Ruthenium Metal Research Articles

FeCo Alloy-Decorated Proton-Conducting Perovskite Oxide as an Efficient and Low-Cost Ammonia Decomposition Catalyst

Ammonia is known as an alternative hydrogen supplier because of its high hydrogen content and convenient storage and transport. Hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition also provides a source of hydrogen for fuel cells. While catalysts composed of ruthenium metal atop various support materials have proven to be effective for ammonia decomposition, non-precious-metal-based catalysts are attracting more attention due to desires to reduce costs. We prepared a series of Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Cu monometallic catalysts and their alloys as catalysts over proton-conducting ceramics via the impregnation method as precious-metal-free ammonia decomposition catalysts. While Co and Ni showed superior performance compared to Fe, Mn, and Cu on a BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3−б (BZCYYb) support as an ammonia decomposition catalyst, the cost of Fe is much lower than that of other metals. Alloying Fe with Co can significantly increase the conversion and stability and lower the overall cost of materials. The measured ammonia decomposition rate of FeCo/BZCYYb reached 100% at 600 °C, and the ammonia decomposition rate was almost unchanged during the long-term test of 200 h, which reveals its good catalytic activity for ammonia decomposition and thermal stability. When the metallic catalyst remained unchanged, BZCYYb also exhibited better performance compared to other commonly used oxide supports. Finally, when ammonia cracked using our alloy catalyst was fed to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), the peak power densities were very close to that achieved with a simulated fully cracked gas stream, i.e., 75% H2 + 25% N2, thus proving the effectiveness of this new type of ammonia decomposition catalyst.

Catalytic Syntheses of Thiol-End-Functionalized ROMP Polymers.

Thiol-functionalized polymers have become a crucial class of materials due to their distinct chemical properties and versatile reactivity, leading to a broad spectrum of applications. Herein, we report the straightforward syntheses of a wide range of thiol-end-functionalized ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) polymers exploiting our previously reported catalytic ROMP mechanisms using suitable chain transfer agents. All the synthesized polymers were characterized via SEC, 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry techniques. Furthermore, the existence of thiol groups on the polymer chains was verified through the well-established thiol coating reaction on gold nanoparticle surfaces. We believe this method of synthesizing thiol-end-functionalized ROMP polymers (using a reduced amount of ruthenium metal compared to conventional living ROMP) will be of great importance to materials science and biochemical research.

Sensitive detection of K-ras gene by a dual-mode “on-off-on” sensor based on bipyridine ruthenium-MOF and bis-enzymatic cleavage technology

This study developed a dual-mode “on-off-on” sensor based on a bipyridine ruthenium metal–organic framework (Ru-MOF) and dual enzyme cleavage technology for the sensitive detection of the K-ras gene. The sensor combines electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and fluorescence (FL) detection modes, achieving high sensitivity and specificity in detecting the K-ras gene through catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and dual enzyme cleavage reactions. Experimental results showed that the detection limits for the K-ras gene were 0.044 fM (ECL) and 0.16 fM (FL), demonstrating excellent selectivity and stability during detection. Through testing actual samples, the sensor has shown potential for application in complex biological environments. This method offers an efficient and reliable new tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Silica coated N-doped carbon modified with ruthenium nanoparticles: An effective waste derived carbon nanocatalyst in oxidation reactions and also its evaluation by DFT and anti-bacterial studies

This report presents the development of an inexpensive mesoporous nanocatalyst i.e. silica coated N-doped carbon modified with ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru/RuO2@NSAC). The carbon and nanosilica components were derived from waste materials namely waste tea extract and rice husk respectively highlighting the sustainable approach to the synthesis process. The nanocatalyst was thoroughly characterized using various advanced techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), Field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, X-ray resonance fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). These characterizations provided comprehensive insights into the structural features of the nanocatalyst. XPS analysis confirmed the presence of both metallic ruthenium and Ru (IV) on the nanocatalytic support. The particle size of Ru/RuO2@NSAC was determined using Scherrer's equation and came out to be 21.37 nm. This nanocatalyst demonstrated remarkable performance as a robust heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of alkylarenes and alcohols to their corresponding carbonyl compounds. It exhibited excellent recyclability, maintaining its activity for up to five consecutive runs. Post-recycling, the catalyst was again characterized by P-XRD and FEG-SEM to ensure its structural integrity. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of Ru/RuO2@NSAC was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A density functional theory study was also conducted to support the experimental findings, providing a theoretical basis for the observed catalytic behavior.

Exploring pyrolusite β-MnO2 as a robust support for noble metal catalysts in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) represents a promising avenue for producing hydrogen sustainably. Nonetheless, its widespread adoption encounters hurdles owing to the sluggishness of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the expensive noble metal catalysts, particularly iridium (Ir). Our investigation addresses these challenges by examining pyrolusite β-MnO2 as a robust substrate for noble metal catalysts, including iridium (Ir) and ruthenium (Ru), within PEMWE systems. We illustrate that nanostructured β-MnO2 effectively supports Ir and Ru catalysts, resulting in significantly improved catalytic activity for acidic OER compared to conventional IrO2 catalysts. The morphology shows nanorod structures with thicknesses ranging of 30–60 nm. The catalytic activity exhibits a lower overpotential of 215 mV and a higher Ir mass activity of 2268.7 A·gIr−1. The catalyst also exhibits lower Tafel slope value (37.82 mV/dec) and higher reaction kinetics. The catalyst also shows durability for the 12h under corrosive acidic OER conditions. The enhancements in performance can be attributed to the distinctive nanostructure of the Mn1-xTixO2 (MTO) support, which facilitates the even distribution of Ir and Ru catalysts. Additionally, the incorporation of titanium in pyrolusite β-MnO2 enhances the electrochemical durability of the MTO support under challenging acidic OER conditions.

Pyrene-Functionalized Ru-Catenated Metallacycles: Conversion of Catenated System to Monorectangle through Aging.

Molecular transformation behavior within a mechanically interlocked system is often assisted by chemical manipulation, such as the inclusion of guest molecules, variation in the solution concentration, or swapping of solvents. We present in this report the synthesis of ruthenium metal and π-conjugated pyrene-based (2 + 2)2 catenated rectangles. Additionally, we discuss the structural conversion of these catenated rectangles into monorectangles through adjustments in concentration and solvent composition. In the presence of a methanol solution, a transformation into monorectangles was observed as the concentration declined. However, interestingly, in the presence of a nitromethane solution, an alteration in conformation to monorectangles was noted by just standing at room temperature for a few hours without any chemical manipulation. Furthermore, theoretical calculations were studied to provide insights into the formation of catenated structures over other potential ring-in-ring or Borromean-ring-type structures. The computational study with the GFN2-xTB method combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the lower binding energy within the rectangles favors a catenated structure over other potential ring-in-ring or Borromean-ring-type structures. This work represents a new example of an intertwined structure that self-assembles into a catenated ring rather than a ring-in-ring or Borromean ring and transforms into a monorectangle in nitromethane without the use of any template, alteration in solution concentration, or exchange of solvents, but simply by standing at room temperature.

Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Pyridyl‐Directed Tryptophan C‐H Acylmethylation with α‐Chloro Ketones

A ruthenium(Ⅱ)‐catalyzed C‐H acylmethylation of Trp‐containing peptides with α‐chloro ketones has been reported. This reaction features good C‐2 selectivity and chemoselectivity，making it suitable for the late‐stage modification of Trp‐containing peptides. Low‐cost metal ruthenium as a catalyst enables the reaction to be conducted on a gram scale. This report also discusses the synthetic applications and presents a method to remove the pyridine directing group. In addition, a plausible mechanism of the C(2)‐H acylmethylation reaction is proposed in this article.

Metal Ruthenium Complexes Treat Spinal Cord Injury By Alleviating Oxidative Stress Through Interaction With Antioxidant 1 Copper Chaperone Protein.

Oxidative stress is a major factor affecting spinal cord injury (SCI) prognosis. A ruthenium metal complex can aid in treating SCI by scavenging reactive oxygen species via a protein-regulated mechanism to alleviate oxidative stress. This study aimed to introduce a pioneering strategy for SCI treatment by designing two novel half-sandwich ruthenium (II) complexes containing diverse N^N-chelating ligands. The general formula is [(η6-Arene)Ru(N^N)Cl]PF6, where arene is either 2-phenylethanol-1-ol (bz-EA) or 3-phenylpropanol-1-ol (bz-PA), and the N^N-chelating ligands are fluorine-based imino-pyridyl ligands. This study shows that these ruthenium metal complexes protect neurons by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Notably, η6-Arene substitution from bz-PA to bz-EA significantly enhances reactive oxygen species scavenging ability and neuroprotective effect. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the ruthenium metal complex increases Antioxidant 1 Copper Chaperone protein expression, reduces oxidative stress, and protects neurons during SCI treatment. Furthermore, ruthenium metal complex protected spinal cord neurons and stimulated their regeneration, which improves electrical signals and motor functions in mice with SCI. Thus, this treatment strategy using ruthenium metal complexes can be a new therapeutic approach for the efficient treatment of SCI.

Ruthenium highly dispersed in low crystallinity cobalt oxide as an efficient catalyst for Li-O2 battery

The performance of Li-O2 battery can be improved by adjusting the reaction active sites of cathode catalysts. In this study, noble metal ruthenium (Ru) was successfully added to the framework of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) through a dual solvent method, and prepared highly dispersed noble metal ruthenium cathode catalyst material for Li-O2 battery. At the same time, the phenomenon of aggregation of precious metal ruthenium on the catalyst surface is avoided, and the atomic utilization rate of precious metals is improved. The low crystallinity cobalt oxide (ZIF-67-280) and noble metal ruthenium act as the catalytic active center together, enriching the reaction active sites of the catalyst, further improving the performance of Li-O2 battery and reducing the reaction overpotential. Compared to commercial cobalt oxides (C-Co3O4), ruthenium doped low crystallinity cobalt oxides (Ru@ZIF-67-280) has better cycle stability (272 cycles) and higher energy efficiency.© 2023 xxxxxxxx. Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Data-Driven Approach for Enhanced CO2 Capture with Ruthenium Complexes.

To attain carbon neutrality, significant efforts have been made to capture and utilize CO2. The homogeneous hydrogenation of CO2 catalyzed by transition metal complexes, particularly the ruthenium complexes, has demonstrated significant advantages and is regarded as a viable approach for practical application. Insertion of CO2 into the Ru-H bond, producing the Ru-formate product, is the key step in the hydrogenation of CO2. In order to parameterize the catalytic activities in the CO2 insertion into the Ru-H bond, the concept of simplified mechanism-based approach with data-driven practice (SMADP) has been introduced in this paper. The results showed that the hydricity of the Ru-H complex (ΔGH-) might serve as a single active descriptor in the process of CO2 insertion, and that a novel ruthenium complex in CO2 catalysis may not be easily obtained by mere modification of the auxiliary ligand at the ruthenium metal site.

Chemical Looping Ammonia Decomposition Mediated by Alkali Metal and Amide Pairs for H2 Production and Thermal Energy Storage

AbstractAmmonia decomposition to H2 (ADH) is one of the key reactions in the ammonia‐based energy system. Recent research has been focused on developing more active and affordable catalysts, however, few can operate below 500 °C and typically require the expensive metal ruthenium. Herein, a fundamentally different thermal ADH via a chemical looping process (CLADH) mediated by alkali metal and its amide pairs, which can work under lower temperatures than the catalytic process, is reported. This CLADH consists of two steps: 1) Ammoniation step ̶ NH3 reacts with Na or K to generate NaNH2 or KNH2, respectively, accompanied by releasing one‐third of H2 in NH3 at room temperature; 2) Decomposition step ̶ NaNH2 or KNH2 decomposes to N2 and H2 with the regeneration of Na or K which can be performed above 275 °C. Additionally, due to the significant enthalpy change in the two‐step reactions of this CLADH, −78.0 kJ mol−1 for the first step and 123.9 kJ mol−1 for the second, using the Na and NaNH2 pair—suggest potential for thermal energy storage. This work not only reports an alternative route to produce H2 from NH3, but also unravels the potential of chemical looping process for thermal energy storage.

Sub-nanometric ruthenium clusters prepared by solid-state dispersion for catalytic selective aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols

The selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols to corresponding aldehydes is one of the most important challenges in the green chemical industry. In this work, Ru/Al2O3-SSD catalyst with highly dispersed metallic ruthenium clusters (average particle size of 0.97 nm) was prepared by solid-state dispersion (SSD) for efficient selective aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols to aldehydes. Compared with the counterpart catalyst Ru/Al2O3-IM prepared by wet impregnation (IM), this catalyst has smaller metal particles (0.97 nm vs. 3.4 nm), resulting in a special electronic structure, and exhibits much higher TOF (234 h−1 vs. 98 h−1) in the aerobic oxidation reaction of benzyl alcohol at 80 °C. The catalyst also shows excellent catalytic activity in the preparation of vanillin by selective aerobic oxidation of vanillyl alcohol at 100 °C, delivering a vanillin yield of 99%. The solid-state dispersion strategy provides an efficient and facile way for the fabrication of high-performance sub-nanometric metal catalysts.

Ruthenium Complex Suppresses Proliferation of Residual Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Incomplete Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, incomplete radiofrequency ablation (IRFA) can promote the progression of residual cancer cells, which is a serious problem in the clinical application of RFA. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the mechanism and countermeasures of the progression of residual tumors after IRFA. Our previous study confirmed that IRFA can activate the hypoxia/ autophagy pathway of residual tumors in mice and then induce the proliferation of residual tumor cells. Additionally, we found a metal ruthenium complex [Ru(bpy)2(ipad)](ClO4)2 (Ru, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and ipad = 2-(anthracene-9,10-dione-2-yl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) can effectively inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and has good anti-tumor effect in a hypoxic environment; however, whether Ru could suppress the proliferation of residual tumor cells after IRFA is unknown. This study intends to evaluate the effect of Ru in suppressing the proliferation of residual hepatocellular carcinoma after IRFA in a mice model. The Hepa1-6 xenograft mouse model was established in C57BL/6 mice to simulate clinical IRFA. H&E staining was used to evaluate the biosafety of major organs in the treated mice. TUNEL assay was employed to assess the antitumor effect. Immunohistochemically and immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the expression of HIF-1α and autophagy-related proteins. The ELISA assay was used to examine the cytokines of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Our findings revealed that the residual tumor relapsed via the HIF-1α/LC3B/P62 autophagy- related pathway after IRFA, while Ru could suppress this process. In addition, it was demonstrated that Ru could effectively activate the immune system of the mice and reverse the tumor immune suppression microenvironment after IRFA. The ruthenium complex Ru could suppress the proliferation of residual hepatocellular carcinoma cells after IRFA in the mice model. This study introduces a novel approach that combines the use of ruthenium complexes with IRFA, offering a potential solution to address the reoccurrence of residual liver cancer following IRFA in clinical settings.

The Ruthenium Metal Complexes and Their Applications as a Light-Absorbing Material/ A DFT Study

The Ruthenium Metal Complexes and Their Applications as a Light-Absorbing Material/ A DFT Study

Improved HER activity of Ru nanoparticles decorated MoS2 with S defect

Surface modification of 2H molybdenum disulfide (2H-MoS2) has been found to be one of the most effective approaches for improving the catalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) process. Here, the metal Ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles (NPs) could realize synergistically structural and electronic modulations of MoS2 with S-vacancy (SvMoS2). The experiments and first-principles calculations demonstrated S-vacancy could optimize MoS2 sites for the HER. While Ru NPs loaded on SvMoS2 (Ru@SvMoS2), the interaction between Ru and SvMoS2 contribute to improved electrical conductivity of SvMoS2. Thus, Ru@SvMoS2 possess robust electrocatalytic activity with good stability. Furthermore, this study opens a new venue for optimizing electrocatalytic materials with good performance.

Unveiling compositional images of specific proteins in individual cells by LA-ICP-MS: Labelling with ruthenium red and metal nanoclusters

BackgroundRecent biological studies have demonstrated that changes can occur in the cellular genome and proteome due to variations in cell volume. Therefore, it is imperative to take cell volume into account when analyzing a target protein. This consideration becomes especially critical in experimental models involving cells subjected to different treatments. Failure to consider cell volume could obscure the studied biological phenomena or lead to erroneous conclusions. However, quantitative imaging of proteins within cells by LA-ICP-MS is limited by the lack of methods that provide the protein concentration (protein mass over cell volume) rather than just protein mass within individual cells. ResultsThe combination of a metal tagged immunoprobe with ruthenium red (RR) labelling enables the simultaneous analysis of a specific protein and the cell volume in each cell analyzed by LA-ICP-(Q)MS. The results indicate that the CYP1B1 concentration exhibits a quasi–normally distribution in control ARPE-19 cells, whereas AAPH–treated cells reveal the presence of two distinct cell groups, responding and non–responding cells to an in vitro induced oxidative stress. The labelling of the membrane with RR and the measurement of Ru mass in each cell by LA-ICP-MS offers higher precision compared to manually delimitation of the cell perimeter and eliminates the risk of biased information, which can be prone to inter–observer variability. The proposed procedure is fast and minimizes errors in cell area assignment and offers the possibility to carry out a faster data treatment approach if just relative volumes are compared, which can be advantageous for specific applications. Significance and noveltyThis work presents an innovative strategy to directly study the distribution and concentration of proteins within individual cells by LA-ICP-MS. This method employs ruthenium red as a cell volume marker and Au nanoclusters (AuNCs) tagged immunoprobes to label the protein of interest. Furthermore, the proposed labelling strategy enables rapid data processing, allowing for the calculation of relative concentrations and thus facilitating the comparison across large datasets. As a proof–of–concept, the concentration of the CYP1B1 protein was quantified in ARPE-19 cells under both control and oxidative stress conditions.

Arene ruthenium(II) complexes with 3-acetyl coumarin derivatives bearing a 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic hydrazide moiety: Synthesis, DFT calculations and antioxidant studies

The reaction of [(arene)RuCl2]2 with coumarin hydrazone ligands in methanol yielded neutral chelating mononuclear N∩O metal complexes having the general formula [(arene)Ru(L)Cl] where arene = p-cymene, benzene; and L = 3‑hydroxy-N'-(1-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)-2-naphthohydrazide (L1), 3‑hydroxy-N'-(1-(7‑methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)-2-naphthohydrazide (L2), (E)-N'-(1-(6‑bromo-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene)-3‑hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazide (L3) and 3‑hydroxy-N'-(1-(3-oxo-3H-benzo[f]chromen-2-yl)ethylidene)-2-naphthohydrazide (L4)}. All complexes (1–8) were fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques like IR, UV–Vis, NMR and ESI-MS spectral methods. The solid-state molecular structures of the three complexes were determined using a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The studies revealed that the ligands binding mode to the ruthenium metal centers is through the azomethine nitrogen and the imidolate oxygen forming a five-membered chelating ring. All the complexes and the ligands were screened for antibacterial and antioxidant activity studies. Some of the complexes exhibited antioxidant activity that is more prominent than their respective ligands.

Two-dimensional MXene supported Ru-Cr(OH)x clusters as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen oxidation reaction

The development of high-performance non-platinum catalysts remains a key challenge for the practical application of anion-exchange membrane fuel cells due to the sluggish kinetics response of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline electrolytes. Herein, we report an outstanding HOR electrocatalyst using a facile one-step method with the two-dimensional double transition metal MXene (Mo2TiC2Tx) as a carrier mixed with metallic ruthenium and Cr(OH)x clusters (Ru-Cr(OH)x/MXene). Specifically, the as-prepared Ru-Cr(OH)x/MXene electrocatalyst exhibits a high apparent kinetic current (jk) of 18.32 mA cm−2 and exchange current (j0) of 1.64 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 50 mV, respectively, which are 4.74 and 1.46 times as high as those of Pt/C catalyst. Additionally, mechanism experiments indicated that the Ru-Cr(OH)x/MXene electrocatalyst could attenuate the adsorption of hydrogen intermediate (Had) and enhance the adsorption of hydroxyl species (OHad) to promote CO oxidation, which resulted in a significant increase in the HOR activity and enhanced tolerance to CO. Furthermore, combining theoretical studies via density functional theory calculations, our work confirm that the interaction effect of each components of Ru-Cr(OH)x/MXene can optimize the binding energy of the Had and OHad for the HOR. This work develops a new approach to design of HOR electrocatalyst with MXene-based materials.

Cerium oxide-based catalyst for low-temperature and efficient ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production research

This study prepared a series of cerium oxide-based catalysts with different metal ruthenium loadings using an initial wet impregnation method. The results demonstrate that the prepared 1.4Ru/CeO2 catalyst exhibits outstanding catalytic performance and activity stability. Under the condition where the Ru loading is only 1.4 wt%, the catalyst achieves almost complete NH3 conversion at 500 °C, with a hydrogen production rate of 16.59 mmol gcat−1 min−1. Furthermore, after a 48-h long-term test, the activity remains stable. Characterization tests show that the metal ruthenium is uniformly distributed on the surface of cerium dioxide, with particle sizes ranging from 3 to 6 nm. Notably, a structure characterized by lattice stripes overlapping between the metal and support is observed. Increasing the Ru loading can enhance the surface acidity sites of the catalyst and the interaction between the metal and the support, which plays a crucial role in the long-term stability of the catalyst. Additionally, the abundant oxygen vacancies in cerium dioxide and its low cerium oxidation-reduction potential facilitate electron transfer to ruthenium, enhancing the adsorption of NH3 and accelerating the desorption of N2.

Valorization of Chlorella Microalgae Residual Biomass via Catalytic Acid Hydrolysis/Dehydration and Hydrogenolysis/Hydrogenation

Microalgal biomass can be utilized for the production of value-added chemicals and fuels. Within this research, Chlorella vulgaris biomass left behind after the extraction of lipids and proteins was converted to valuable sugars, organic acids and furanic compounds via hydrolysis/dehydration using dilute aqueous sulfuric acid as a homogeneous catalyst. Under mild conditions, i.e., low temperature and low sulfuric acid concentration, the main products of hydrolysis/dehydration were monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose) and furanic compounds (HMF, furfural) while under more intense conditions (i.e., higher temperature and higher acid concentration), organic acids (propionic, formic, acetic, succinic, lactic, levulinic) were also produced either directly from sugar conversion or via intermediate furans. As a second valorization approach, the residual microalgal biomass was converted to value-added sugar alcohols (sorbitol, glycerol) via hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis reactions over metallic ruthenium catalysts supported on activated carbons (5%Ru/C). It was also shown that a low concentration of sulfuric acid facilitated the conversion of biomass to sugar alcohols by initiating the hydrolysis of carbohydrates to monomeric sugars. Overall, this work aims to propose valorization pathways for a rarely utilized residual biomass towards useful compounds utilized as platform chemicals and precursors for the production of a wide variety of solvents, polymers, fuels, food ingredients, pharmaceuticals and others.