Russian Research Center Research Articles

The development and creating of new-generation full-scope simulator and new technology of simulation

Set out is a brief account of the two major accomplishments by the Russian Research Center ‘Kurchatov Institute’ in creating the full-scope simulators and mathematical modeling technologies. Presented are the basic specifications of one of the world's largest simulators—the full-scope simulator for the Leningrad NPP which is the new-generation one. Owing to the extended modeling scope accomplished is the possibility of training personnel to act in terms of not only the design-basis but rather beyond the design-basis accidents. To minimize the expenditures for creating the simulators, analyzers and other modeling and control means, the RRC `Kurchatov Institute' has created the unique technology of mathmodeling automation. Thanks to its versatility and application at its creation of the ELUD philosophy (easy to learn, use and develop) good use is made of this technology both in nuclear and thermal power engineering, as well as in gas industry.

Production of highly enriched isotopes at the electromagnetic plants with high dispersion

An electromagnetic isotope separator complex is operated at the Institute of Nuclear Fusion, Russian Research Center, “Kurchatov Institute”. The high dispersion (up to 40 mm per 1% relative difference in mass) and other parameters of these units allow the production of isotopes with very high enrichment. Several investigations related to achieving maximum enrichment of isotopes are reported, along with studies on maximizing both enrichment and production yields.

Art, Artists' Associations, and the State in Norway

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsMarilyn Shattner RueschemeyerMarilyn Shattner Rueschemeyer is a professor of sociology at the Rhode Island School of Design, an adjunct professor at Brown University, and a fellow at the Russian Research Center at Harvard University.

Neutron scattering facilities and research program at the IR-8 research reactor of the Kurchatov institute

The steady-state research reactor IR-8 is located in Moscow. It started its operation in 1957 and was one of the first research reactors of the water-water type in the territory of the former Soviet Union. Initially it had thermal power of the order of 1 MW and, after modifications, the nominal power has been increased to 8 MW with the neutron flux in the reactor core of 2.1Ol4 ncm-2sec. The IR-8 reactor is used for the experimental investigations in nuclear physics and in solid state physics in traditional directions for the Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute (formerly the I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy). Research is performed on 12 horizontal beams: ten straight channels, one tangential, and one curved channel, all coming from the lightwater moderator. A general view of the experimental hall of the IR-8 reactor is shown in Figure 1. While the main part of this report deals with the solid state physics instruments and research, we will first briefly describe the nuclear physics activity at the reactor.

Problems of Creating Computer Integrated Manufacture for Pilot Mechanical Engineering

The specific features of experimental mechanical engineering require production and technical systems (PTSs) to be highly flexible. At the same time, the necessity of engineering and production support for scientific research work and the development of new equipment with limited labour resources in the shortest period of time make it necessary to increase the level of PTS automation. The problem of flexible automation of PTSs can be solved by creating a computer integrated manufacture (CIM). The present article describes the experience of the creation of CIM for the production of high-technology experimental equipment at the Russian Research Centre (RRC) ‘Kurchatov Institute’. The system functions and the level of automation of various activities in the system are described. Methods of overcoming many troubles encountered during the creation of CIMs are shown.

Truth, misinterpretation, or left-wing McCarthyism?

It is “left-wing McCarthyism” to suggest that there was anything morally questionable or idiosyncratic about Talcott Parsons's 1948 effort to recruit displaced Soviet citizens for the Harvard Russian Research Center. There is no definite evidence that any of the people Parsons interviewed were “war criminals” by Nuremberg standards. The suggestion that Parsons aided possible Nazi collaborators stems from an ideologically motivated unwillingness to recognize the totalitarian and expansionist nature of the Soviet Union under Stalin which is unworthy of serious consideration.

Coherent processes in nuclei and crystals

The history of the discovery of the nucleon-nucleon interaction is outlined with special reference to the contribution of the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics (FLNP) at JINR, to this field of research. The author lays down a programme of joint studies to be carried out by the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), FLNP at JINR, the Russian Research Centre 'Kurchatov Institute' (KI) on the IBR-2 reactor, and Moscow Engineering-Physics Institute (MEPI).

Validation of MCNP for RBMK Criticality Calculations

The Los Alamos National Laboratory Monte Carlo MCNP code is applied to critical experiments performed at the RBMK critical facility of the Russian Research Center “Kurchatov Institute,” Moscow. The validation investigations are completed by whole-core criticality calculations of experiments at the Smolensk Unit 3 nuclear power plant as part of the start-up procedure. The geometric model exploits the powerful capabilities of MCNP by precise representation of the fuel and different types of nonfuel channels, which add up to a detailed model of the criticalfacility and the RBMK core. Continuous-energy cross-section tables are taken from the ENDF/B-IV and ENDF/B-VI libraries. As the most important uncertainty inherent to the experimental setup, the concentration of impurity isotopes in the graphite moderator is identified. Within the resulting error limits, the keffand the void effect are well reproduced with both cross-section libraries.

Review of shape memory alloys medical applications in Russia

In the last twenty-five years a large variety of research has been carried out in Russia using Shape Memory Alloys (SMA), particularly nearly equiatomic NiTi alloys, for medical applications. In this field of activity, Russian research centers have been quite successful in treating different kinds of diseases, from bone fractures to dental implants. This review is intended to give a panorama of SMA medical applications in Russia in order to illustrate the remarkable possibilities offered by SMA materials in the medical field.

Radiation damage of graphite and carbon-graphite materials

The results of the study of graphite and carbon-graphite materials obtained in the Russian Research Center “Kurchatov Institute” during a period of fifteen years are presented. The main structural effects and changes in pyrographites, nuclear (polycrystalline) graphites and carbon-graphite materials under irradiation are investigated. Irradiation temperatures and neutron fluences have been taken from wide ranges: ≈ 500–1200°C, and ≈ (0.01–2) × 10 26 n/m 2 respectively, ( E > 0.18 MeV). The following characteristics of materials are discussed: linear and volume changes in size, lattice parameters, radiation defect parameters, pore structure evolution, Young's modulus change, etc. Particular attention is given to mechanisms, governing material radiation stability as a function of processing and irradiation conditions. The widely known effect of radiation dimensional change in irradiated graphite has been observed in the experiment. It has been demonstrated that the radiation defect parameters and magnitudes of radiation dimensional change are defined by initial sizes of graphite crystallites (for irradiation temperatures ≥ 500°C). It has been shown also that this effect determines the radiation stability in polycrystalline nuclear graphites. Distinctions in behavior of carbon-graphite materials under irradiation are shown.

Robert V. Daniels and the Longue Duree of Soviet History

G eorge Enteen's largely laudatory review of Robert Daniels's recently published books prompts several critical observations about the latter's not inconsiderable contribution to the historiography of the Soviet period. These will be followed by some remarks, much more tentative in nature, on Enteen's excursion into semiotics and the advantages and limitations of inscribing it into our understanding of the Soviet past. Let me hasten to add that these are the observations of a relative outsider, for I came of age as one of the social historians referred to by Enteen at the beginning of his review, and in no sense consider myself expert in either linguistic theory or its application to the historical enterprise. In reading-or rereading-the essays contained in Trotsky, Stalin, and Socialism, I was reminded of Daniels's thoroughgoing familiarity-one might even say intimacy-with the canonical texts of Marxism-Leninism. To be sure, Daniels is not unique in this respect. Many scholars of his or a slightly older generation steeped themselves in the literature of Soviet communism's founding fathers, evidently as part of their graduate training. One thinks here of Alfred Meyer, Adam Ulam, Barrington Moore, Jr., and Robert C. Tucker, among others. Enteen quite rightly refers to the influence of Crane Brinton and several East European intellectuals on Daniels's thinking, but neglects to mention his years at Harvard's Russian Research Center, where he studied under Michael Karpovich and Merle Fainsod. Much already has been written about the ideological biases and self-censorship among Sovietologists of that time and place.' By situating Daniels in this milieu, I do not wish to tar him with that particular brush. Quite the contrary. The Conscience of the Revolution, Daniels's first book, which was based on his doctoral dissertation,

Final Report of the Joint Task Force on Archives American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies and The American Historical Association 1 April 1995

The following Report on Archives has been submitted to the Board of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies and the Council of the American Historical Association. The Task Force urges those who wish to comment on the report to forward their remarks to the Board of AAASS, cdo Dr. Carol Saivetz, Russian Research Center, Harvard University, 1737 Cambridge St., Cambridge, MA 02138, and/or to Lynne Lee, Research Division of the AHA, 400A Street SE, Washington D.C. 20003.

Publisher's Note

We are pleased to welcome Christine Ruane and Joseph Bradley, specialists in modern Russian history, to the co-editorship of Russian Studies in History. Professor Ruane, who teaches at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, is the author of Gender, Class, and the Professionalization of Russian City Teachers, 1860-1914 (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994). Professor Bradley, who teaches at the University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, has held visiting appointments at the University of London, Ohio State University, Georgetown University, and the Harvard Russian Research Center, and has been awarded grants by IREX, NEH, and the National Council of Soviet and East European Research. He is the author of Muzhik and Muscovite: Urbanization in Late-Imperial Russia (University of California Press, 1985) and Guns for the Tsar: Nineteenth-Century Russia (Northern Illinois University Press, 1990).

Russian federation ITER Home Team organization: January 1993

The general responsibility for the ITER activity in the Russian Federation (RF) is assigned by the RF Government to the Ministry for Atomic Energy of the RF. The Head of the Fusion Programme in the Ministry, Dr. N.S. Cheverev, is member of the ITER Council. The scientific leader of the RF Fusion Programme, the President of the Russian Research Centre {open_quotes}Kurchatov Institute,{close_quotes} Acad. E.P. Velikhov, is the ITER Council Chairman.

Staropimenovskii 5

Aleksandr Moiseevich Nekrich was born in 1920. A doctor of historical sciences, he was on the staff of the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institute of World History from 1950 to 1970. He emigrated in 1976 and lives in the United States. Since that time, he has been a research assistant at Harvard University's Russian Research Center. His numerous works on the history of the USSR, Great Britain, and international relations in World War II include England's Foreign Policy, 1939-1941 [Vneshniaia politika Anglii, 1939-1949] (Moscow, 1963); 1941, 22 June [1941, 22 iunia] (Moscow, 1965); Punished Peoples [Nakazannye narody] (New York, 1978); Forsake Fear.

The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union. By Loren R. Graham. Russian Research Center Studies, 87. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. xiv, 128 pp. Index. Illustrations. $22.95, hard bound.

The Ghost of the Executed Engineer: Technology and the Fall of the Soviet Union. By Loren R. Graham. Russian Research Center Studies, 87. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. xiv, 128 pp. Index. Illustrations. $22.95, hard bound.

Social Problems in Russia

Essay| October 01 1993 Social Problems in Russia David E. Powell David E. Powell David E. Powell is a fellow of the Russian Research Center at Harvard University, where his research focuses on Russian society. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Current History (1993) 92 (576): 325–330. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1993.92.576.325 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation David E. Powell; Social Problems in Russia. Current History 1 October 1993; 92 (576): 325–330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1993.92.576.325 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1993 by The Regents of the University of California1993 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The Armies of the Post-Soviet States

Essay| October 01 1992 The Armies of the Post-Soviet States Mark Kramer Mark Kramer Mark Kramer is a research fellow and deputy director of the European Security Project at Brown University’s Center for Foreign Policy Development. He is also a fellow of Harvard University’s Russian Research Center and an adjunct research fellow at Harvard’s Center for Science and International Affairs. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Current History (1992) 91 (567): 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1992.91.567.327 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Mark Kramer; The Armies of the Post-Soviet States. Current History 1 October 1992; 91 (567): 327–333. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1992.91.567.327 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1992 by The Regents of the University of California1992 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Needed

Essay| October 01 1992 Needed: A Russian Economic Revolution Marshall I. Goldman Marshall I. Goldman Marshall I. Goldman is Kathryn W. Davis Professor of Russian Economics at Wellesley College, and associate director of the Russian Research Center at Harvard University. His most recent book is What Went Wrong with Perestroika (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991). Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Current History (1992) 91 (567): 314–320. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1992.91.567.314 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Marshall I. Goldman; Needed: A Russian Economic Revolution. Current History 1 October 1992; 91 (567): 314–320. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1992.91.567.314 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1992 by The Regents of the University of California1992 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

What went wrong with perestroika

This account chronicles the rise and fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, the one Soviet leader who might have led his country out of repression and economic stagnation. Goldman, associate director of the Russian Research Center of Harvard University, discusses what went wrong with perestroika, and why the Soviet economy collapsed.