Russian Standard Research Articles

Social sphere and gender issues

The article deals with the issues of gender equality based on the consideration of Russian and international norms, statistics of gender equality in the Russian Federation. The measures implemented in the Russian Federation to preserve gender equality, in particular the National Strategy of Action for Women for 2023–2030, the state programs «Development of healthcare», «Social support for citizens», «Employment», national projects «Demography», «Healthcare», «Small and medium–sized entrepreneurship» are considered and support for individual entrepreneurial initiative».The proposals for the preservation of gender equality in the Russian Federation for the long term are formulated. The development of a separate federal project is proposed, for example, as part of the state program economic development and innovative economy with indicators such as the proportion of women who have the same salary as men holding equivalent positions; the proportion of women holding managerial positions; achieving equivalent results in terms of the amount of time for household chores for men and women, including through development and accessibility of technologies that replace women’s labor. The development and adoption of the all–Russian standard of gender equality policy is also proposed. A standard can be a set of principles, rules, processes, an analysis of the current situation, and best practices for observing gender equality. The standard should have practice–oriented recommendations for the implementation of gender policy in the organization.

COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL TEST METHODS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE ACCORDING TO THE EGYPTIAN AND RUSSIAN STANDARD METHODS

Physical and mechanical test methods for coarse aggregate have been studied under the commercial program of Egyptian and Russian standard test methods comparison. Theoretical and practical research has been carried out using Egyptian raw materials from reputed occurrences. The research shows that the main part of tests is either the same or comparable, which can make the quality assessment easier for both sides provided that the converting rules are followed. Recalculating methods for important geometrical and mechanical properties are proposed. Converting tables, graphics and Russian standards are provided in order to assist Egyptian suppliers with participating in tendering for Al Dabaa NPP project.

Proposal to modify the Russian standard for electronic digital signature in order to eliminate the broadband covert channel

Most digital signature algorithms have the ability to organize hidden channels for transmitting information. Their presence was revealed after the publication of a digital signature scheme based on the El-Gamal cipher. The bandwidth of these channels ranges from a few bits (narrowband channels) to 256-512 bits (broadband channels). The literature describes several ways to eliminate broadband channels with the help of a supervisor. The analysis of existing methods of elimination of hidden channels in digital signature algorithms is given. The shortcomings of the existing schemes are revealed. A method of modification of the Russian standard of electronic digital signature GOST R 34.10-2012 has been developed in order to eliminate the broadband hidden channel. The method provides for the presence of a supervisor who does not participate in the formation of the signature and can check signed messages for the absence of hidden channels.

Тестирование на проникновение на основе стандарта NIST SP 800-115

Relevance. Security issues of information systems in critical infrastructure objects become important now. However, current tasks of information security audit of critical infrastructure objects are mainly limited to checking them for compliance with requirements of standards and documents. With this approach to the audit, security of these objects from real attacks by hackers remains unclear. Therefore, objects are subjected to a testing procedure, namely, penetration testing, in order to objectively verify their security. For example, there are instructions of the Bank of Russia to carry out such testing when the information security of banking systems are checked. However, there is no formal national standard for conducting penetration testing in Russia. This is the deterrent factor to testing critical infrastructure objects. The goal of the paper is to analysis of the American testing standard – NIST SP 800-115 to estimate the possibility of its used for development of the Russian national penetration testing standard. Research methods. Methods of analysis and decomposition from the theory of system analysis are used in the paper to achieve the research goal. Results. In-depth analysis of the NIST SP 800-115 standard is provided in the paper. The following are considered: types of information security assessment measures; stages of information security assessment; methods of analysis and testing which used in the assessment of information security; types and sequence of penetration testing; tested vulnerabilities; recommended tools for analysis and testing, are presented in NIST SP 800-11. Conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of the NIST SP 800-115 standard are made. Recommendations about as NIST SP 800-115 is used in the development of the national Russian standard of penetration testing are presented.

Обоснование возможности строительства пассивных многоэтажных жилых зданий в климатических условиях Центральной России

Introduction. We won’t be able to solve global ecological problems without solving the energy issue. It is necessary to expand the energy sector and switch to energy saving technologies. Power generation is among sources of negative impacts on the environment and man. The emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, discharge of polluted liquid waste into rivers, creation of huge water reservoirs, warming of water bodies, depletion of fuel resources, deforestation, emission of toxic substances into the atmosphere and water, burial of radioactive waste — this list of negative impacts, produced by the energy sector on the environment, is not exhaustive. At the end of the 20th century, humanity finally rea­lized how serious the problem of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was. The consolidation of these two issues, namely, environmental protection and conservation of natural resources, tightened the requirements for the construction of buil­dings in terms of thermal insulation, reduction of energy consumption for heating, and introduction of a closed power cycle at production facilities. The article deals with construction of passive multi-storey houses in different climatic conditions of the Russian Federation. The problem of energy saving and thermal insulation of buildings in construction is addressed. The analysis of energy consumption by passive buildings in the climatic conditions of Central Russia is made. Materials and methods. Currently, heating consumption by all types of buildings during the heating season in Russia is analyzed in accordance with Annex G of SNiP 23-02-2003. In addition, a national standard of the Russian Federation was developed, approved and put into effect by Decree of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology No. 1211-st dated October 25, 2013. This standard is amended in relation to ISO 13790:2008. This Russian standard is a regulatory document on annual heat and electricity costs of maintaining the microclimate on heated or cooled premises. Results. The technology has advanced, and now the construction market offers houses with seamless facades and improved sound and heat insulation. These are monolithic frame houses with good thermal insulation, since monolithic concrete is poured directly into the formwork on the construction site, lined with glass wool thermal insulation and clad with facade panels, which reduces heat loss from a building. Conclusions. The analysis of the energy consumption calculation method has proven an efficient tool to determine the heat demand of heating systems. The calculation allows to determine heat losses associated with the transfer of heat through an external envelope and the need for thermal energy. In other words, given that the data for each climatic zone is correct, including selected construction materials, thickness of enclosure structures with account for solar energy, and the proper use of modern intake-exhaust systems, the construction of buildings, featuring higher energy efficiency in the climatic conditions of Central Russia, is possible and absolutely realistic.

Гомодинный квадратурный интерферометр перемещений. Моделирование

In this paper, based on the Jones matrix formalism, we describe the optical scheme of a single-pass homodyne displacement interferometer with a quadrature phase detection principle. The interferometer is built according to the Michelson scheme, and polarizing optical elements are used to obtain quadrature signals with a phase shift of 90°. The interferometer is supposed to be used as part of a new Russian standard of the kilogram based on watt balance for precision measurements of the displacement and speed of the coil in the vertical direction. The results of modeling the optical scheme of the interferometer are considered in order to assess the effect on the measurement accuracy of the imperfection of the polarizing elements and their alignment. An algorithm for correction of nonlinearity arising in the quadratic detection of interference signals is also considered. The results of experimental testing of a homodyne displacement interferometer with a quadrature principle of phase registration are carried out.

Lease: Problematic Aspects of Accounting and Reporting Information Formation

In the light of the recently adopted new Russian and international standards in accounting and tax accounting, significant changes in the regulation of lease accounting have been made. Unfortunately, the newly adopted rules are not always ideal in terms of their practical application. The article is devoted to a critical analysis of the regulations of the international standard IFRS (IFRS) 16 “Lease” and the Russian standard FSBU25/2018 “Lease Accounting.” The methodological basis of the study includes a critical analysis of the new requirements for accounting for lease transactions in the systems of Russian and international standards in terms of their validity, logic and completeness. The result of the study is the justification of the presence of both positive and problematic aspects in the innovations introduced in the regulation of accounting for leases in IFRS16 and in the Russian standard FSBU25/2018. Recommendations have been made to address the problematic issues of lease accounting and reporting information. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results in the preparation of new and improved existing accounting regulations in the process of its further development at the national and international levels.

Clearcuts and related secondary dieback undermine the ecological effectiveness of FSC certification in a boreal forest

BackgroundOver the last 25 years, the prominent forest certification system established by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has used by many companies worldwide for claiming responsible forest management. The objectives of the Russian National FSC standard to decrease the size of clearcuts and the retention of forest elements such as residual seed trees need on-site validation to proof the effectiveness of FSC. To assess the ecological impacts of harvesting practices and benefits of FSC certification, we geospatially compared logging activities with and without FSC certification. Within a sample area covering approximately 3,000 km2 in the east of the Russian Arkhangelsk Region, we used available data on tree cover loss and satellite images to assess secondary impacts of clearcuttings on adjacent remnant forests and to quantify the logging intensity. Additionally, the size and structure as well as the density of skidding trails of ten specific clearcuttings located within the sample area were surveyed using satellite images and in the field observation to delineate the boundaries of clearcuts and forested remnants within the clearcuts.ResultsWe found a significant increase of small-scale tree cover loss in the proximity of the clearcuts. Patchy dieback is possibly linked to the scale and intensity of logging in the surroundings. On the investigated clearcuts, FSC failed to reduce the size, to increase the retention of forest remnants including seed trees on logged areas, and to maintain larger tracts of undisturbed ground and soil compared to clearcuts that were logged before they received FSC-certification.ConclusionsTrees and forest remnants remaining inside an increasingly stressed forest ecosystem matrix may not resist further harvesting-related and climate change-induced stresses and disturbances. Large-scale clearcuttings seem to have negative impacts even in adjacent forests and undermine the ecological effectiveness of FSC certification in the study area. The Russian FSC standard is not clearly setting effective guidelines that induce a change in clearcutting practices in order to reduce ecological risks.

Qualification reference book and teacher professional standard cancellation justification

The research is about the Russian qualification reference book and the Russian professional standard "Professional training, professional education and additional professional education teacher" comparison. The Russian professional educational standard was analyzed and main reasons of it’s cancelling were determined and described. The basis of the article is the educational society ambiguous attitude to the professional standard introduction. The Russian professional standard "Professional training, professional education and additional professional education teacher" main principles were dismantled. The main differences of the Russian qualification reference book and the Russian professional standard were given. In the process of this comparison the weak points of professional standard were determined and described. The other researchers and teaching staff attitude the Russian professional standard introduction were also reflected in this article. The professional standard launch cancellation was justified. That is why there are detected main disadvantages of the qualification reference book and these modern and actual stayed. Based on this the conclusion was made that new legal regulatory document is urgently needed. But planned professional standard was underdeveloped.

Metabolic Activity of Micromycetes Affecting Urban Concrete Constructions.

Concrete resistance to the destructive action of microorganisms is considered as a measure of its durability and is increasingly being raised as an important issue. We focused our study on the biodeterioration of concrete specimens widely used as a building material of urban houses by micromycetes isolated from the inner wall surface of the former military hospital in Kazan city, Tatarstan, Russia. Fungal community consists of 9 Penicillium isolates, 6 Aspergillus, 2 Trichoderma, and 1 isolate of Alternaria. First, we have identified two dominant isolates, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium brevicompactum, and characterized their destructive properties according to the radial growth rate, antagonistic activity towards bacterial habitants of concrete, and production of organic acids. Then, we have demonstrated that five tested brands of high-strength concrete differ in bioreceptivity. The alterations in concrete resistances to compression and flexure after fungal attack were recorded at the trend level, mainly due to a short exposure time of concrete to fungal destructors in tests recommended by national Russian standard. Finally, using scanning electron microscopy we have shown that colonization of concrete by the dominant fungi includes their penetration into the thickness of concrete and germination in cracks. Elementary analysis revealed the decrease of calcium content on about 41% after fungal growth on the concrete in liquid phase and on 32% by superficial growth in comparison with the samples without fungal treatment.

The Library of Belarusian-Russian University: The history and contemporaneity

The Belarusian-Russia University was established on the basis of Mogilev State Technical University, in accordance with the Agreement signed between the government of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation (Mogilev, January 19, 2001). New objectives of the library are set up due to new programs to be taught at the University. Today, the library supports 16 education programs as provided by the Belarus education standards, and 7 programs as provided by the Russian standard. The author discusses in particular: collection development funding; delivery of books published by Belarus and Russia publishers’; establishing the repository “Belarusian-Russian University E-library and digital catalog databases, and among them The Proceedings of the Belarusian-Russian University Researchers, «Authors’ abstracts. Theses», «Digital Documents»; library’s publishing activities, personal bibliographies of the prominent university scholars and researchers). The Library also acts as the coordination regional methodological center. The author concludes that the Library of Belarusian-Russian University plays a significant role in education and science promotion, opens access to the cultural heritage and intellectual resources for the students, professors and scientists, and offers relevant information products and services.

A Comparison of Liquid Limit Values for Fine Soils: A Case Study at the North Cairo-Suez District, Egypt

ABSTRACT This study compare liquid limit values obtained by the Casagrande apparatus, Russian and British drop cone penetrometer. Liquid limit determined for clay samples collected from 10 boreholes at the Cairo-Suez district (north western part of Badr City), Egypt. It is the most important geotechnical parameter used of fine-grained soils. The liquid limits for 40 natural clay samples varying between 27.8 and 69.7%. It is found that the liquid limit determined by the Casagrande apparatus and Russian standard (cone penetrometer) give essentially the same results with a difference of < 5%. It is observed that the values of Casagrande apparatus were generally lower than those obtained by the cone penetrometer with Russian standard. In addition, Casagrande apparatus for some samples, which had liquid limits of more than 60%, give a higher result. The liquid limits determined by the Russian and British standards are not consistent with a difference of < 1%. Besides, the results which determined by the Casagrande apparatus and British standards (BS), provide equivalent values with a difference of < 3%.

Requirements to the Oral Speech on the Russian Language as on the National Language of the Russian Federation

The article addresses the aims of the legal recognition of a language as the national (“state”) language, the legal regulations concerning observance of the standards of the contemporary Russian (“literary”) language as national (“state”) language of the Russian Federation, as well as the problems of implemen­tation of these regulations in the oral public speech. The authors emphasize the role of dictionaries and grammar books approved by the Ministry of Education and Science to provide the implementation of the language legislation and the official codification of the norms of the contemporary Russian standard (“literary”) language as the national (“state”) language of the Russian Federation. The article puts for­ward a number of suggestions for improving the current legal mechanism of codification of language norms for the oral speech with regard to the use of language as a national (“state”) language.

Аттестация стандартного образца иммуноглобулина человека для определения антикомплементарной активности

Представлены материалы по аттестации и изучению стабильности впервые разработанного отечественного стандартного образца иммуноглобулина человека для определения антикомплементарной активности, применяемого для оценки стабильности и приемлемости результатов испытания. По результатам проведенных исследований аттестованные значения антикомплементарной активности отрицательного контроля стандартного образца находятся в интервале от 37,9 до 45,1 %, положительного контроля — в интервале от 73,6 до 82,8 % (с доверительной вероятностью 0,95). На основании материалов по изучению стабильности обоснован срок годности 1,5 года. Внедрение аттестованного стандартного образца в фармацевтический анализ лекарственных препаратов иммуноглобулинов человека для внутривенного введения при проведении экспертизы и контроля качества в рамках государственных заданий, а также с целью подтверждения соответствия требованиям нормативной документации позволит обеспечить достоверность определения антикомплементарных свойств.

ICT on-line resourses as a tool of implementing the Federal State Educational Standard 44.03.01 pedagogical education

The article considers issues related to the use of the ICT in the modern education and analyzes the requirements of the federal state educational standards of primary, basic and higher education. The attention is focused on the need to develop the ICT competence at all levels of education. The concepts of using information and communication technologies in the classroom as well as the concept of informatization of education are analyzed. A three-level model of the ICT competence of the teachers is described, which is stipulated by the professional teachers standard. The article analyzes possibilities of interactive lectures supported by the social networks or the use of cloud technologies. The article proposes the use of the case-study method in the virtual reality as a means of formation of the required competencies and increasing students' motivation. It analyzes the didactic potential of the pedagogical community network as a basis for lifelong learning. The experience of the use of the Internet community as a site of scientific pedagogical research is described. Videoconferences are proposed as a tool of teacher professional development. Google Hangouts application is evaluated as well. The author draws a conclusion about the necessity for higher school teachers to use modern information technologies in the education process, which make it possible to transfer learning beyond the walls of the educational institution. Such education will comply with the Russian standard of living, and will be acceptable internationally.

Evaluating Models for Predicting the Air Permeability of Needle-Punched Nonwovens

An analysis is made of effective models that have been proposed for predicting the air permeability of needle-punched nonwovens in accordance with the requirements of the Russian standard. An approach that entails constructing models with a single structural parameter is suggested. The parameter can be thickness, surface density, volumetric density, or the space factor. The given approach precludes obtaining models with one correction factor. Models constructed with two correction factors make it possible to predict air permeability for certain values of the structural parameters. The optimum model uses surface density as the structural parameter.

Strength Assessment of Modern Cryptosystems Using Methods of the Analysis Based on the Solutions of Combined Equations

Encryption algorithm GOST 28147-89 (hereinafter GOST) is Russian national standard of symmetric encryption. Many systems of information security are based on computation complexity of algorithm GOST. Our research is about possibility of methods of the analysis based on the solutions of combined equations. The general idea of algebraic analysis is based on the representation of initial encryption algorithm as a system of multivariate quadratic equations, which define relations between a secret key and a plain/cipher text. Extended linearization (XL) method is evaluated as a method for solving the nonlinear system of equations. We observe attack to three rounds of GOST using XL methods. The research has shown that for 32-round GOST system is consist of 5376 quadratic equations, which characterize dependencies between inputs and outputs of S-blocks. The total number of variables is 2048 and the system contains 9472 monomials. Algebraic attacks (and many others like linear, differential methods) are needed to know substitution tables of encryption algorithms. However S-boxes of GOST are additional secret element of encryption, therefore this work presents software implementation and complexity evaluation of computing secret S-boxes. Also the part of the work devoted to finding the influence of S-Boxes to resistance of GOST algorithm against linear cryptanalysis. The universal algorithm for searching particular layouts of S-Boxes, which are vulnerable to linear cryptanalysis is presented. The possibility of building of efficient linear statistical expressions for simplified GOST with weak S-Boxes has been shown. This research is aimed to ensuring that certain arbitrary S-Box layouts are not weak when they are not fixed. Applicability of the presented method was tested by analyzing S-Boxes used in GOST. Application of the designed method made it possible to discover a number of weak S-Boxes, which make the overall cryptographic strength of GOST much lower.

Efficacy of sanatorium treatment to patients with consequences of cerebrovascular disease

To estimate the efficacy of the introduction of Russian standard of the sanatorium treatment of patients with cerebrovascular diseases. We examined 480 neurological patients. Efficacy of treatment was estimated according to conclusions of the physician on the basis of dynamic supervision and the scale "The Rehabilitation Profile of Activity" (Rehabilitation Activities Profile). The general for all patients was physiotherapy exercises and diet therapy. The majority of patients received medical shower (62.9±2.2%), psychotherapy (83.5±1.7%) and used terrainkur (52.1±2.3%). Frequencies of separate methods of treatment effects in groups of patients with positive and negative outcomes did not differ. The reliability of distinction was noted only for frequencies of dry-air bathtubs (36 and 16%), local bathtubs (39 and 14%), medical shower (76 and 52%), sinusoidal modulated currents (36 and 18%), reflex therapy (36 and 18%), massage (58 and 38%), psychotherapy (100 and 76%), naftalan therapy (44 and 24%). The significance of the ratio between sensitivity and specificity of treatment methods is emphasized.

RUSSIAN STANDARD inherently registrable following Iceland appeal

RUSSIAN STANDARD inherently registrable following Iceland appeal

Comparison of Structural Steels According to Russian and European Standards

European structural steels for metallic building structures are delivered according to the EN 10025 and EN 10113 standards [1, 2]. The standardized upper limit of the yield strength ReH for the 16-mm rated thickness of the rolled stock envisage six classes of steel strength with a yield strength of 185, 235, 275, 355, 420, and 460 MPa, respectively. The Russian GOST 27772 standard [3] envisages nine classes of strength, i.e., 235, 245, 255, 275, 285, 345, 375, 390, 440, and 590 MPa respectively. Consequently, the gradation with respect to the yield strength Re in the Russian standard is more detailed than in the European standards. However, foreign steels are better differentiated with respect to impact toughness. The gradation may involve the applicability of the metal for service at low temperatures (L ). Domestic structural steels of classes S345, S375, S440, and S540 are represented by the types 10G2S1D, 12G2S, 14G2AF, 10KhSND, 15G2AFDps, etc. The European EN 10025 standard concerns non-alloy (low-carbon) steels. Structural steels with enhanced strength (EN 10113 [4]) and steels applied at low temperatures (EN 10020) are quality carbon steels with microadditives of Nb, V, Al, Ti, and Ni or special low-alloy steels bearing Cr, Ni, Mo, and Cu in addition to the microadditives. These steels are fine-grained in the as-delivered state. They are delivered in a normalized state (N ) or after thermomechanical treatment (M ). In this condition they have good resistance to brittle fracture and their yield point does not exceed 460 MPa. We established differences in the parameters characterizing the properties and the chemical composition of domestic and foreign steels and found it difficult to choose exact equivalents. However, since in most cases the design of metallic structures does not require a completely equivalent material, it is possible to find a close counterpart for virtually any structure. In the present work we compared structural steels produced according to the EN 10025 and EN 10113 standards with domestic steels produced according to the GOSTs 27772 and 19281 standards [4, 5] with respect to – the chemical composition; – the parameters of strength and ductility; – the impact toughness. We chose foreign counterparts of the EN system for domestic steels of GOST 27772. The level of mechanical properties of the chosen counterparts was quite close and virtually did not differ in the reliability and working capacity of metal structures. The Russian and European standards contain differences connected with the metallurgical process that provides the mechanical properties of the steel products. The standards do not describe the manufacturing processes, and the guaranteed control parameters that are often presented when the appropriate requirements are stipulated by the order for the metal products seem to have the nature of an advertisement. This is primarily related to foreign paperwork. Domestic scientific literature widely discusses the ideas of steel hardening and the technological ways of their realization, for example, for the production of high-strength non-alloy structural steels [6]. It can be seen from [6] that the domestic metallurgy has converted the production of highstrength low-carbon steels with mechanical properties regulated by the EN standards. The value of the impact toughness after strain aging contained in the Russian GOSTs is an important parameter indicating the reliability of structural steels. The guaranteed impact toughness in the state of strain aging is an advantage of the GOST 27772 and GOST 19281 domestic standards over the European standards that do not have such a guarantee.