Ruthenium-doped Titanium Research Articles

Determination of fungicide at Ru-doped TiO2/reduced graphene oxide decorated electrochemical sensor

The nanoparticles (NPs) of ruthenium-doped titanium dioxide (Ru-TiO2) and reduced graphene oxides (rGO) are chosen for modifying the carbon paste electrode (CPE). The Ru-TiO2 NPs were prepared using the liquid impregnation technique and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) techniques. In the present work, 2-phenylphenol (2-PHP) detection and quantification was carried out using Ru-TiO2 NPs and rGO at CPE. Voltammetric techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetric techniques (SWV) were utilized for the study. The greatest peak current was recorded at a pH of 7.0, as per the pH study results. The electrochemical process involves the same number of protons and electrons. The concentration variation of 2-PHP was studied using SWV technique. Actual samples were analyzed using the suggested electrode such as water, vegetables, and fruits extract.

Synthesis of ruthenium doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles for the electrochemical detection of diclofenac sodium

In this work, ruthenium-doped titanium dioxide (Ru-TiO2) modified electrochemical sensor was developed for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as diclofenac sodium (DFS) using a voltammetric technique. Ru-TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. It was found that sensitivity and selectivity of the Ru-TiO2 based sensor were enhanced. The pH study revealed that pH 4.2 was found to be suitable to improve the electrochemical behaviour of DFS. The electro-oxidation of DFS was irreversible and predominantly controlled by the diffusion process. The square wave voltammetric technique was also used and the detection limit (LOD) obtained was 1.48 nM, which is smaller than the previously reported data. The suggested approach is suggested for both quality assurance and effectively determining DFS in biological and clinical samples.

Analysis of Corrosion-Resistant Ruthenium-Doped Titanium Alloys by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

A technique for analyzing new corrosion-resistant ruthenium-doped titanium alloys using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) with microwave sample preparation is reported. The composition of a mixture of acids and the temperature and time parameters of sample preparation of titanium alloys under microwave heating in an autoclave ensuring quantitative conversion of the sample into a convenient analytical form without loss of volatile components for subsequent ICP-AES analysis are substantiated. Optimal conditions for the excitation of the analytical signal have been found, and analytical lines of elements without spectral noise have been selected. Samples of experimental melts of industrial titanium alloys of various classes, volumetrically doped with ruthenium, which are under development and are not yet commercially produced in the Russian Federation (alloy PT-7M + Ru, PT-3B + Ru, 5B + Ru, 37 + Ru, VT-22 + Ru) have been studied. The alloy samples contained the following alloying elements (wt %): Al (1.8–6.3); V (1.0–5.5); Mo (0.7–5.5); Zr (0.2–3.0); Cr (0.5–1.5); Fe (0.5–1.5); Ru (0.05–0.15). The correctness of the determination of alloying elements has been confirmed by analyzing standard samples by varying their mass and, in the case of ruthenium, by the “introduced–found” method. The developed method significantly reduces the time of analysis by combining the multielement ICP-AES method with microwave sample preparation, expands the list of detectable elements in titanium alloys, and improves the precision of the results of analysis.

Novel heterostructured Ru-doped TiO2/CNTs hybrids with enhanced electrochemical sensing performance for Cetirizine

Quantification of bioactive compounds via electrochemical methods is a topic of great interest over the past decades, due to its versatility and accuracy of estimation at the trace level. In the present investigation, an antihistamine drug Cetirizine (CTZ) was quantified by the electrochemical technique using carbon sensor fabricated with coalesced ruthenium-doped titanium dioxide (Ru-TiO2) nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The fabricated nanocomposite sensor offered four-folds augmented oxidation peak for CTZ compared to the nascent carbon sensor in pH 6.0 media. Electrochemical analysis of CTZ was performed by voltammetry techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) to estimate heterogeneous rate constant, a number of proton-electron transferred in the oxidation response. The method developed showed CTZ electrooxidation with a low detection limit value of 3.10 nM and hence, the method was used to evaluate CTZ in human urine as well as from the pharmaceutical formulations.

Oxidation of Amine under Aerobic and Anaerobic Condition Catalyzed by Ruthenium Doped Titanium Oxides

Oxidation of Amine under Aerobic and Anaerobic Condition Catalyzed by Ruthenium Doped Titanium Oxides

Investigation on the sensitivity of TiO2:Ru pH sensor by Taguchi design of experiment

A Taguchi method with orthogonal array (L18) and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was applied to studying performance of pH sensor. The pH sensor was based on a separative extended-gate field effect transistor (SEGFET), and the sensing film was fabricated by a ruthenium-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2:Ru). In terms of sensitivity, Taguchi method was evaluated to determine the optimal combination of the experimental parameters having the properties of the-larger-the-better. The observed conditions were as follows: detected window size (16mm2), buffered oxide etch (B.O.E.) etching time (10min), R.F. power (120W), D.C. power (10W), work pressure (50mTorr), deposited time (90min), annealed temperature (400°C) and annealed time (10min). Only 18 experiments (L18) were required, instead of 4374 (21×37) experiments in a conventional one-factor-at-a-time approach. It not only reduced the design cost but also promoted the performance of the sensors. As the result of Taguchi analysis in this study, annealed temperature and time were the most influencing parameters on the sensitivity of pH sensor. After verification of the experiments, the pH sensor sensitivity is 56.1–60.9mV/pH, not only satisfies the Nernstian response but stable (0.9987), and not affected by redox systems in the solutions. Annealed temperature is controlled at 400°C to reach Nernstian response; however, the super-Nernstian response could be observed at 600°C.

Visible light responsive ruthenium-doped titanium dioxide for the removal of metsulfuron-methyl herbcide in aqueous phase

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) under UV light irradiation is one of the effective treatment methods to reduce the concentration of synthetic organic compounds in water. Nevertheless, only a small amount of UV light is absorbed in the solar light. This makes the less use of TiO 2 for environmental applications. In this study, we prepared Ru-doped visible light responsive (VLR) TiO 2 to improve visible light absorption and characterized it in terms of physical and chemical properties. The photocatalytic activity of VLR Ru-doped TiO 2 was investigated to remove metsulfuron-methyl (MSM) in aqueous phase. The Ru-doped TiO 2 at different Ru concentrations was found to have the anatase phase. The undoped and Ru-doped TiO 2 consisted of regular round shape. The photocatalytic activity of VLR photocatalyst was significantly improved on the addition of Ru from 40% for undoped TiO 2 to 80% for Ru-doped TiO 2. The removal efficiency of MSM was proportional to the increasing Ru-doped TiO 2 under visible light. As the calcined temperature increased from 300 to 900 °C, the degradation efficiencies moderately changed from 65 to 90%. However, the effect of calcination duration was marginal on the photodegradation of MSM.

Glucose biosensor of ruthenium-doped TiO 2 sensing electrode by co-sputtering system

In this study, the ruthenium-doped titanium dioxide (TiO 2:Ru) sensing film is fabricated by co-sputtering system. The TiO 2:Ru sensing film is treated by thermal annealing process at 600 °C for 1 h in atmosphere. We present a TiO 2:Ru-based pH sensor which can obtain the higher sensing value at 64.58 mV/pH for the super-Nernstian response. The enzyme composite solution is dropped on the TiO 2:Ru sensing film as a glucose biosensor. In the concentration ranging from 100 to 500 (mg/dL) of glucose solution, the sensitivity and linearity of TiO 2:Ru sensing film after thermal annealing are 0.320 mV(mg/dL) −1 and 0.995, respectively, which is better than non-annealing TiO 2:Ru sensing film. In this study, we can describe a novel doping method to prepare the TiO 2:Ru sensing film and the glucose biosensors.

Fabrication and Application of Ruthenium-Doped Titanium Dioxide Films as Electrode Material for Ion-Sensitive Extended-Gate FETs

A novel ruthenium-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2: Ru) film for pH detection is based on an ion-sensitive extended gate field effect transistor (ISEGFET) sensor. For the preparation of the TiO2:Ru sensing film, a specific processing for metal modification of TiO2 thin film is deposited by a co-sputtering system. After thermal annealing treatment, material analysis of the sensing layer is measured by SEM, Hall measurement system and electrical detection system. The average sensitivity of TiO2:Ru for hydrogen ion detection is about 55.20 mV/pH (concentration range between pH1 and pH13). The effect of long-term drift for TiO2:Ru ISEGFET-based sensor is presented. Drift rate of the sensor for pH is 0.745 mV/h for 12 h. In order to prepare the calcium ion sensor, the sensing membrane of polymer materials is based on TiO2: Ru ISEGFET-based sensor by physical adsorption. The average sensitivity of the calcium ion sensor in the concentration ranging between 1 M and 1times10-3 M CaCl2 is about 29.65 mV/pCa.

Material Analysis of Ruthenium-Doped Titanium Dioxide Sensing Film and Applied as Calcium Ion Sensor

Material Analysis of Ruthenium-Doped Titanium Dioxide Sensing Film and Applied as Calcium Ion Sensor

Photocatalytic oxidation of water by visible light using ruthenium-doped titanium dioxide powder

In order to expand the effective wavelength of TiO 2 particulate photocatalyst into the visible region, Ru-doped TiO 2 particles were prepared and their properties as the photocatalyst were investigated. With this photocatalyst, the oxygen evolution reaction occurred by irradiation of visible light at wavelengths longer than 440 nm using iron(III) ions as the electron acceptor. To clarify the mechanistic aspects of the effect of Ru-doping, photoelectrochemical properties of Ru-doped TiO 2 sinter electrodes were investigated.