farmers ranked barbed fence as the most effective ITK of the area, followed by Bijuka, planting of thorny bushes at the edges, planting rows of Saccharum munja, trenching, machan, and fixing of used coloured sarees /cloths and plastic strips /bright coloured cloths / bright pennies.

Mechanical and Dynamic Characterization of Saccharum Munja Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite

Mechanical and Dynamic Characterization of Saccharum Munja Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite

Анализ механических свойств и характеристик свободных колебаний волокнистого полимерного композита на основе обработанных волокон муньи

Introduction. With increasing environmental concern nowadays, researchers are studying new alternating materials that can meet the society needs and are extracted from renewable and biodegradable resources. The various natural fibers have been investigated by researchers to replace synthetic ones. The purpose of the work. In present study, treated saccharum munja fibers considered as reinforcement material in Particulate (PC), Short and Random (SRC) and in Unidirectional (UDC) form along with AW106 Resin and HV953. The paper assesses the mechanical properties of Munya fibers (Saccharum munja). Initial six natural frequencies along with corresponding damping factors are measured to analyze the possibility of using a composite material. Research methods. A compression molding machine was used to form laminated composite materials. Surface treatment of fibers removes the dust, lignin and hemicellulose, which improves mechanical and free vibration properties. Results and Discussion. Tensile and flexural test shows the highest value of strength 170 MPa and 143 MPa in case of UDC composite, and the lowest in the case of PC. Addition of munja fiber to epoxy matrix enhances the fiber matrix adhesion bonding. The PC composite shows better value of damping than SRC and UDC composite. The highest natural frequency 43, 233, 298, 849, 918 and 1,440 Hz obtained in case of UDC irrespective of all modes. The results of the free vibration analysis show that Saccharum Munja fiber composite may be used as structural material. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that the experimental results output in case of tensile and flexural teste are significant.

Environmental application of Saccharum munja biomass-derived hybrid composite for the simultaneous removal of cationic and anionic dyes and remediation of dye polluted water: A step towards pilot-scale studies

Herein, a novel formulation comprising of two composites: Saccharum munja biomass-functionalized carbon nanotubes (SM/CNT) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified SM/CNT (SM/CNT/CTAB), was prepared and its physicochemical properties were analysed. The two composites were mixed in different ratios and investigated for the simultaneous removal of two cationic and two anionic dyes at neutral pH and the maximum removal of both types of dye were obtained with a ratio of 1:2. Further, the optimization of experimental parameters (pH, dosage and concentration) was carried out with response surface methodology (RSM). An in-depth evaluation of adsorptive interactions occurring between Malachite green (MG), Crystal Violet (CV), Congo Red (CR) and Acid Blue 93 (AB) dyes under the single, binary, ternary and quaternary systems were investigated for the first time. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity evaluated from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to be 177.62, 180.51, 193.42 and 235.29 mg/g for MG, CV, CR and AB dyes respectively. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, while the thermodynamic studies revealed the spontaneous nature of adsorption for all the four dyes. However, the process was found to be exothermic in the case of CR and AB dyes while endothermic for MG and CV dyes. Interestingly, a significant increase in the adsorption capacity of the hybrid biosorbent was observed for the elimination of dyes from multi-component systems owing to the synergistic effect occurring between dyes through adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbent-adsorbate interactions. Moreover, the hybrid composite was explored for the treatment of two dyeing effluents comprising multiple dyes and removed 95.56% and 97.34% of dyes with a dosage of 0.03 g/10 mL within 10 min. Overall, the results indicated the excellent potential of the novel formulation for treating dye-contaminated effluents in an expeditious, efficient and economical manner.

SACCHARUM MUNJA DERIVED BIOCHAR LOADED WITH HEMATITE NANOMATERIAL FOR REMEDIATION OF CHROMIUM(III) FROM AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT: ISOTHERMAL, ERROR ANALYSIS, KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES

Three forms of Saccharum munja had been utilized for a comparison among uptake of chromium metal from aqueous media. Scanning electron microscope characterization of sorbents revealed microporous and tubular structure in modified nanomaterial. Fourier transform infrared analysis explored different surface attaching ionic groups like hydroxyl, carbonyl also nitro groups, responsible for metal uptake from solution. Experiments on concentration factor suggested maximum percent sorption capacity of 89.65 by hematite loaded Saccharum munja biochar. Adsorption equilibrium data implication on isotherms and error functions favored experimental findings. Calculation of two forms of different isotherms for example Dubinin-Radushkevich, Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich isotherm supported adsorption experiments with high R2>0.9 values for all sorbents. Error analysis indicated favorable results by five errors but chi-square test error values were minimum in both linear data and non-linear data. Kinetic modeling results indicated high rate of adsorption as shown by their large R2 value and closely related k, Qe and h values. Thermodynamic results showed that biosorption reactions were endothermic and spontaneous. These results also suggest that hematite loaded nanomaterials are good biosorbents for chromium metal uptake in minimum concentration and high output. Desorption study was essential for recovery of nanomaterial to be used again and again in experiments.

Identification of heavy metals tolerant Brevundimonas sp. from rhizospheric zone of Saccharum munja L. and their efficacy in in-situ phytoremediation

Heavy metals phytoremediation from pulp and paper industry (PPI) sludge was conducted by employing root-associated Brevundimonas sp (PS-4 MN238722.1) in rhizospheric zone of Saccharum munja L. for its detoxification. The study was aimed to investigate the efficiency of Saccharum munja L. for the removal of heavy metals along with physico-chemical parameters through bacterial interactions. Physico-chemical examination of PPI sludge showed biochemical oxygen demand (8357 ± 94 mg kg−1), electrical conductivity (2264 ± 49 μmhoscm−1), total phenol (521 ± 24 mg kg−1), total dissolve solid (1547 ± 23 mg kg−1), total nitrogen (264 ± 2.13 mg kg−1), pH (8.2 ± 0.11), chemical oxygen demand (34756 ± 214 mg kg−1), color (2434 ± 45 Co–Pt), total suspended solid (76 ± 0.67 mg kg−1), sulphate (2462 ± 13 mg kg−1), chlorolignin (597 ± 13.01 mg kg−1), K+ (21.04 ± 0.26 mg kg−1), total solid (1740 ± 54 mg kg−1), phosphorous, Cl−, and Na+. Heavy metals, such as Fe followed by Zn, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr and Hg were above the permissible limit. Root and shoot of Saccharum munja L. revealed highest concentrations of Cd followed by Mn, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu, As, Cr, Hg, and Pb. Tested metals (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, and Hg) bioaccumulation and translocation factors were also revealed to be < 1 and >1, respectively, demonstrating that these plants have considerable absorption and translocation abilities. Plant growth-promoting activity, such as ligninolytic enzymes, hydrolytic enzymes, indole acetic acid, and siderophore production activity of Brevundimonas sp. (PS-4 MN238722.1) were also noted to be higher. These findings support the use of Brevundimonas sp (PS-4 MN238722.1) in combination with Saccharum munja L. plant as interdisciplinary management of industrial sludge at polluted areas for the prevention of soils near the industrial site.

In-situ fabrication of surfactant modified CNT-based novel bio-composite and its performance evaluation for simultaneous removal of anionic dyes: Optimization by Box-Behnken design

• CTAB modified Saccharum munja containing 1% CNT bio-composite was fabricated. • Anionic dyes were removed effectively from single and multi-component systems. • RSM with Box-Behnken design was used for the optimization. • Regeneration of the bio-composite was studied up to 5 cycles. The simultaneous and efficient removal of anionic dyes at neutral pH is a challenging task and is thus attracting considerable attention to remediate wastewater. Herein, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant was used for the modification of Saccharum munja based bio-composite containing 1% functionalized carbon nanotube (CNT). The as-synthesized bio-composite was characterized and used to study the affinity and efficacy towards the removal of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (BB), Reactive Red 35 (RR) and Reactive Orange 107 (RO) dyes from the single and multi-component systems. Response surface methodology (RSM), with Box–Behnken design matrix was successfully employed for the optimization of operating parameters i.e., pH, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of dyes. The proposed models were significant as per the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical analysis. Furthermore, the experimental data were well fitted with the pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model with a very high monolayer adsorption capacity for the single-component system, i.e., 1179.39, 109.41 and 22.14 mg/g for BB, RR and RO dyes respectively at neutral pH conditions. The interactive effects between dye molecules in binary and ternary systems were studied using the extended Langmuir model, which revealed competitive as well as synergistic behavior of dyes. Interestingly, the observed affinity trend, BB > RR > RO was explained on the basis of the proposed adsorption mechanism. Regeneration of the exhausted bio-composite depicted excellent reusability even after five adsorption-desorption cycles, which makes CTAB modified SM + CNT a promising candidate adsorbent for treating simulated dyeing effluents and the whole process is cyclic and eco-friendly.

Highly Efficient Conversion Biomass of Saccharum munja for Cellulases and Xylanase Production to Ethanol Repression by Newly Isolated Trichoderma atroviride AD-130

In this study the filamentous fungi Trichoderma atroviride AD-130 was evaluated for production of cellulases as well as xylanase. An attempt has been made to optimize the cultural and nutritional conditions for cellulases and xylanase production by Trichoderma atroviride AD-130 under submerged fermentation. The lignocellulosic biomass of Saccharum munja was used as carbon source for cellulases and xylanase production. Whole fermentation process was carried out in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with agitation speed of 170rpm. The maximum titers of cellulases (FPase 1.01 U mL-1, CMCase 2.69 U mL-1, b-glucosidase 0.82 U mL-1) and xylanase (82.99 U mL-1) were obtained on 5th and 4th day respectively when Trichoderma atroviride AD-130 was grown at initial medium having pH 6.0 at 30°C using 2.0% (w/v) Saccharum munja biomass as substrate.

A polymeric suspension of amine functionalized silica nanoparticles derived from Moonj grass for the carbon capture and storage applications

Herewith, amine functionalization of low cost support from a novel and sustainable source has been entrenched to improve the carbon dioxide (CO2) capture efficiency. The support used is silica nanoparticles (SNPs), derived from a commonly available weed grass namely, Moonj (Saccharum munja L.). The amine functionality was anchored over the SNPs’s surface to obtain amine-functionalized SNPs (AFSNPs) using one step process. The SNPs and AFSNPs were characterized with FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and BET to confirm the structural and textural properties. Subsequently, AFSNPs were suspended in a polymeric solution of 1000 ppm hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) forming an AFSNP-HPAM nano-fluid. The nano-fluid remained stable for over 21 days and no sign of sedimentation was observed. Increasing the AFSNPs’s concentration in the nano-fluid increased the viscosity of the nano-fluid while increasing the amine loading over SNPs did not much affect the base viscosity. The nano-fluid showed improved CO2 absorption property for AFSNPs over SNPs. This improved CO2 absorption property can be attributed to the synergy between polymer and AFSNPs. The inclusion of the AFSNPs in the polymer matrix also enhanced thermal stability of polymer at high temperatures. Thus, the utilization of these AFSNPs is proposed in subsurface applications for effective carbon utilization and storage.

Adsorptive studies on the removal of dyes from single and binary systems using Saccharum munja plant-based novel functionalized CNT composites

Herein, Saccharum munja (SM) plant biomass and its novel composites with 0.5%, 1% and 2% functionalized carbon nanotube (CNT) were innovatively proposed as a versatile biosorbent for the removal of safranine O (SO) and methylene blue (MB) dyes from the single and binary systems. The morphology, structure and physicochemical properties of the as-fabricated adsorbents were characterized using various techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Batch adsorption studies revealed maximum removal of dyes at neutral pH and equilibrium was reached within 10 min of contact time for both the dyes. The adsorption process was modelled by the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm, where the maximum adsorption capacity of the 1%CNT+SM composite was enhanced by 336.29% and 35.49% as compared to raw SM, in the case of SO and MB dye respectively. Interestingly, the raw SM and its composites showed a higher affinity in the binary system towards the removal of SO (82.56-95.67%) as compared to MB (80.67-94.24%) dye. Regeneration studies depicted excellent reusability even after the tenth sequential adsorption–desorption cycle, which makes these adsorbents a promising material for wastewater remediation. • Raw Saccharum munja and its composites with functionalized CNT were fabricated. • Safranine O and Methylene Blue dyes were removed effectively using the adsorbents. • The composite of SM with 1% functionalized CNT gave the best results. • Regeneration of all adsorbents was studied up to 10 cycles.

Efficacy of Treatment in Ayurveda for the Management of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Case Study

Diabetic Nephropathy is one of the serious clinical condition that originated as a complication of the Diabetes Mellitus. It is the main culprit for end-stage renal diseases, which ultimately may lead to life-threatening conditions. A 58 years old male patient was having diabetes mellitus and hypertension for 15 years came to Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital and research centre, Wardha, Maharashtra (India) having bilateral pedal edema, vomiting, nausea, general weakness, frequent nocturnal micturition, hiccough from last two months. He was treated with Gokshuradi Guggulu, Chandraprabha Vati, Bhumyamalaki Churna, a freshly prepared decoction of Trunpanchmula [combination of Kush (Desmostachya bipinnata), Kash (Saccharum pontaneum), Darbha(Saccharum munja), Nal (Saccharum officinarum)and kandeshu] 50 ml daily twice a day after food. All other allopathic treatments for hypertension and Diabetes were continued as before, but the patient took only Ayurveda’s treatment for Nephropathy. After continuous treatment for two months, Blood Urea level was remarkably decreased from 51 mg/dl to 45 mg/dl &amp; Serum Creatinine also reduced from 3.0 mg/dl to 1.5 mg/dl with a gross decrease in proteinuria. Both Blood sugar fasting &amp; post- prandial were also reduced from 246mg/dl &amp; 346 mg/dl to 190mg/dl &amp; 225mg/dl respectively. The present Case report is discussed here to show the efficacy of Ayurveda in diabetic Nephropathy.

Assessment of Anti-Anemic Effects of Saccharum Munja Roxb Roots Extract

Anticancer agents often cause bone marrow suppression resulting in progressive anemia which may influence the therapeutic effects of different cancer treatment. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate, effects of ethanolic extract of Saccharum munja roxb (Kaana or Sirkanda) on hemoglobin and red blood cells counts suppressed by carboplatin. Methodology: Anemia was induced in mice with a single iv dose of 50 mg/kg carboplatin. Hematological responses including, RBC and Hb was measured at 3rd, 5thand 8th day. Saccharum munja roxbethanolicextract with dose of 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg were given to different treatment groups. Results: In the low dose (R. ext 25mg/kg) group hemoglobin level was found to be 11g/dl on 8thday. However (R.ext 50mg/kg) showed more improvement in hemoglobin levels i.e11.5 g/dl at 8th day. The mice treated with higher doses of extract (R.ext100mg/kg) showed major improvement in hemoglobin levels at 8th day which was 12.6g/dl.RBC count increased after oral administration of Saccharummunja extract (R.ext 25mg/kg) to 6.4 ×106cells /mm3 on 8thday. However, in (R.ext 50mg/kg) extract treated group RBC count was found to be 6.9 × 106cells /mm3 on 8thday. In (R.ext 100mg/kg) treated group the RBC count was 7.4 × 106 /mm3 on 8thday. Conclusion: Thus, the results suggested that ethanolic-extract ofSaccharum munja roxb at different dosesshow beneficial effects in improving different parameters of blood.This study also appropriately described the time course of hematological changes after carboplatin induced anemia in mice. Therefore, this study method can be useful tool to explore potential strategies for the management of anemia caused by chemotherapeutic agents. Keywords: Carboplatin, heamoglobin, Saccharummunja

Studies on feeding behavior of Sangai deer (Rucervus eldii eldii) in Keibul Lamjao national park, Manipur (India)

The Sangai deer (Rucervus eldii eldii) is an endangered species which is found only in KeibulLamjao National Park, Manipur (India) with an area of 40 km2. Selection of observation point and direct observation method were utilized to record certain behavioral pattern shown by the Sangai deer. Determination of food resources were carried out to identified feed species during the observation hour. The finding of the present study shows that the behavioral activities were notice more in the morning (dawn) than evening (dusk). The most favorable food by Sangai deer were Zizania latifolia (Kambong), Pragmitis karka (Tou), Saccharum munja (Khoimom), Carex cruciata (Humdang), Learsia hexandra (Hup), Alpinanigra (Pullei) and Hydechiumcoronarium (Loklei). Amongst the favorable food species, the most preferable food by the Sangai deer is Zizania latifolia while some of the individuals were seen consuming ashes (Tanggoi) during the observation. Intrusion of domestic animals within the park area may lead to severe calamities which then lead to the spread of many harmful diseases to Sangai deer and its inhabitants. Shyness of animal and sensitive behaviors of Sangai deer was observed. Questionnaire surveys were carried out among 40 respondents. The result suggested that the status of feeding must be taken care so that there should not be any alteration or changes in their behavior due to intrusion, local vegetables collector and disturbances.

Utilization of a Newly Developed Nanomaterial Based on Loading of Biochar with Hematite for the Removal of Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Media

In order to conserve the energy used for remediation of harmful metals from aqueous media, an adsorption process was performed. It is efficient and low-cost method with zero carbon emissions as compared to other methods. A hematite-based novel nanomaterial loaded onto biochar was utilized for the remediation of toxic cadmium metal ions from aqueous media. Saccharum munja has been employed as low-cost feedstock to prepare the biochar. Three adsorbents i.e., raw Saccharum munja (SM), Saccharum munja biochar (SMBC) and hematite-loaded Saccharum munja bichar (HLSMBC) were used in batch adsorption tests to study uptake of metal ions by optimizing the experimental parameters. Experimental data and calculated results revealed maximum sorption efficiency of Cd(II) removal was given by HLSMBC (72 ppm) and SMBC (67.73 ppm) as compared with SM (48.7 ppm). Among adsorption isotherms applied on work best fit for Cd(II) adsorption on SM was found for a Freundlich isotherm with high values of correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 0.9 for all sorbents and constant 1/n values between 0–1. Equilibrium results were evaluated using five different types of errors functions. Thermodynamic studies suggested feasible, spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption process, while, the ∆H parameter &lt; 80 kJ/mol indicated physiosorption and positive ∆S values promoted randomness of ions with increase in adsorption process. Data fitted into type I of pseudo second order kinetics having R2 ≥ 0.98 and rate constants K2 (0–1). Desorption process was also performed for storage, conservation and reuse of sorbent and sorbate materials.

Preparation of silica nanoparticles facilitated by Saccharum munja plant

The sol–gel method is used for the synthesis of silica nano particles from Saccharum munja plant. Dried Saccharum munja plant was heated at 600 °C for 4 h to convert into Saccharum munja ash (SMA). By solution of sodium hydroxide, silica was extracted from the ash of Saccharum munja along with the sodium silicate. Silica was precipitated by H2SO4 at pH 4, sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetyl-tri-methyl-ammonium bromide were used as a surfactants and water/butanol were taken in same ratio. Different parameters like aging temperature, time, surface coverage and the effect of surfactant are tested to identify the favorable conditions for producing the homogeneous mixture of silica nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy data reveal that silica nanoparticles are amorphous and have size in the range of 30–50 nm. The results obtained by this method show the economic importance of the Saccharum munja.

Phenol-Furfural Resin/Montmorillonite Based High-Pressure Green Composite from Renewable Feedstock (Saccharum munja) with Improved Thermo-Mechanical Properties.

This research endeavour aimed to explore the potential of a native, nonedible and low market value plant feedstock, i.e., Saccharum munja for green synthesis of woodware materials and improve its features by incorporating an economical blending material. A significant amount of furfural, i.e., 58%, was extracted from Saccharum munja through the modified acid digestion method. Extracted furfural was reacted with phenol to prepare phenol-furfural resin, an alternative to phenol-formaldehyde resin but with no harmful effects for humans. The synthesized resin was also blended with montmorillonite clay after modification via Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment for improved thermo-mechanical properties. These resins and composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. Resultant resins and composites were further employed as a binding agent to make high-pressure composite from leftover plant residue by hot-press method. The resultant product was subjected to TGA analysis and furnished high value of degradation temperature (Tdeg), i.e., 607 °C. Prepared high-pressure composite samples were mechanically tested through compression tests by Tinius Olsen Testing Machine and hardness tests by Rockwell Hardness Tester. Its tensile strength value was 58.3 MPa while hardness value was found to be 64 RHB which was greater than mild copper with hardness value 48.9 RHB. Thus, green high-pressure composite material was successfully developed by employing Saccharum munja and montmorillonite clay while no toxic resin was used, nor was any residue left over.

Slow Catalytic Pyrolysis of &lt;i&gt;Saccharum munja&lt;/i&gt; using Bio-genically Synthesized Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Production of high yield Biofuel

In this study, the slow pyrolysis has been performed in a fixed bed reactor using Saccharum munja (munj) as raw biomass material and bio-genically synthesized nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NF-NPs) as a catalyst at an optimum temperature of 450 oC. In the absence of any catalyst, the obtained yield of bio-oil was 43.3 %. The maximum yield of bio-oil (72 %) was obtained with 0.4 g of NF-NPs. With 0.2g of ZSM-5, the obtained bio-oil yield was 44.5 %. The characterization of NF-NPs was studied by using UV-VIS analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The characterization of Bio-char was done by using FT-IR spectroscopy.