SA Approach Research Articles

Pembentukan Kecerdasan Emosional Melalui Pendekatan Sa`Adah Mutawazinah Di Sekolah

Emotional intelligence is an individual's potential to improve the individual's emotions. Meanwhile sa`adah mutawazinah is an approach to counselling that involves a balance between the world and the hereafter in an individual's life. The formation of emotional intelligence through the sa'adah mutawazinah approach in schools not only provides students with a deep understanding of the emotions of themselves and others, but also has a significant impact in strengthening the balance between aspects of the world and the hereafter. This article aims to determine the formation of emotional intelligence through the sa approach. `There is mutawazinah at school. This article is included in the library study. Data collection techniques are through books, journals and other documents. The results obtained are that with the sa'adah mutawazinah approach in schools, emotional intelligence is emphasized to achieve harmony between happiness in this world and the hereafter. This education emphasizes Islamic values, including empathy and self-control. The key to success lies in the integration of Islamic principles, the development of emotional values, and parental involvement, paving the way for sustainable happiness in this world and the hereafter.

MM/GB(PB)SA integrated with molecular docking and ADMET approach to inhibit the fat-mass-and-obesity-associated protein using bioactive compounds derived from food plants used in traditional Chinese medicine

IntroductionObesity is currently a major global concern, requiring the development of effective therapeutics. This study determines the inhibitory activity against FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated protein) of food plant-derived bioactive compounds of TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) importance, by in silico approaches. MethodsFood plant-derived phytochemicals, such as curcumin (CCMN), cajaisoflavone (CJIF), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3OG) and pelargonidin-3-glucoside (P3GS), were selected as ligands, and docked to FTO. The reference FTO-inhibitor used was meclofenmic acid (MCFA). MDS (molecular dynamic simulations) was accomplished with 10 ns run for the docked complex of FTO with the most potential phytocompound. The phytochemicals were subjected to bioactivity scoring, Lipinski's rule of five screening, and ADMET prediction. Law ResultsMolecular docking demonstrated binding energies of -9.4, -8.8, -8.7 and -8.2 kcal/mol for CCMN, CJIF, C3OG and P3GS, respectively. The reference inhibitor MCFA had binding energy of -7.8 kcal/mol, and therefore, the FTO inhibition capacity of the ligands were in order of CCMN > C3OG > P3GS > CJIF > MCFA. The FTO residues His231, Ser229, Val228, Leu109, Tyr108 and Pro93 played crucial role in protein-ligands interaction displaying hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. MDS-based MM/GB(PB)SA binding free energies authenticated CCMN (-6.67/-8.77 kcal/mol) as a stronger FTO inhibitor than MCFA (0.19/-0.02 kcal/mol). Pharmacological properties of the phytochemicals predicted were comparable to MCFA standard. DiscussionTCM compounds of botanical origin are important for the effective management of obesity. In the current study, all the phytochemicals, the potential TCM ingredients, with acceptable pharmacological properties displayed excellent binding affinity and stronger inhibitory activity against FTO, compared to MCFA. FTO_CCMN displayed more energetic stability compared to FTO_MCFA using MM/GB(PB)SA approaches. Overall, this study paved the basis of FTO-associated obesity management with food plant-based therapeutics of TCM importance in the globe.

Ruxolitinib'in COVID-19 majör proteaz enzimine ve SARS CoV-2 spike glikoproteinine karşı inhibitör aktivitesi: Bir moleküler kenetlenme çalışması.

Ruxolitinib (C17H18N6) is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that inhibits JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 and with its tyrosine kinase inhibitor function It is the first drug approved for use in the treatment of myelofibrosis. The possible conformations of the ruxolitinib molecule were searched using PM3 technique and the Spartan06 software. The estimated molecular energies of the Ruxolitinib conformers, obtained by the variations in dihedral angles, were compared, and the most stable conformer was determined. To enlighten the inhibitory activity of Ruxolitinib agaist the apo (PDB ID: 6M03) and holo (PDB ID: 6LU7) forms of the main protease enzyme (Mpro) of COVID-19 and the SARSCoV-2 spike glycoprotein (PDB ID: 6VXX), molecular docking simulations were performed. The binding affinities and binding modes were determined. The binding free energies of ruxolitinib and 6M03, 6LU7, 6VXX targets calculated by the combination of Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) and Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) methods {MM/PB(GB)SA approach}, were found to be -22.24, -19.96 and -22.44 kcal/mol, respectively.

International Child Abduction in South Africa

This chapter evaluates how South Africa approaches and applies certain aspects of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the challenges it faces, and how it submits proposals to improve its application. The SA courts are the upper guardians of children in terms of the common law and uphold the best interests of the child as a paramount principle. The Chief Family Advocate (“FA”) has been appointed as the Central Authority (“CA”) and falls under the Department of Justice and Correctional Services. The Chief Liaison Judge is based in the Appeal Court and has appointed Liaison Judges in the Provincial Divisions. How SA approaches international child abduction, and applies the HC, is explored. SA has a rich jurisprudence around the practical application of the HC. The procedure in these matters; the general rules and exceptions; the voice, representation and participation of the child; and the approach to children’s best interests and measures to protect their interests are evaluated. SA’s approach in regard to HC matters could be improved. How the challenges of an independent best-interests factor, outcomes veering away from the return principles, the FA’s compromised role as the CA, and the delays in outcomes prejudice the HC’s philosophy and the application thereof are considered. Recommendations are made for the acceleration of proceedings, more certainty in the consideration of Article 13 defences incorporating protective measures in return orders, further clarity from courts or the implementation of practice directives in these matters, the use of mediation, and further guidelines/directives to be provided. Given the importance of the HC in international child abduction matters, hopefully the aims and purposes of the HC can be fully realised in SA’s future.

Structural and vibrational investigations and molecular docking studies of a vinca alkoloid, vinorelbine

Vinorelbine, a vinca alkaloid, is an antimitotic drug that inhibits polymerisation process of tubulins to microtubules, and is widely used in cancer chemotherapy. Due to the importance of the structure-activity relationship, in this work the conformational preferences of the vinorelbine molecule were surched by PM3 method. The obtained lowest energy conformer was then optimized at DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory and the structural characteristics were determined. Frontier orbital (HOMO, LUMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analyses were performed for the optimized structure. The experimental FT-IR, Raman and UV-VIS spectral data of vinorelbine along with the theoretical DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculations were investigated in detail. The vibrational wavenumbers were assigned based on the calculated potential energy distribution (PED) of the vibrational modes. To shed light into the anticancer property of vinorelbine as microtubule destabilizer, the most favourable binding mode and the interaction details between vinorelbine and tubulin were revealed by molecular docking studies of vinorelbine into the α,β-tubulin (PDB IDs: 4O2B; 1SA0; 7CNN) and binding free energies were calculated by the combination of Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) and Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) methods {MM/PB(GB)SA}. The calculated vinorelbine-7CNN binding free energy, using by MM/PB(GB)SA approach, was found to be the best (-50.39 kcal/mol), and followed by vinorelbine-4O2B (-28.5 kcal/mol) and vinorelbine-1SA0 (-17.59 kcal/mol) systems. Moreover, the interaction of vinorelbine with the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), which are known to help in the metabolism of many drugs in the body, was investigated by docking studies against CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 targets. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The impact of simulation time in predicting binding free energies using end-point approaches.

The profound impact of <i>in silico</i> studies for a fast-paced drug discovery pipeline is undeniable for pharmaceutical community. The rational design of novel drug candidates necessitates considering optimization of their different aspects prior to synthesis and biological evaluations. The affinity prediction of small ligands to target of interest for rank-ordering the potential ligands is one of the most routinely used steps in the context of virtual screening. So, the end-point methods were employed for binding free energy estimation focusing on evaluating simulation time effect. Then, a set of human aldose reductase inhibitors were selected for molecular dynamics (MD)-based binding free energy calculations. A total of 100[Formula: see text]ns MD simulation time was conducted for the ligand-receptor complexes followed by prediction of binding free energies using MM/PB(GB)SA and LIE approaches under different simulation time. The results revealed that a maximum of 30[Formula: see text]ns simulation time is sufficient for determination of binding affinities inferred from steady trend of squared correlation values (R²) between experimental and predicted [Formula: see text]G as a function of MD simulation time. In conclusion, the MM/PB(GB)SA algorithms performed well in terms of binding affinity prediction compared to LIE approach. The results provide new insights for large-scale applications of such predictions in an affordable computational cost.

Dissecting the molecular recognition of dual lapatinib derivatives for EGFR/HER2.

Abnormalities in the expression levels of EGFR/HER2 are found in many different types of human cancer; therefore, the design of dual inhibitors of EGFR/HER2 is a recognized anti-cancer strategy. Some lapatinib derivatives have been previously synthesized by modification at the methylsulfonylethylaminomethylfuryl group and biologically evaluated, demonstrating that the 2i compound shows potent inhibitory activity against EGFR/HER2-overexpressing cancer cells. In the present study, we explored the structural and energetic features that guide the molecular recognition of 2i using various EGFR/HER2 states. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with an MMPB(GB)SA approach was used to generate the inactive EGFR/HER2-ligand complexes. Our results corroborate that slight modification of lapatinib contributes to an increase in the affinity of the 2i compound for inactive EGFR/HER2 as compared with lapatinib compound, which is in accordance with experimental results. Comparison with previous results reveals that lapatinib and its derivative bind more strongly to the inactive than the intermediate active-inactive HER2 state. Principal component analysis allowed the observation that coupling of 2i to EGFR/HER2 is linked to a reduction in the conformational mobility, which may also contribute to the improvement in affinity observed for this compound as compared with lapatinib.

Health-Care Providers’ Perspectives on Decision-Making Among Seriously Ill Patients of South Asian Origin in the United States

Persons of South Asian origin (SAs) are the fastest growing minority group in the United States. Culturally competent care for patients and families of SA origin necessitates an understanding of the cultural factors that affect decision-making for palliative and end-of-life care. To better understand health-care providers' perspectives on decision-making among seriously ill persons of SA origin. Data were collected in a US Midwestern city, predominantly in 2 hospital-based health-care systems along with a few interviews of private practitioners. Researchers conducted a thematic analysis of data. Transcripts were coded individually, coding disagreements resolved through discussion and themes arrived upon by consensus. Health-care providers reported that numerous factors interact to influence decision-making among SAs. Patient-based factors include education, time spent in the United States, expectations of physician-directed care, and spiritual beliefs. Family-based factors include a norm of family-based decision-making and a complex distribution of decision-making responsibilities among family members. Provider-based factors include challenges reconciling SA and American approaches to decision-making. Community-based factors include negative attitudes and a lack of education regarding palliative care and the potential role of community support in health-care decision-making. A rich cultural context influences health-care decision-making among seriously ill SAs. An understanding of this context will enhance providers' cultural competence and likely improve services to this growing population.

Regulatory assessment of the bank market risk: international approaches and Ukrainian practice

The implementation of international standards for the bank risk assessment and market risk, in particular, in Ukrainian banking practice is aimed at achieving common standards for regulating banking activities in different countries. This should help to increase the banking sector stability in Ukraine and, accordingly, increase the interest of foreign investors.The article deals with the methodological approaches to assessing the bank market risk (in particular, SA, IMA and R-SbM approaches) recommended by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in terms of standardization and unification of the normative framework of capital requirements for Ukrainian banks. Considering the analysis results, it was determined that the choice and implementation of an optimal approach in the context of Ukrainian banking practice can be carried out in one of two alternative scenarios: 1) a simplified version of a sensitivity based method (R-SbM); and 2) a recalibrated version of the Basel II standardized approach. In this case, the Basel II recalibrated version is more acceptable for use by banks, since it is most relevant to volume and complexity of transactions carried out by Ukrainian banks.The obtained results are aimed at improving the existing methodology for calculating the adequacy ratio of banks' regulatory capital (N2), which currently considers only the needs for credit risk coverage, and at refining the methodology in terms of considering banks' market-risk coverage needs.

FarPPI: a webserver for accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding structures for small-molecule PPI inhibitors by MM/PB(GB)SA methods.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been regarded as an attractive emerging class of therapeutic targets for the development of new treatments. Computational approaches, especially molecular docking, have been extensively employed to predict the binding structures of PPI-inhibitors or discover novel small molecule PPI inhibitors. However, due to the relatively 'undruggable' features of PPI interfaces, accurate predictions of the binding structures for ligands towards PPI targets are quite challenging for most docking algorithms. Here, we constructed a non-redundant pose ranking benchmark dataset for small-molecule PPI inhibitors, which contains 900 binding poses for 184 protein-ligand complexes. Then, we evaluated the performance of MM/PB(GB)SA approaches to identify the correct binding poses for PPI inhibitors, including two Prime MM/GBSA procedures from the Schrödinger suite and seven different MM/PB(GB)SA procedures from the Amber package. Our results showed that MM/PBSA outperformed the Glide SP scoring function (success rate of 58.6%) and MM/GBSA in most cases, especially the PB3 procedure which could achieve an overall success rate of ∼74%. Moreover, the GB6 procedure (success rate of 68.9%) performed much better than the other MM/GBSA procedures, highlighting the excellent potential of the GBNSR6 implicit solvation model for pose ranking. Finally, we developed the webserver of Fast Amber Rescoring for PPI Inhibitors (farPPI), which offers a freely available service to rescore the docking poses for PPI inhibitors by using the MM/PB(GB)SA methods. farPPI web server is freely available at http://cadd.zju.edu.cn/farppi/. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Systematic Literature Review on Search Based Software Testing

The use of random search is very poor at finding solutions when those solutions occupy a very small part of the overall search space. Test data may be found faster and more reliably if the search is given some guidance. This work is a paper that explains the application of metaheuristic techniques in search-based software testing. The paper systematically review 47 papers selected randomly from online databases and conference proceeding based on the metaheuristic search techniques that have been most widely applied to problem solving, the different fitness function used for test data selection in each of the metaheuristic technique, and the limitation in the use of each search-based technique for software testing. It was found that GA outperformed its counterparts SA, HC, GP and random search approaches in generating test data automatically, different approaches were used to make sure that test data are selected within shorter period of time and also with wider coverage of the paths based on the fitness function, and most of the limitations of the articles are the handling of complex data types, like array, object types, and branch coverage. The paper also provides areas of possible future work on the use of metaheuristic techniques in search-based software testing.

Load balancing for multi-threaded PDES of stochastic reaction-diffusion in neurons

Chemical reactions and molecular diffusion in a neuron play an important role in the transmission of signals within a neuron. Discrete event stochastic simulation of the chemical reactions and diffusion provides a more detailed view of the molecular dynamics within a neuron than continuous simulation. As part of the NEURON project we developed a multi-threaded optimistic PDES simulator, Neuron Time Warp-Multi Thread, for these reaction-diffusion models. We used NTW-MT to simulate a calcium wave model due to its importance to the neuroscience community and representativeness of the types of reaction-diffusion problems which need to be solved in neuroscience. During the course of our experiments we observed a decided need for load balancing and window control to achieve large-scale runs. In this paper, we improved the Q-Learning and Simulated Annealing load balancing algorithm according to characteristics of reaction and diffusion model to address both of these issues. We evaluated the algorithms by various parameters in various scales, and our results showed that (1) the algorithm improves the execution time for small simulations by up to 31% (using Q-Learning) and 19% (using SA) and (2) the SA approach is more suitable for larger models, decreasing the execution time by 41%.

An Exploratory Evaluation of General Aviation Pilot Performance and Preferences Using Synthetic Vision Displays for Approaches and Missed Approaches in Flat and Challenging Terrain

Eight instrument-rated General Aviation pilots completed CAT I SA approaches to Oklahoma City (KOKC) and localizer approaches to Aspen (KASE), the latter with missed approaches. Approaches to KOKC were conducted in two levels of runway visual range (RVR) with two decision heights (DH) using a head-up or head-down display with Synthetic Vision (SV) imagery. The lower DH led to significantly more completed approaches while the higher DH regularly caused pilots to execute missed approaches. RVR was not a significant factor for those values examined. Although SV was expected to be more beneficial for missed approaches in mountainous terrain (KASE) than for initial approaches, terrain clearance achieved was not influenced by display format. Cross-track and glide-slope root-mean-square error for the approaches to KOKC did not differ reliably between display conditions. Pilots uniformly believed they could successfully and comfortably complete approaches in lower visibilities if SV equipped as compared with other displays.

Uniform Parallel Machine Scheduling Problem with Controllable Delivery Times

AbstractThis paper considers the uniform parallel machine scheduling problem with controllable delivery times, which assumes that the delivery times of jobs are linear decreasing functions of the consumed resource. It aims to minimize the maximum completion time under the constraint that the total resource consumption does not exceed a given limit. For this NP-hard problem, we propose a resource allocation algorithm, named RAA, according to the feasible solution of the uniform parallel machine scheduling problem with fixed delivery times. It proves that RAA algorithm can obtain the optimal resource allocation scheme for any given scheduling scheme inO(nlogn)time. Some algorithms based on heuristic algorithm LDT, heuristic algorithm LPDT and simulated annealing are proposed to solve the uniform parallel machine scheduling problem with controllable delivery times. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithms are tested based on those data with problem sizes varying from 40 to 200 jobs and 2 to 8 machines. The computational results indicate that the SA approach is promising and capable of solving large-scale problems in a reasonable time.

Application of Health Management and Diagnostics for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Payloads

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Synthetic aperture radars are radar platforms that generate detailed images through radio frequency transmission and receiving. These systems can be high peak power, complex systems that can suffer from internal component or subsystem degradation. In addition, the operational environment can also affect the final image of the radar due to scene-based radio frequency interference (RFI). Because of these effects, it is ideal to be able to identify, classify, and quantify the degradation of these systems in order to optimize their performance and life. The work presented in this paper is an extension of QorTek’s previous work using Symbolic Analysis to detect degradation using the radar’s phase history data. In conjunction with the KEYW, Corp., QorTek has acquired field data to train and test its algorithm. To test the trained algorithm, a prototype hardware/software system integrating the SA approach was designed, built and flown on a test flight piggybacking on a radar system provided by KEYW. The initial results were very positive and also identified areas of improvement. The training and test results as well as the flight-test plan and results are presented in this paper. The paper concludes with specific improvements to be made to the algorithm for the next round of radar integration and flight-testing.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

What-If Scenario Modeling to Support Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Decision-Making

ABSTRACTScenario analysis (SA) is the process of developing plausible futures around the forces affecting an organization in the face of uncertainties over which it has little control. SA is widely used in the private sector and increasingly a tool of environmental planners grappling with problems of great complexity and uncertainty. SA ideally marries expert judgment with the broader perspectives engaged stakeholders bring. While the 1990 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) brought substantive improvement to oil spill contingency planning, many issues remain. Reguatorily prescribed definitions of ‘worst case’ lead to SA practice that seldom achieves the full promise of the SA approach. Contingency planning overly focused on tactical and operational considerations can leave response managers little prepared to deal with public concerns that emerge in the event of a major spill, concerns increasingly magnified through social media. Politics continues to contribute to poorly conceived contingency planning in which adopted scenarios bear little resemblance to events that subsequently transpire. Risk attenuation and risk amplification both inhibit scenario-based planning around oil spills, evinced by the Deepwater Horizon spill. Improvements in pre-planning in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill nevertheless provide a foundation for more effective use of SA.

Finding Common Ground

The article “Situation Awareness Misconceptions and Misunderstandings” (Endsley, 2015) discusses common fallacies noted in the literature in the interpretation of Endsley’s 1995 model of situation awareness (SA; Endsley, 1995). The clarifications presented in the article provide a more complete and comprehensible explanation of the model. As in the complex domains that we study, our attention suffers from limitations as we simplify each other’s work in our eager and well-intentioned quest to attack new and exciting problems. Dr. Endsley is to be thanked for giving us pause to rebuild our own SA of SA in her thoughtful article. SA has, for many years, been a powerful and influential construct. In our own work in cognitive work analysis (CWA), we have viewed SA as a complementary framework that challenges and drives CWA. Without doubt, the output of a CWA-based design process should be the design of a system that promotes better SA and performance (Burns et al., 2008). CWA and goaldirected task analysis may organize the world in slightly different dimensions, but the overall intent is the same: to create systems that support human decision making as well as we can. Indeed, it is this common intent that unites us in our field. To advance cognitive engineering, there are times when we must challenge each other, critique each other’s models, hunt for flaws, and identify promising new directions. Assuredly, this helps us progress, strengthen our methods, and deepen our understanding. This article clearly identifies such activity and responds to it. We are all better for this exercise, as it challenges both SA and all our approaches to grow and deepen. Acknowledging this, we would like to change our perspective to a larger one and discuss challenges facing cognitive engineering as a whole. In these challenges, our existing methods, SA, CWA, and other approaches must adapt and grow. Advancements in intelligent systems and automation have increased in the amount of data produced by information systems and yet placed the human in new roles. In many cases, these roles are partially in the loop and partially out of the loop and may involve supervisory control or may have the human working in systems with very little supervisory control at all because the automation is largely nontransparent. We outline three core areas of challenges: self-awareness and self-regulation, memory failures or performance with incorrect SA, and design for unstructured environments.

A Stated Adaptation Approach to Assess Changes in Individuals’ Activity-travel Behavior in Presence of Personalized Travel Information

The rapid and inevitable growth of availability of travel information for travellers has increased expectations among policy makers about the benefits of travel information. It is increasingly expected that providing advanced travel information can trigger particular travel behaviors that would contribute to sustainable mobility. Currently, travel information is mostly descriptive and distributed to a group of travellers. This kind of information just provides information about different alternatives without emphasizing which alternative is better to choose. In addition, it ignores differences between individuals. However, to induce travellers to behave in particular ways it may be more effective to recommend one best alternative, which is in line with their preferences and habitual activity-travel pattern. In that sense, the increasing availability of smart phones allows one to issue context-sensitive, personal advice. As a result, dedicated personalized recommendations could be provided, considering personal preferences and optimal control strategies. Such new technology, however, requires advanced data collection and a new generation of models about traveller strategic responses. In that regard, stated adaptation experiments are a proper approach to collect data when the technology still is not available to use in practice. In this paper, we evaluate effects of personalized travel information on individuals’ activity-travel behavior. To identify those effects, we introduce an innovative stated adaptation approach to assess possible behavioral changes in the presence of advanced forms of travel information. In the proposed SA approach, first, a detailed profile of individuals’ activity-travel pattern for one day is collected. Second, different scenarios are given to subjects, who are asked how they would change their activity-travel pattern under information provision. The provided travel information to each individual is either descriptive or prescriptive. Four scenarios are assigned to each individual. Each scenario is based on attributes of four different. Results of data analysis provide insights into the differential effects of descriptive and prescriptive travel information on activity-travel patterns. In turn, any induced change will provide keys to the effectiveness of travel information for transport demand management.

A Comparison of Uniform DIF Effect Size Estimators Under the MIMIC and Rasch Models

The Rasch model, a member of a larger group of models within item response theory, is widely used in empirical studies. Detection of uniform differential item functioning (DIF) within the Rasch model typically employs null hypothesis testing with a concomitant consideration of effect size (e.g., signed area [SA]). Parametric equivalence between confirmatory factor analysis under the multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) model and the Rasch model has been established. Unlike the Rasch approach to DIF, however, the parallel MIMIC approach to DIF detection has relied exclusively on null hypothesis testing. This study derived an effect size estimator for DIF under the MIMIC model (MIMIC-ES) and then investigated the ability of MIMIC-ES to correctly estimate the magnitude of DIF as compared to the SA approach under the Rasch model (Rasch-ES) in a Monte Carlo study. Variables manipulated were sample size, mean ability difference, DIF size, number of DIF items, and item difficulty levels. Results indicated that MIMIC-ES performed well when there was no mean ability difference. When mean ability difference was present, MIMIC-ES became increasingly imprecise and unstable when the sample size was small for all DIF sizes and number of DIF items. MIMIC-ES outperformed Rasch-ES when the number of DIF items reached 30%.

A Situated Approach To Shared Situation Awareness

Team SA theories differ in the information they require operators to have for effective coordination. Endsley and Jones (1997) stress shared SA, while Distributed SA (DSA) argues coordination involves transactive and compatible SA. Although we agree with Endsley on the importance of shared SA, we argue her account of how it is acquired exceeds the working memory capacity of individual team members. We offer an account consistent with a Situated SA perspective that claims individuals off-load information to their environment whenever possible to minimize effortful internal processing. We argue that the situated SA approach, in conjunction with Pickering and Garrod’s (2004) Interactive-Alignment Model, can explain how shared SA is acquired, relying on automatic processes enacted when individuals interact in conversations. This approach can be used to study team SA in many complex and distributed systems.