Russian Economy Research Articles

:A Race for the Future: Scientific Visions of Modern Russian Jewishness

:<i>A Race for the Future: Scientific Visions of Modern Russian Jewishness</i>

Violent Crime Against Persons in Modern Russia: State and Problems of Criminological Characteristics

Violent Crime Against Persons in Modern Russia: State and Problems of Criminological Characteristics

РАЗРАБОТКА БАЗОВЫХ ПОДХОДОВ К ПРИВЛЕЧЕНИЮ И УДЕРЖАНИЮ КАДРОВ В ГОРОДАХ НАУКИ И ВЫСОКИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

In modern Russia, the problem of technological sovereignty and import substitution of high-tech products is acute. To solve the problems set by the Russian government, it is necessary to launch the production of a wide range of high-tech products as soon as possible. The implementation of the plans is impossible without solving the key tasks of introducing modern technological equipment and increasing human resources. At the moment, a prompt solution to these problems is required, and the previously developed and adopted territorial development strategies assume a long-term perspective. The main scientific organizations and high-tech businesses are located in large regional centers, as well as in small towns with high scientific and technological potential. In large regional centers, a scientific and technological ecosystem has historically been formed, allowing for the creation of conditions for the development of high technologies and scientific research. The situation is more complex in small core cities with pronounced scientific and technological specialization in centers of scientific and technological leadership. At the present stage, the main problem in the development of such cities is attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel. It is necessary to take into account the fact that attracting and retaining specialists are two related processes, but different in essence. The first is characterized by the migration activity of the population, the second - by satisfaction with living in the territory and working conditions. Most often, the factors influencing these processes have common directions, but differ from each other in their characteristics and content. When deciding on a place of work, a specialist evaluates the proposed conditions that are related to his expectations. When retaining specialists, realities are compared with the expectations that were when hired. If they do not comply, the specialist leaves the place of work. In this regard, it is important for the management of the territory and organizations to minimize the differences between expectations and the actual state of the labor and urban environment in order to retain high-level specialists. The work examines the main factors influencing and allowing to solve the problems of attracting and retaining talented youth and highly professional specialists in cities with high scientific and technological potential, taking into account modern realities and requirements. Research shows that the main factor ensuring the attraction of talented youth is the availability of high wages. It is a necessary but not sufficient condition for their retention. Additional factors play an important role in retaining specialists, including modern sociocultural and comfortable urban space, which includes various aspects of the lives of specialists and their families.

ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ КРИЗИС В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ

The demographic situation in Russia requires close attention and analysis due to the relevance and significance of the socio–economic consequences. The article examines the problem of the demographic crisis in modern Russia. The current causes of the demographic crisis and the decline in the birth rate are considered. The socio–economic consequences of a decrease in the population and a decrease in the birth rate are revealed. The data on the dynamics of the population, fertility, and mortality in Russia are presented. The forecast of the birth rate in Russia is given, the dynamics of the total birth rate in the period from 1960 to 2023 is studied. The necessity and directions of developing additional measures aimed at overcoming the demographic crisis are substantiated. The goals, objectives, and directions of the national project "Demography" are presented. In addition, measures of state support for young families aimed at increasing the birth rate were considered.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИОННОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ

In 2022, Russia experienced maximum sanctions pressure from the EU and the United States, which had a strong impact on the country's economy, and also showed the shortcomings of the previous mechanisms of its functioning. Despite the difficult economic situation, it is necessary to rebuild the Russian financial system based on the needs of an innovative oriented market economy in order to overcome the consequences associated with the introduction of anti-Russian economic sanctions. During the period of structural transformation of the Russian economy, the monetary policy of the state will have to adapt to the changing external and internal conditions of development. A balanced financial policy, effective management and coordination of actions by all stakeholders will contribute to improving the activities of the institutions of the national financial system and meeting the needs of all economic entities in financial resources. The article analyzes financial policy in Russia under the conditions of sanctions restrictions (2021-2023), and also provides forecasts for the draft monetary policy of 2023-2025. The content of Russia's financial policy in modern conditions is revealed. The main directions of using financial resources have been identified. The problems and prospects of further development of the economy, its stabilization and restructuring are analyzed. Economic sanctions are considered, as well as the reasons why they were imposed on Russia. The results of the sanctions pressure on the banking sector are investigated. The measures and actions of the Central Bank aimed at stabilizing and increasing financial stability in the country have been identified. The statistics of inflation and the Central Bank's key rate have been studied. The paper considers the dynamics of real GDP growth in the Russian Federation and the main indicators of the banking sector. The risks of lending and their methods of overcoming are assessed.

MAJOR FEATURES OF MANAGING SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION IN CRISIS CONDITIONS

The global crises that the Russian economy has to face contribute not only to the destruction of traditional trade, economic and logistics ties, but also to improving the quality of state strategic management. The macroeconomic situation develops in such a way that centralized planning and regulation of socio-economic processes becomes a tangible advantage and can produce high effect both in the long term and in tactical perspective. The advantages will be given to those subjects of the Russian Federation whose management will be carried out on the basis of a system of balanced measures to support reproductive processes, a reasonable redistribution of financial, economic and human resources and comprehensive programs aimed at overcoming interrelated constraints. The article presents an overview of scientific and theoretical approaches to managing socio-economic development of regions, taking into account spatial and territorial features of the organization of economic activity and current global trends. The trends of socio-economic development of the Sverdlovsk region and the peculiarities of regional management in conditions of increasing crisis pressure are considered. The purpose of the article is to develop an algorithm for crisis management of the region, taking into account the state and prospects of economic development. The authors argue that governance in the region is characterized by specific characteristics, the main task of which is to ensure stable socio-economic development, regardless of the influence of negative factors of an economic, political or social nature using effective tools that proactively affect problems and constraints. The authors determine the necessity to identify the factors contributing to the development of crisis situation in the region, which will significantly improve the quality of program development according to industry and subject criteria. The analysis of socioeconomic indicators of the region's development allowed us to draw conclusions concerning the effectiveness of targeted support by industry and subject criteria, which is currently widely used in Russia.

IS THE PHILLIPS CURVE USEFUL FOR FORECASTING INFLATION IN RUSSIA?

The paper analyzes the experience of using the Phillips curve to model inflation in Russia, taking into account the specific features of domestic labor market. Based on Russian data for the period from 2000 to 2022, a wide range of inflation forecasting models has been built: both based on the Phillips curve and alternative ones. The econometric tools used are autoregression models with a moving average in the residuals taking into account seasonality (SARIMA) and their generalizations; autoregression models of distributed lags (ADL) and their generalizations; as well as other estimation methods. During the simulation, we use data on inflation, inflation expectations, production dynamics, unemployment, wages, exchange rates, money supply and other variables. The models are compared drawing on the accuracy of single-period and multi-period out-of-sample forecasts. The modelling results allows us to conclude that onedimensional models work well during the periods of stable economic dynamics, but lose in their predictive power to the “triangular” Phillips curve in crisis years. Comparison of models for forecasting inflation shows that in a stable economic situation, one-dimensional models provide a more reliable forecast. However, in the context of structural transformation faced by the Russian economy in 2022, the “triangular” models of the Phillips curve demonstrate maximum quality of the forecast. Although the acceleration of inflation in 2022 obviously reduces the accuracy of any forecast equations, however, the “triangular” model based on the lags in inflation, unemployment and the index of industrial production demonstrates the best results. This conclusion remains stable to changes in the length of the time series used for forecasting, as well as to changes in forecasting horizon.

Today’s Trends of Software Product Import-Substitution in Conditions of Economy Digitalization

Today software import-substitution in spheres and sectors of Russian economy is a priority trend in state programs being realized in the Russian Federation. The author analyzed governmental decisions concerning software import-substitution, studied software introduced in substituting foreign software at enterprises of Russian economy, showed its developers and prospects of its development. Apart from that, the article underlined that by 2025 according to state programs home-made software shall be used by organizations related to entities of critical information infrastructure such as banking sector, missile and space industry, military-industrial complex, nuclear and mining industry, public health service, science, iron-and-steel making and chemicals industry. At the same time import-substitution policy in general promotes upgrading of the payments balance structure, development of the academic sector and innovation technologies, growth in effective communication with developers of economic projects, where software is functioning, increase in the level and diversity of means and methods of information security, technological independence, population employment, cutting risks and raising competitiveness of industries and sectors of Russian economy. In line with numerous positive moments import-substitution policy demonstrates such drawback as closeness from some innovation of global economy. However, in conditions of sanctions the development of our own software, its efficient use in economic entities can provides cyber-security and technological independence.

The Use of Strategic Planning Tools for Diversification of Highly-Technological Enterprises in Russian Industry

In times of globalization, national economy reforming and intensification of integration processes the level of competitiveness of industrial enterprises is estimated by many factors, the key of them is innovation activity. Due to innovation the business entity has got an opportunity to strengthen its market positions, improve figures of economic efficiency and create big added value. At the same time results of innovation activity shall target at production and economic work of industrial enterprises and foster supply of new highly-technological goods and services to market, which can be provided by strategic planning. The efficiency of its implementation promotes successful introduction of innovation on market and obtaining sustainable competitive advantages. The author analyzed and studied challenges of strategic planning of innovation development and put forward methods of elaborating the system of strategic planning for diversification of highly-technological enterprises of Russian economy.

Основные подходы в информационном обеспечении проектов на получение государственной поддержки компаниями несырьевого сектора

The relevance of the chosen topic is justified by the need to research and develop measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of the unpredictable environment of the Russian economy in the face of overcoming economic sanctions. One of such measures of state support could be an information system for participants in foreign economic activity, taking into account the main approaches in information support of projects funded from the federal budget. The development of the system is based on marketing research of participants in foreign economic activity. As part of the development of measures of state support, market research includes expert assessment, methods of comparison and grouping, index method, and matrix algebra, i.e., it is based on methods of comprehensive analysis of economic activities. The tools under consideration allow forecasting practical results of project evaluation and analysis receiving state support. In conclusion, by integrating theoretical insights with practical methodologies, stakeholders can navigate complex economic environments and capitalize on emerging opportunities. Moving forward, continued research and innovation in information support systems will be essential for promoting sustainable development and resilience in the face of economic challenges.

Внешнеэкономические условия развития России: изоляция и переориентация

The paper considers the main factors of foreign economic relations dynamics of Russia in the last two years. Contrary to the original expectations, Western sanctions did not lead to the full isolation of the Russian economy. Rather, it experienced a reorientation towards countries, which do not support sanctions regime, as well as transition of a large part of foreign trade into an informal sector. The paper discusses main factors of the persistent integration of Russia in the world economy, as well as potential changes in the mid- and long-term perspectives.

Decodification Trends in Modern Russian Legislation

Decodification Trends in Modern Russian Legislation

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПОТЕНЦИАЛОМ ИНЖИНИРИНГА В ИНВЕСТИЦИОННО-СТРОИТЕЛЬНОМ КОМПЛЕКСЕ

The article presents the concept of managing the potential of engineering in the investment and construction complex of the Russian Federation, while its main provisions can be projected onto the domestic economy as a whole. Evidence is provided for the thesis that engineering in the investment and construction complex of the Russian Federation is one of the main areas that can ensure the intensification of scientific and technical development of the domestic economy. To ensure the realization of the potential of engineering in the Russian economy, it is necessary to develop the institutional environment, the institute of education and science, and the national strategic planning system.

Belief and Prediction Narratives in Rethinking Discourse: The Experience of Soviet Science Fiction and Ad in the 1950s

In the USSR of 1950s, the sociocultural foundations for the functioning of social practices and institutions were the opposite to those in subsequent periods of the USSR history and modern Russia. In addition, they are opposite to the currently dominant trends in world’s development, depicted in “Retrotopia” of Zygmunt Bauman. In the culture of that time, people poorly expressed mass nostalgia as they searched for an emotional community with collective memory. Rationality was the main defining feature of the 1950s. From this point of view, the author examines narratives aimed at correcting the “Soviet” discourse, discredited during the Second World War and political changes in Soviet society in the late 1940s — early 1950s. There are two types of narrative: the belief and prediction, which were broadcast through commercial advertising and science fiction literature. The prediction narrative remained a specific attribute of the1950s culture and did not receive further promotion.

Efficiency of Digital Communication Technologies for Integrating the LPR and DPR Residents into the Sociocultural Expanse of Russia

This paper evaluates the use of digital communications and discusses the integration of residents from the Lugansk and Donetsk People’s Republics (LPR, DPR) into modern Russia’s sociocultural expanse. The study uses cyber-metric analysis, as well as the method of constructing and analyzing social graphs. The research concludes that strategies for using digital communications in new regions are heterogeneous. Also, the authors highlight two issues. First, there is a low representation of political parties, public associations, and projects in the regional digital communications system. Second, the digital infrastructure of new regions is currently being set up.

Quality of Life as a Factor in Maintaining the National-State Identity Steadiness

The paper discusses the quality of life capacity as a factor in maintaining the stability of national-state identity in modern Russia. The authors reveal the topic based on the analysis of data from quantitative sociological research for the period 2013–2021 (surveys by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion and the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences). The theoretical basis of the study is the concept of social identity by G. Tajfel and D. Turner. The authors conclude that, by the mid-2010s, a consensus formed among most adult citizens in a Russian society that the quality of life was the key or one of the primary criteria for the national greatness of the country. The model of irrational prestige consumption has become widespread, the extrapolation of which was facilitated by increased access to relevant media content through increased Internet penetration and improved methods of simulation getting status goods and services. The described situation creates risks of destroying the empirical basis for supporting in-group favoritism of Russians and out-group discrimination of communities speaking on behalf of the principal opponents of the Russian Federation in the external domain. Because of this, the quality of life in the medium term gains the role of one of the key factors providing the sustainability of the national-state identity of Russians.

АНАЛИЗ УЧАСТИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО ОБОРОННО-ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА НА МИРОВОМ РЫНКЕ ВООРУ-ЖЕНИЯ И ВОЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

The article explores and outlines the participation of the Russian military-industrial complex (DIC) in expanding the range of foreign trade activities and developing the economy of the Russian Federation by producing and releasing for these purposes various types of modern, in-demand and competitive military, civil and dual products on the world and domestic commodity markets. appointments. A definition of the global market for military products (MP) is given, its geography, characteristics, trends and operating features, the implementation of international legal regulation, the value of annual trade turnover, the presence of official and illegal schemes for the sale of weapons and military equipment, and the reasons for the emergence of the latter are revealed. The geography and indicators of the participation of the Russian Federation in this market for the period 2015–2022 are given, its rating among the states that are the main exporters of weapons and military equipment, as well as comparison with the USA and EU countries - the main exporters to the world market of weapons, military equipment and others types of military products, the ratio of their exports to military expenditures and to the gross domestic product. The authors present a correlation regression analysis of the main factors influencing Russia's posi-tion in the world market for weapons, military equipment and other types of military products, including an analysis of the Russian share in global arms exports, as well as an analysis of the share of arms and military equipment exports in Russia's total ex-ports. The conclusions summarize the results of the study, indicating the real, signifi-cant contribution of the Russian defense industry to the development of foreign trade activities and the country's economy in the context of sanctions restrictions and in-creasing global risks.

Ways of Upgrading Macro-Economic Stimulation of Labour Productivity in View of Neo-Keynesian Economic Theory

The article analyzed the experience of economic system functioning in view of researching trends acute for resolving problems of labour productivity in Russia. The research goal is to find ways of optimizing economic policy of labour productivity stimulation. The author conducted theoretical research in raising labour productivity within the frames of neo-Keynesian theory and studied retrospective ideas concerning this problem in the previous classical economic theory. The research showed the emergence of ideas dealing with the role of labour in value creation, macro-economic balance between investment and remuneration in labour productivity. The author identified in theory and proved in practice the importance of raising labour productivity as a factor of economic growth. Based on empiric research results of economic policy were analyzed in certain fields, such as wages, investment macro-economic policy and technological policy of state. By using post-soviet economy of Russia as an example the author proved key economic theses about trends of economic policy necessary for stimulating labour productivity. The importance of macro-economic regulation and innovation was highlighted in view of foreign-economic sanctions and trade restrictions. Findings of the research demonstrate key trends needed to resolve the problem of raising labour productivity and put forward steps necessary to reach positive results.

RAW MATERIAL EXPORTS REDUCTION IN TRANSFORMING THE STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA’S GDP

The article presents a thesis that a phased reduction of the share of raw materials in the total volume of Russian exports and re-direction of a much greater part of it to domestic processing and subsequent export of final high-tech products are required. The need for such structural transformation is explained not only by the intensification of anti-Russian sanctions against fuel and energy complex, including the introduction of an embargo and price ceiling for its products, but also by the urgent need for a radical change in the very type of growth of the domestic economy - from raw materials export to the one based on innovations. Such shift is associated with devising and implementing a nationwide structural government policy, designed to resist further deindustrialization of the national economy. Based on the analysis of the key imbalances of the Russian economy developed during its market transformation, with a special emphasis on the ratio of consumption, investment, government purchases and trade balance, the author offers his own vision of an algorithm for a reasonable increase in the investment quota not through reducing personal consumption, but by temporarily reducing the contribution of net exports. The analysis concludes with the description of a fundamental scheme of urgently required changes in the functional structure of Russia’s GDP with the vision of ways to prevent an excessive imbalance between the revenue and expenditure parts of the Russian state budget.

САНКЦИИ КАК ДВИЖУЩАЯ СИЛА РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИИ

The article examines the role of sanctions as a driving force in the development of the Russian economy. The study is based on an analysis of the impact of sanctions on various sectors of the Russian economy and their impact on the country's development trends. Both positive and negative aspects of the impact of sanctions on the economy are considered, and their role in stimulating internal changes and modernization of the economy is assessed. The article also analyzes the strategies adopted by the Russian government in response to sanctions and their effectiveness in achieving economic goals. Based on existing data and economic trends, the author draws conclusions about how sanctions shape Russia's economic dynamics and affect its development in the long term.