S-glass Fiber Research Articles

Quasi-static punch shear behavior of glass/epoxy composite: Experimental and numerical study in artificial seawater environment

Enhancing the understanding of how fiber-reinforced polymer composites respond to high-speed impacts is crucial, particularly in comparison to Quasi-Static Punch Shear Test (QS-PST). While researchers have extensively investigated QS-PST in FRP composites through experimental and numerical approaches, there's a notable gap in studies addressing the aging effects through both experimental and numerical methods. In this study, the QS-PST was conducted on S2 glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials aged in an artificial seawater environment. Composite plates were fabricated using Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). Test samples were subjected to aging for durations of 4, 8, and 12 months. Experimental QS-PST were performed on the samples, followed by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using LS-DYNA and the MAT 162 material model. The mechanical properties of the composite material were incorporated into the FEA and aging effects were simulated with a maximum error of 8.08% by using the proposed material model. The results indicated that the aging process led to a reduction in the punch shear strength of the composite by up to 26.84%. These findings provide valuable insights into the degradation mechanisms of composite materials in marine environments, aiding in the development of strategies for enhanced durability and performance in such conditions.

Experimental Research on the effect of Structural glass fibre in the Tensile Strength Ratio and Retained Stability of VG40 Bituminous mix

Abstract The tensile characteristics of bituminous mix are a major concern for pavement engineers due to the cracking issues. The cracking infuses moisture into the pavement layers which affects the stability of the pavement. The measures to reduce the fatigue tensile cracks have to be taken in the design stage rather than the maintenance stage. The tensile properties and the stability are evaluated using the indirect tensile strength and retained stability tests. While fibers improve the tensile properties of pavement, the S-glass fiber possessing superior mechanical strength has been found to have less scope in past studies. Thus, the current study primarily focuses on examining how Structural Glass fiber reinforced in VG-40 bituminous concrete mix improves the tensile and moisture susceptibility characteristics. The Marshall technique of bituminous mix design was used to establish the ideal bitumen content for casting the bituminous concrete specimens. At the ideal bitumen content, the attributes of bituminous mixes were established. Tensile strength ratio (TSR), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and Retained Stability of modified bituminous concrete mix were assessed. It is observed that the bituminous mix prepared by adding the S-Glass fibre of 8mm length by 3% weight of aggregates exhibited higher ITS, TSR, and Retained stability. The bituminous mix with glass fiber incorporated had higher retained stability (95.36%) than the conventional mix (91.17%). The results of the Indirect Tensile Strength Test revealed that the mix with glass fiber added had a higher Tensile Strength Ratio (92%) compared to the mix with conventional fiber (87%). A noteworthy outcome that creates opportunities for more study in this field is the rise of 5% TSR and 4.66% maintained the stability of the glass fiber-modified bituminous mix.

Dynamic Analysis of Laminated Composite with Inclusion

With growing environmental awareness, ecological concerns and new legislations, bio-fibre reinforced polymer composites have received increasing attention during the recent decades. This study focuses on the processing of seashell powder into micron size and utilizing the same as filler with glass fibres and epoxy resin in the preparation of the composite, thereby increasing mechanical strength. The constituents used in this composite showcase properties like higher strength, higher stiffness, chemical resistance, good insulation to electricity and lightweight. The components found in seashell such as Na, Ca, Al and C along with the S-glass fibre and the binding provided by the resin are responsible for enhancing hardness and tensile strength of the composite. Numerical analysis for the tensile test was done using ANSYS simulation for both composites with 5% filler (50% fibre + 45% resin+ 5% seashell) and without filler (50% fibre + 50% resin). Two laminate composites, with 5% filler (50% fibre + 45% resin+ 5% seashell) and without filler (50% fibre + 50% resin) were fabricated and their mechanical properties were compared using various tests like tensile and low velocity impact test with an impact velocity of 1 m/s, 2 m/s, 3 m/s and 4 m/s. The results from these tests were interpreted. The findings show that the specimen with 5% filler has more ultimate strength and impact strength when compared to the one without filler.

Revolutionizing Wing-in-Ground Effect: Investigating Structural Rigidity

The Wing-in-ground (WIG) effect aircraft utilize the ground effect to maintain flight above water or another surface while minimizing continuous contact with the ground. The propulsion of this aircraft primarily relies on the aerodynamic lift generated by specially designed wings, hulls, or other components that harness the ground effect phenomenon. The problem statement that occurs once conventional boats fail to successfully carry out the mission of intercepting intruders trespassing on national waterways. Due to inherent constraints in watercraft technical standards, existing watercraft technology lacks the power to pursue intruders to their full extent. To further improve the WIG craft operation, we propose enhancing its performance by using materials with better mechanical qualities and optimizing the construction to lower its overall size. These enhancements aim to bolster the WIG craft's capabilities and enable more efficient and effective interception of intruders in water environments. This research aims to investigate structural material qualities suited for WIG effect application and structural rigidity characteristics, with a particular focus on the joining model. In order to accomplish these objectives, the study utilizes Solidworks simulation to replicate the WIG craft model. The static simulation involves testing four different parameters: Models A, B, C, and D. The key focus during the model simulation is varying the types of connections used. The simulation data is then examined to estimate the strength of the material structure. The material applied to the WIG craft structure is S-glass fiber and 6061 aluminum alloy. Model D produced acceptable values for the least maximum stress, strain, and resultant displacement, among other models. The maximum stress value of Model D is 1,601 MPa, which does not exceed the tensile strength of the material. For the rigidity analysis in operating conditions, the Solidworks flow simulation is conducted. The manipulated variable for flow simulation is the velocity of airflow. The velocities conducted are 60 km/h, 90 km/h, 120 km/h, 15 km/h and 180 km/h. The flow simulation shows the maximum total pressure exerted on the structure, where the highest velocity produced is 103433 Pa. From both static and airflow simulation, it was concluded that the WIG craft model has good rigidity in terms of withstanding the external load and airflow pressure during the cruising conditions proposed.

Study of Design and Analysis of S-glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Polymer Metal Laminate Composites in the Application of Propeller Shafts

The propeller shafts are utilized to transmit power from gear box to rear wheels in automobiles. It is found that the weight, cost, critical speed and buckling of shafts are the serious issues in conventional metallic propeller shafts. The propeller shafts made up of composite material are best suited for LMV due to single piece manufacturing. The fiber metal laminate propeller shafts are getting popular as the metal liner adds extra strength, rigidity and acts as a substrate and avoids leaking during manufacturing. The propeller shaft of light motor vehicle was selected for study. S-glass fibers, epoxy and a thin mild steel liner are the materials chosen. The design of the shaft was carried out according to ASME Standard code of design. The ply orientation and stacking sequence are selected as [±45°, 0°, 90°], to increase the torsional strength, enhance natural frequency and buckling strength respectively. The finite element analysis of the propeller shaft is carried out in Ansys APDL. It is found from the analysis that the weight, torsional strength, torsional stiffness and natural frequency of the S-glass fiber reinforced Epoxy Metal Laminate (FML) composites are superior than the conventional C-35 alloy steel material, and hence can be an alternative to the conventional alloy steel shaft.

Investigation of axial buckling behavior in composite laminates reinforced with S-glass fiber and epoxy featuring double cutouts

This research examines the impact of double cutouts on the critical buckling load of woven S-Glass/epoxy composite laminates. The study is divided into two parts: the first part involves comparisons, while the second part introduces numerical analyses. Initially, critical buckling loads of composite laminates without cutouts are determined using numerical and experimental methods. Subsequently, the results are compared to ensure consistency of critical load values obtained from the different methods. In the second part, the study investigates the effects of fiber angle, shape (square and circular), size, and position of cutouts in the composite plate using finite element analysis. The findings suggest that the shape and position of the cutout on the plate primarily influence the critical buckling load of the composite plates with circular cutouts, resulting in a relatively lower change in buckling load compared to square ones.

Intra-yarn fibre hybridisation effect on homogenised elastic properties and micro and meso-stress analysis of 2D woven laminae: Two-scale FE model

In this paper, the effect of intra-yarn fibre hybridisation on the homogenised elastic properties and micro- and meso-scale matrix stress fields in 2D woven composite laminae (i.e. plain, 2/2 basket, 2/2 twill and 5-harness satin) is studied with a two-scale homogenisation scheme—employing a representative volume element model at micro-scale and a repeating unit cell model at meso-scale. The study is focused on S-glass/polypropylene/epoxy woven laminae with intra-yarn fibre hybridisation. A modified random sequential expansion algorithm generates microstructure for the micro-mechanical model, and a periodic meso-structure is used to generate the weave architecture for the meso-mechanical model. Both models are verified using analytical models. It is found that intra-yarn fibre hybridisation can significantly alter the homogenised properties as well as the micro- and meso-scale matrix stress fields—depending on the degree of hybridisation (i.e. the combination of S-glass and PP fibre volume fractions). Moreover, the homogenised lamina properties are found to be less sensitive to weave architecture and yarn thickness, but more so to the degree of intra-yarn fibre hybridisation, yarn width and yarn spacing. It is shown that the lamina properties can be tailored, and the micro- and meso-stress fields can be manipulated, by intra-yarn fibre hybridisation and weave architectures.

Mechanical and electrical performance of glass fiber reinforced plastic insulation for cryogenic application in fusion magnet irradiated in fast breeder reactor

In a superconducting (SC) magnet fusion reactor, the insulation material used has to withstand significant fluxes of neutrons and neutron-induced gamma radiation. Epoxy-based glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites are the insulation system for fusion magnets and are highly demanding. This insulation system requires excellent mechanical and electrical performance under mixed neutron and gamma radiation at cryogenic temperatures. The insulation material developed consists of boron-free S-glass fiber impregnated with a two-component modified Diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA) epoxy resin. An anhydride-cured DGEBA resin system is not suitable for cryogenic temperatures. Therefore, to overcome this thermal stress issue in cryogenic components of SC magnets, a high-toughness, flexible, aromatic amine-cured epoxy resin system was developed for the insulation system. In order to assess the radiation resistance for mechanical and electrical properties, the composite samples were irradiated in the fast breeder test reactor (FBTR) at IGCAR, Kalpakkam, India. The irradiation experiment was carried out for a neutron fluence of 1.0E+21 n/m2 and a gamma dose of 0.4 MGy at a full reactor power of 32 MWt. The tensile strength, interlaminar shear strength, and breakdown strength measurements were investigated before and after irradiation at room temperature and 77 K. The test results indicate that no significant degradation was observed in the properties of the irradiated samples up to the above-mentioned radiation doses.

The response of glass fibre reinforced PEKK laminates subjected to single and multiple impact loading

This paper presents a study on the impact behaviour of newly-developed composites based on S-glass fibre reinforced PEKK (GF/PEKK) composites subjected to single and repeated impact loading. The laminates, with a thickness of 2 mm and fibre weigh fraction of 60 wt%, were manufactured by stacking eight plies of GF/PEKK woven prepregs using a hot compression moulding technique, and impacted centrally using a drop-weight apparatus. Beginning with a single impact test, these samples were subjected to repeated impacts using the same projectile and energy until full perforation was achieved. During each test, the impact response characteristics, contact force, velocity, displacement and energy absorption with respect to time were measured and recorded. The results show that, for a single impact test, the absorbed energy increases significantly at low impact energies, while repeated impacts lead to a decrease in the values of peak force and stiffness of the composite panels. Here, up to 5 times of energy can be absorbed over multiple low energy impacts compared to that required to perforate the target with a single impact. For multiple impacts at different impact energy levels, accumulation of damaged area increases rapidly around the impact location up to perforation failure (e.g. the rate of damage from 2 mm2 per impact at 1 J case jumping to 25 mm2 per impact at 2 J case, further to 68 mm2 per impact at 3 J case). The rate of damage progression (per impact) appears to be related strongly to the rate of energy absorption. The continuous nature of the absorbed energy and damage progression over multiple impacts suggest that semi-empirical analytical relationships, similar to that used in a fatigue analysis, could be useful in providing a means of assessing impact damage in a laminated structure and predicting the remaining ‘impact fatigue’ life.

Structural performance evaluation of hybrid polymer composites for critical infrastructure pick-and-place robot grippers using silica nanoparticles

PurposeThis study focuses on the structural performance assessment of hybrid polymer composites for pick-and-place robot grippers used in critical infrastructure. This research involved the creation of composite materials with different nanoparticle concentrations, followed by extensive testing to assess the mechanical properties of the materials, such as strength, stiffness and durability.Design/methodology/approachThe composites comprised bidirectional interply inclined carbon fibers (C), S-glass fibers (SG), E-glass (EG), an epoxy matrix and silica nanoparticles (SNiPs). During construction, the composite materials must be carefully layered using quasi-static sequence techniques (45°C1/45°SG2/45°EG2/45°C1/45°EG2/45°SG2/45°C1) to obtain the epoxy matrix reinforcement and bonding using 0, 2, 4 and 6 wt. % of silica nanoparticles.FindingsAccording to various test findings, the 4 wt. % of SNiPs added to polymer plates exhibits the maximum strength outcomes. The average results of the tensile and flexural tests for the polymer composite plates with 4 wt. % addition SNiPs were 127.103 MPa and 223.145 MPa, respectively. The average results of the tensile and flexural tests for the plates with 0 wt.% SNiPs were 115.457 MPa and 207.316 MPa, respectively.Originality/valueThe authors hereby attest that the research paper they have submitted is the result of their own independent and unique labor. All of the sources from which the thoughts and passages were derived have been properly credited. The work has not been submitted for publication anywhere and is devoid of any instances of plagiarism.Highlights The study enhances the engineering materials for innovative applications.The study explores the mechanical behavior of carbon/S-glass/E-glass fiber composites.Silica nanoparticles were enhancing mechanical characteristics of the composite structure.

Blast Fragment Impact of Angle-Ply Composite Structures for Buildings Wall Protection

This paper investigates the fragment performance of several composite panels for attaching to the inside walls of a building structure. These panels were developed using different types of fiber woven fabrics (W0, W90) combined with distinct layers orientations (angle-ply effect) of L0/0 and L0/15. Aramid, E-glass, and S-glass fiber fabrics impregnated with thermosetting epoxy resin, and a prepreg of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (HB24) were employed. The panels are subjected to ballistic impact using different fragments under impact velocities in the range of 120 to 420 m/s. In order to measure the energy absorbed by the ballistic panels, the impact velocity and the residual velocity of the fragment were measured with laser chronographs placed before and after the laminated test specimens. The paper demonstrates quantitatively that the angle-ply laminates produced using L0/15 woven fabric orientation presented a higher impact energy absorption, promoting higher reductions on the fragment residual velocity compared to the L0/0 orientations. The laminates produced using UHMWPE fibers (HB24) presented better ballistic properties compared to the other fibers. Furthermore, it was noted that the energy dissipation rate is linearly correlated with the impact velocity and is independent of the fragment geometry.

Novel continuous fiber bending experiment to determine size- and spatial-distribution of surface defects in glass fibers

Tensile strength models for unidirectional composites require scaling of fiber strength distributions to small length scales in the range of the fiber radius to the ineffective length (5–200 μm). No test methods currently exist to measure and validate fiber strength at these length scales. In this paper, a novel continuous fiber bending test method is developed to measure the size and spatial distribution of defects in S-glass fibers. For this test method, a single glass fiber was placed between Kapton film and tape, and the sample is subjected to a sequence of controlled radii of curvatures ranging from 350 μm to 25 μm in a confocal microscope. From the bending tests, the number of defects and spacings between the defects over 780 mm length of fiber are obtained for each level of flexural stress. The Kapton film confines the fiber fragments and maintains fiber alignment allowing the same sample to be tested at lower radius of curvature (higher flexural strain/stress). The associated defect size is calculated using fracture mechanics. These results are used to map the size- and spatial-distribution of critical defects on the tension surface of a glass fiber. A methodology is presented to map additional defects around the circumference of the fiber, while maintaining the size and spatial distribution obtained from the bending tests. The results show that the lognormal distribution best fits the spatial distribution of defects along the fiber axis. The results also indicate that extrapolating the Weibull strength distribution (be it bimodal or unimodal) to gage lengths less than 200 μm leads to serious errors in fiber strength prediction.

Comparison on the Behaviour of Banana and S-Glass Fibre in Soil Stabilization

Abstract: This (In natural state), The expansive soils are unsuitable for direct engineering applications because of their shrinkswell characteristics. Using stabilizing techniques, an effort has been made to enhance the soil's qualities. Fibres are one of the most often employedfor stabilizing soil in recent years due to their low cost and accessibility. Black cotton soil has been stabilized using treated banana and S- glass fibres as natural and synthetic fibres. The 4% NaOH solution is used to treat banana fibre, which results in a roughened surface that improves compatibility, tensile strength, bonding, etc. The soil is replaced with treated banana fibre from 0.5% to 2.5% at the interval of 0.5% and the same is repeated by replacing the soil with 1% to 3% of S-glass fibre at an interval of 0.5%. In this experimental investigation, there is marginal increase in dry density and strength at an optimum 1.5 % of treated banana fibre and strength for 2.5% optimum for strengthof S-glass fibre were obtained when mixed with soil. The soil stabilized with treated banana fibre showed better results when compared withthe s-glass fibre.

Design formulation and analysis of overhead water tank: Material used for automatic cleaning mechanism

The domestic overhead tank does not have any default kind of an automatic cleaning mechanism. As there are various types of tanks based on different applications, it seems a little tough to design an unique cleaning mechanism. It also involves maintenance of tank that needs to be done regularly to avoid the health hazards. The article aims to design an automatic cleaning mechanism for domestic overhead water tank. To achieve this, the tank is designed in such a way that the cleaning can be done both in manual and automatic ways. By keeping this view, that the fabricated material of the present overhead tank also shoots a vital effect to the people’s lives in their habitual things. In order to eliminate those adverse effects, the material is latered along with the design alteration. Thus gives the healthy aspects for an overhead water tank to use in all daily chores. To assure the properties of polyethylene and S2 glass fibres are taken, then it undergoes a series of analysis like static, modal and dynamic. So, that S2 glass fibre is a useful material for the tank when compared with polyethylene in the storage of water.

Effect of alkaline treatment on mechanical properties of palmyra and S-glass fiber reinforced epoxy nanocomposites

Effect of alkaline treatment on mechanical properties of palmyra and S-glass fiber reinforced epoxy nanocomposites

Preliminary Design of Insulation System for Superconducting Conductor Testing Facility

The Superconducting Conductor Testing Facility, which is developed to evaluate the reliability of engineering technology and safe operation in fusion reactor operation environment, is under engineering design by ASIPP. In case of an emergency shut-down like in succession of a quench, the voltage across the coil may rise to about 2.5 kV. The facility has to be reliably insulated. In this study, we present the preliminary design of the insulation system of the Superconducting Conductor Testing Facility, which includes turn and ground insulation. Since the magnet of the facility adopts the manufacturing process of “Wind&React”, the turn insulation material should withstand a heat treatment with temperature up to 650 °C. The insulation system is composed of S-glass fiber reinforced tape and vacuum-pressure impregnated in a DGEBF epoxy system. The mechanical properties are being subjected to investigations with respect to the design requirements and operating conditions. The test results are analyzed to verify the feasibility of the insulation system design.

Response surface methodology based evaluation of S-glass fibre composite reinforced with aluminium oxide/pearlite hybrid nano particles

ABSTRACT The affinity towards utilisation of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRPs) is its exceptional and distinctive properties. These are substitutional to conventional materials with added benefits upon incorporation of filler materials into the glass/epoxy polymer composites. The present work focused in order to prepare hybrid S-Glass nanocomposite samples with a mix of nano Al2O3 (1.0 Wt% to 3.0 Wt%) and nano perlite powder (3.0 Wt% to 9.0 Wt%) with different weight percentages. According to the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and its experimental design, the hybrid S-glass/Al2O3/Nano perlite composite was prepared using hand layup process. Further, the fabricated samples were processed as per ASTM standards and the mechanical characteristics were investigated. Thus, the responses Tensile strength and Flexural strength were recorded, optimised using RSM and anlysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Also, statistical techniques were applied to verify the experimental results. The optimal weight percentages of nano Al2O3 powder and nano Perallite powders are 2% for obtaining maximum tensile strength and 3% to obtain maximum flexural strength, respectively. The water absorption test was carried for obtained optimal sample and water uptake pattern has been recorded as per ASTM D570.

Experimental determination of bimodal strength distribution of S-glass fibers

Tensile strength distribution of S-Glass fibers at small gage lengths on the order of the ineffective length is required for both analytical and numerical models of composite unidirectional tensile strength. Historically unimodal Weibull strength distributions measured at large gage lengths are extrapolated to smaller length scales (5–200 μm). The accuracy of this approach is assessed by using 2 different experiments – the filament tensile test (gage lengths > 4 mm) and a continuously-monitored Single Fiber Fragmentation Test (SFFT, gage length = 544 μm). Extrapolation of the unimodal Weibull distribution to the 544 μm gage length leads to significant overprediction of fiber strengths (by ∼60%). The Weibull distribution obtained from SFFT also shows a significantly higher Weibull Modulus (12.9) as opposed to the tension dataset (4.5). This indicates that a different population of defects dominate at the shorter gage lengths. A bimodal Weibull equation has been fit to the combined data to account for the 2 different defect populations to provide accurate strength predictions over fiber lengths from ∼500 μm to 30 mm. An independent validation experiment was performed at 2 mm gage length to validate the Bimodal Equation.

Design and tribological performance of short S-Glass fibre reinforced biocomposites on the influence of fibre length and concentration

Fibre-reinforced biocomposites usage has gained prominence over the past decade. Although higher fracture toughness was observed when fibres were added to biocomposites, material degradation could occur due to filler and fibre content intolerance in the biocomposite matrix. Optimisation of resin-fibre-filler ratios helps in increasing the tribological performance of high load-bearing applications. However, the tribological performance is less understood due to limited in-vitro studies on the effect of fibre microstructures. A comprehensive investigation of the reciprocating and rotary wear behaviour of different compositions was carried out by varying fibre (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) to particulate filler (40%, 45%, 50%, and 55%) weight fractions. The investigation aimed to identify the optimal composition of fibre-reinforced biocomposites based on the in-vitro ball-on-disc reciprocating and rotary wear tests in the presence of modified Fusayama solution. The cross-sectional areas of wear tracks were analysed using laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques to assess the surface morphology and subsurface damage of the wear tracks on biocomposites and the antagonist. The numerical results were statistically analysed using two-way ANOVA followed by a posthoc Tukey’s test (p = 0.05). The results showed a combination of adhesive, abrasive and fatigue wear for all the tested Groups. The friction coefficient had a longer transient period for the 5 wt% and 10 wt% Groups. Based on the surface roughness, coefficient of friction, SEMs, specific wear rate, and ease of manufacturing, the threshold limit for fibre loading was found to be 10 wt%. The rotary test had a considerably lower specific wear rate compared to the reciprocating test. Fibre weight fraction was found to be the influencing factor of the abrasive wear behaviour compared to fibre length for the tested Groups.

Effects of S2 Glass Fiber on Strength Properties of Normal Strength Concrete

Effects of S2 Glass Fiber on Strength Properties of Normal Strength Concrete