Russian National Team Research Articles

Epithetization as a way of categorizing football discourse

INTRODUCTION. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the linguistic methods of categorization of socially significant fragments of the external world and different types of discourse. The purpose of the study is to identify epithets characterizing the game of the Russian national team and its rivals at the 2018 FIFA World Cup; to determine the composition of their thematic groups and subgroups, as well as linguistic means that are carriers of the characteristic nomination, in the process of lexical, grammatical and functional categorization of linguistic units.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The subject of the study is a feature nomination (epithetation) as a way of categorizing sports (football) discourse based on the material of the journalistic book by the Russian sports journalist I.Ya. Rabiner “Team-2018: Champions of Our Hearts”. During the analysis of the linguistic material, the method of continuous sampling, contextual analysis, the method of semantic-cognitive analysis, the modeling method, and the statistical method are used.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. In the process of lexical and functional categorization of characteristic words (epithets), two thematic groups were identified: 1) epithets characterizing the game of the Russian national team; 2) epithets characterizing the game of the opponent. Each group is represented by several subgroups. Cases of interaction of epithetization and metaphorization were revealed, demonstrating the transition from one conceptual area to another (crazy blow, aggressive football, iron penalty). In the process of grammatical categorization of epithets, means of expressing the characteristic nomination (adjectival and adverbial vocabulary) and 8 structural models of epithet complexes were determined.CONCLUSION. According to statistics, the number of epithets characterizing the play of the Russian national team is 5 times greater than the number of epithets characterizing the play of the opponent; the number of subgroups of the first thematic group is almost 2 times greater than the number of subgroups of the second thematic group. Such quantitative indicators reveal the ethnocultural and personal features of the linguistic understanding of a fragment of the world and emphasize attention, special interest in national (Russian) realities. Many epithets characterizing the play of the Russian national team have a positive connotation (wonderful attack, united, integral, brotherly play, excellent defender), in contrast to epithets with a negative connotation characterizing the play of the opponent (terrible, panicky play, empty, slow and clumsy players).

ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОФИЛЬ ГИМНАСТОВ ВЫСОКОЙ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ

The purpose of the research was to determine the model functional profile of highly qualified gymnasts. Methods and organization of the research. The main research methods were anthropometry, stabilometry, bioimpedance analysis of the body and determination of anaerobic power using the Wingate test (foot and hand), implemented within the framework of the organization of a mobile laboratory during the I All-Russian Spartakiad of the strongest athletes of Russia in summer sports: artistic gymnastics competitions. Pedagogical observation of the competitive activities of the best gymnasts (Honoured Master of Sports (HMS), Master of Sports of International Class (MSIC), Master of Sports (MS)) was conducted at these competitions (n=15). The gymnasts were divided into three groups: group 3 - gymnasts-masters of sports (n=8), group 2 - gymnasts, members of the Russian national team, winners of championships and cups of Russia (MS, MSIC) (n=5), group 1 - elite gymnasts, leaders of the Russian national team, including 1 Olympic champion (MS, HMS) (n=2). The functional profile was determined by finding relationships between sports results and functional parameters of the gymnasts; comparison between the groups was carried out using one-way analysis of variance. Research results and their discussion. Differences in anthropometric indicators were revealed in three groups of gymnasts: group 1 has the highest index of torso length, while this group has the lowest index of relative arm length. Group 2 has a proportional body type. The anaerobic performance indicators of the gymnasts of group 1 are statistically significantly different from those of the gymnasts of groups 3 and 2 (p≤0.05), with the peculiarity of group 1 being the registration of the absolute peak power parameter PP (W), shown by the arms (982.50±16.60), which is greater than the similar indicator shown by the legs (817.85±60.45), when performing the Wingate test (5 sec). The gymnasts of group 1 also differ significantly in terms of body composition indicators, especially in terms of the proportion of active body mass (67.65%±1.05). Conclusion. As a result of the research, functional profiles of elite gymnasts, gymnasts of the national team and gymnasts-masters of sports were determined, which can be used as a guide when interpreting the results of functional diagnostics of gymnasts and concluding about their prospects from the functional component.

Computer coach of the top team using PIRS technology

Relevance. In intellectual sports (chess, go), the advantage of artificial intelligence is no longer questioned by anyone. However, in game sports, the game is still managed by coaches. Nevertheless, the segment of IT services for game analytics already looks impressive. The information array of a game sport is too large for one coach. Coaches can still identify 1-2 of the strongest and weakest players. And they don't know what's going on in the middle of the list. If they are asked to place the players in descending order of their game according to one of the components, they will consider it a mockery. Instead of a local model of the game for each meeting, coaches have been building a model of their team's game for a universal opponent for years. Therefore, coaches use the potential of the team, on average, only by 67%. This unrealized potential of the team can give about 22-28% additional points, depending on a number of factors.The purpose of the study is to obtain the maximum possible result of the game through the calculation of profitable exchanges.Methods and organization of research. The technology used was named PIRS and was successfully tested on the Russian national futsal team, which moved from 5th place in the world ranking in 2011 to 1st place in 2018. A service was created for the technology to work www.ra-first.com , which of the site's game data flashscore.com generates a team rating. This allows you to obtain accurate values of player ratings based on video recordings and, at the very least, calculate the probability of winning single combats from the rating difference, calculate the game scenario, combinations, substitutions, etc. However, PIRS assumed manual data collection. The current project may allow us to obtain neural networks capable of automatically analyzing technical and tactical martial arts (TTE), exchanges. Another possible continuation of the project is to suggest to the player in the earphone a plan for his further actions. The PIRS technology is best suited for recruiting the Russian national team, whose players play in a wide variety of clubs around the world.Conclusions. The main problem with all IT products for sports is that they were made by IT specialists in order to sell. Not scientists in order to solve the problem, but IT specialists for sale. As a result, the resulting figures are not only useless, but also create informational garbage in the coach's head. At the same time, all IT products do not involve transferring the analysis of the previous match to the next one. This mission will be forwarded to the coach.

Запрет российским спортсменам выступать на международных соревнованиях и его влияние на спортивные результаты

The article presents a description and analysis of the results of research conducted in March 2024 on the motivation of "elite" level athletes (members of Russian national teams of different age groups) to engage in further training activities in the context of de facto prohibitions on participation of Russian (and Belarusian) athletes in international competitions in Olympic sports introduced by international federations in March 2022 in accordance with the recommendations of the International Olympic Committee. The author's objective is to ascertain the impact of the aforementioned prohibitions on the athletes' motivation to pursue a career in sports and the sport results they have achieved. The findings of this research challenge the assertions of some experts who claim that the prohibition on Russian athletes participating in international competitions has negatively affected the performance and motivation of young athletes. Furthermore, the objective data on the sporting achievements of athletes has corroborated the hypothesis that younger athletes are driven by an additional desire to enhance their performance in light of the prohibition to participate in international competitions.

Aspects of the dynamics of osteogenesis and bone tissue resorption markers concentrations in elite biathlonists due to the compression specificity of the cyclic training aids used at the stages of the early season

Aim: study the dynamics of osteogenesis and bone resorption markers in elite biathlonists owing to the “compression” specifics of cyclic training aids, mainly used at the stages of the early season of the annual training cycle.Materials and methods: 23 elite biathlonists undergoing centralized training as the members of the Russian national team took part in the study.Results: no changes in the P1NP amounts reaching a reliable level were recorded throughout the early season. The average group osteocalcin amount at the precompetition stage significantly (p < 0,05) increased compared with that measured at the special preliminary stage. Dynamics of β-CrossLaps concentration showed significant (p < 0,05) decrease during the transition from the general preliminary to the special preliminary stage.Conclusion: the degree of intense training activity influence on the activity of bone cells and in turn the response of bone tissue to training loads depend on a set of exercise parameters performed by the athlete, such as duration, intensity, specificity, recovery time and mechanical stress. Optimizing the ratio of cyclic aids with different levels of compression loads during specialized training promotes adaptive changes which protect bone tissue from resorption affected by intense physical exercises. When analyzing the levels of bone metabolism markers for diagnosis and monitoring disorders associated with skeletal overload which could occur high-intensity training loads, an individual approach as well as recognition of the load specifics and parameters performed by an athlete at a specific stage of the training macrocycle are required.

Media aspects of the relationship between politics and sports using the example of the Russian Federation’s exclusion from international competitions

RELEVANCE. The relationship between politics and sports is a pressing issue, since political contradictions between states are reflected in sports. Major sporting events are not just competitions between athletes, but also fierce political struggles. Through professional sports with the help of various media technologies, it is possible to influence global society and achieve geopolitical results. The relationship between elite sports and politics is considered using the example of the exclusion of Russian sports from international competitions and materials about this in the media.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Materials from foreign media have been studied on the topic of removing Russia from big-time sports, depriving it of state symbols, removing Russian athletes from international competitions due to disagreement with the political course of the authorities of the Russian Federation, and the introduction of so-called sanctions in the field of sports. The study was based on a comparative historical method, which helps to consider the dynamics of the development of relations between Russian sports and the political course of Western countries. The theoretical basis was the work of domestic and foreign researchers of the history and theory of sports. Content analysis was also used to study materials from Russian and foreign media with the aim of determining the attitude of foreign states towards Russian sports and its oppression in the international sports arena from 2014 to 2024.RESULT AND DISCUSSION. An analysis of foreign media materials confirms that pressure on Russian sports is being exerted by Western countries due to their disagreement with the political course of the Russian Federation. An analysis of sources showed that Western media agree on the issue of sanctions against Russian sports: they support the introduction of restrictions against Russian sports, but at the same time they call such measures an instrument of geopolitics, an instrument of “containing Russia”. This confirms the politicization of sports through the media.CONCLUSION. Analyzing the content of publications in both foreign and Russian media, we can conclude that pressure on Russian sports and members of the Russian national team began to intensify after the victory of the Russian team in the team event at the Olympic Games in Sochi 2014 and after the Republic of Crimea joined the Russian Federation . After the Russian Armed Forces launched a special military operation in Ukraine, even more sanctions and restrictions were introduced against Russian sports, and Russia was actually excluded from international sports. The author believes that the pressure on Russian sports will only increase.

Sudden cardiac death in young athletes: exome sequencing results

BACKGROUND: Ranking risks and prevention of sudden cardiac death in professional young athletes is a crucial unresolved problem in sports medicine. Intense physical exertion can lead to adaptive changes in the cardiovascular system, which can mask inherited diseases with predominant myocardial involvement, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Undiagnosed cases of such diseases can be a risk factor for fatal outcomes associated with training and competitive activities, making this problem extremely relevant.
 AIM: To conduct a diagnostic search for possible molecular causes of cardiovascular diseases associated with a high risk of sudden death in young athletes.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing of DNA extracted from two groups of biomaterials was performed: nine autopsy samples of heart tissues from young athletes who died during intense physical exertion and three venous blood samples from active athletes of the Russian national team. Obtained data were subjected to bioinformatic analysis and clinical interpretation.
 RESULTS: In total, 12 DNA samples were analyzed using a panel of 277 genes associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases with a high risk of sudden death. In 4 of 12 samples (33.3%), variants possibly related to the phenotype were found upon clinical interpretation of the sequencing results. A pathogenic variant was found in the MYBPC3 gene, leading to the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (OMIM: 115197), and a potential pathogenic variant was found in the TRPM4 gene, associated with progressive familial heart block type IB (OMIM: 618531). Moreover, two variants with uncertain clinical significance were found in CAV3 and SCN1B.
 CONCLUSION: Currently, data from high-throughput sequencing are collected to identify the molecular basis of cardiovascular diseases with a high risk of sudden cardiac death. Identifying young athletes who are carriers of pathogenic and possibly pathogenic gene variants is beneficial for preventing fatal outcomes and personalizing medical support for professional athletes.

Comparative assessment of the basal metabolic rate in athletes with different level of physical activity based on prediction equations

The use of laboratory methods for assessing energy expenditure in athletes requires the availability of appropriate equipment and trained personnel, which is very difficult in the context of everyday sports activities. Therefore, the use of predictive equations that most accurately reflect energy expenditure is of paramount importance for developing dietary and recovery recommendations for athletes. The purpose of this research was to compare the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of highly skilled athletes obtained using predictive equations. Material and methods. The results of the examination of 180 elite athletes, members of the Russian national teams in four sports (shooting, biathlon, bobsleigh, snowboarding), of both sexes (107 men and 73 women aged 18 to 30 years), conducted in the morning, on an empty stomach, 10-12 hours after training, were analyzed during the pre-competition period of sports training. BMR was assessed using the InBody 720 bioimpedance analyzer (Katch-McArdle formula) and calculated using Mifflin-St Jeor, Cunningham, De Lorenzo and Harris-Benedict predictive equations. Lean body mass (LBM) was determined using an InBody 720 bioimpedance analyzer and calculated using Boer, Hume and James predictive equations. Results. When assessing the BMR in athletes, the lowest values were obtained using the Katch-McArdle equation which is built into the InBody 720 analyzer. The highest values for men were obtained using the De Lorenzo equation, they exceeded the calculated values obtained using the Harris-Benedict, Mifflin-St Jeor and Katch-McArdle equations by 3.9-15.5% (p<0.05). In the female groups, the highest BMR values were obtained using the Mifflin-St Jeor equation; they exceeded the data calculated according to the Katch-McArdle, Cunningham and Harris-Benedict equations by 13.8-30.8% (p<0.05). The Cunningham formula, which is used to calculate the BMR based on the LBM, showed significantly higher values compared to the Katch-McArdle formula (p<0.05), the differences were about 180 kcal for the male groups and about 160 kcal for the female groups. In male athletes, the lowest LBM values were obtained using the Hume equation. These values were significantly lower (р<0.05) than the results of LBM calculation using the Boer and James equations (by 5.4-8.3%), as well as when assessing LBM using the InBody 720 analyzer (by 7.1-7.7%). In female sports groups, the lowest LBM values were obtained using the hardware method, while calculations using predictive equations showed higher values (the maximum LBM values using the Boer equation), but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion. When using prediction equations to assess the BMR in athletes of different specializations, it should be taken into account that the results may differ by 3.9-15.5% when assessed in male groups and by 13.8-30.8% in female groups. Since the BMR is the starting point for calculating an athlete's needs for nutrients and energy, it is recommended to use equations that take into account body composition, namely the content of LBM, or use a bioimpedance analyzer. BMT can also be calculated using prediction equations if a body composition analyzer is not available, but it should be taken into account that there are differences between the measured and calculated values of this indicator.

Development and Initial Testing of the “Personality Potential” Questionnaire for Athletes

The study focuses on the development and primary validation of the Personality Potential Questionnaire for Athletes. The study involved 429 members of Russian national teams in various sports aged 17 to 40 years. Psychodiagnostic instruments: questionnaire "Personality Potential" (author's questionnaire), "Self-Actualization Test", "Subjective Control Level", "Hardiness Survey", “Purpose-in-Life Test”, “Test of General Self-Efficacy”, questionnaire "Facilitator — Mediator — Moderator”, method "Express-diagnostics of the tendency to affective behavior". The results showed that the scales of the "Personality Potential" questionnaire have asymmetry and kurtosis values less than unity, which shows normality of the distribution at an acceptable level. The exploratory factor analysis was carried out by a method of factorization of the main axis (PAF), oblique rotation Oblimin; 5 factors were allocated: involvement, meaningfulness, internalizing, independence, positivity. The final model of the author's questionnaire was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis, priority was given to the higher order model, CFI = .900, SRMR = .047 and RMSEA = .032 fit indices. Retest reliability was assessed using correlation analysis (by Spearman): on the general personality scale p = .850, inclusion p= 0.867, meaningfulness p = .603, internalizing p = 690, positivity p = .728, independence p = .554, significance level of all indicators p &lt; .001. Discriminant validity showed that the scales of the developed questionnaire were not related to other techniques that were not part of the personality construct. Factor validity was obtained by Principal components method using Oblimin's oblique rotation: the scale load of the “Meaningfulness” scale was .809; “Inclusion” scale .592; “Independence” scale .756; “Internality” scale .574; “Positivity” scale .610. The data were statistically processed using SPSS Statistics 23, Jamovi 2.2.5 and RStudio. The developed questionnaire “Personality Potential” is a reliable psychodiagnostic tool and can be recommended for testing the components of personality potential.

Immunological indexes for assessing parameters of cardiovascular system in athletes of different qualification

Timely diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular diseases is based on markers that detect changes in the athlete’s body at an early stage of disease. To implement this task, it is important to use novel laboratory techniques. We have carried out a comparative determination of immunological markers, specific antibodies to angiotensin, bradykinin, histamine, dopamine, serotonin and functional indicators of the cardiovascular system in athletes of various qualifications. The object of study included athletes of the Russian national teams who underwent an in-depth examination (IME) as part of medical survey. The participants were divided into groups depending on the sport arts and qualifications. Representatives of the group “Cyclic sports” included athletes without a category of 30 people and 29 qualified athletes (1st step, Candidate Master, Master of Sports, etc.). The “Combat sports” group consisted of 32 people without a category and 31 athletes with qualifications similar to those indicated above. Athletes of “Speed-strength” sports are represented by a group of 31 people without a category and 29 athletes with qualifications. The functional parameters of the cardiovascular system included analysis of heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, which were compared with control values established for the athletes. The immunological indexes were determined in blood serum of the athletes and in subjects from control group by means of the solid-phase ELISA method using conjugated antigens of angiotensin, bradykinin, histamine, dopamine, serotonin for absorption on the plates. To compare the indexes, a control group of 30 people without cardiovascular symptoms was examined. Diastolic blood pressure for athletes of cyclic sports and combat sports was below the control values, and, for athletes of speed-strength sports, it was higher than in control group. A decrease in diastolic blood pressure for the above subgroup of athletes may indicate characteristic adaptive physiological changes in myocardium. The levels of immune-related indexes for serotonin, dopamine for the athletes of all groups corresponded to the control values. The only exception concerned qualified athletes of cyclic sports, which significantly differed from the normal values, compared to athletes without a sports category. Significantly high immunological parameters for histamine and angiotensin did not depend on the athlete’s qualification. In athletes involved in speed-strength sports, the levels of indexes for bradykinin did not differ from the normal values, and, for athletes in cyclic sports and combat sports, they significantly exceeded the norm.We have shown that different levels and types of sports activities affect the performance of cardiovascular system in their own way. The changes in immunological parameters reflect regulatory state of cardiovascular system. Accordingly, their simultaneous increase against the control may indicate participation in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The differences in their levels for athletes involved in combat sports, cyclic and speed-strength sporting activities show deeper changes in regulatory systems associated with duration and level of physical activities.

Features of the natural course of subclinical hypothyroidism in young athletes

Objective: to assess the natural course of subclinical hypothyroidism in young athletes.Methods: In the prospective single-center uncontrolled study, data from 3,062 outpatient records of young athletes (members of the Russian national team) of both sexes (middle age — 15 [14; 16] years) and underwent medical examination in the period from January 2021 to September 2022 were studied. All athletes were divided into 2 groups according to the presence of subclinical hypothyroidism (an increase in the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone from 5 to 10 mUn/l with a normal level of T4 free). During a dynamic follow-up (1 year), athletes with subclinical hypothyroidism underwent a repeated study of the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and antibodies to thyroperoxidase.Results: Signs of subclinical hyperthyroidism were found in 58 young athletes (30 boys (51.7 %) and 28 (48.3 %) girls). During dynamic observation with continued habitual physical activity, spontaneous normalization of the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone was observed in 74 % of young athletes. At the same time, normalization of thyroid-stimulating hormone in girls was observed less often compared to boys (p = 0,272). In no case did clinically pronounced hypothyroidism develop.Conclusion: The majority of young male and female athletes with subclinical hypothyroidism have spontaneous normalization of hormonal profile against the background of persistent physical and psycho-emotional stress. The data obtained make it possible, subject to the possibility of dynamic observation, to recommend doctors working with young elite athletes not to prescribe hormonal replacement therapy and not to modify the usual lifestyle.

Game Over for Russian Athletes? Human Rights Aspects of Measures Adopted by International Sports Organisations as a Response to the Russian Aggression against Ukraine

Summary The Russian invasion of Ukraine has tested the mettle of the international community, prompting not only States but also non-state actors to take deterrent action in response. Indeed, international sports organisations, namely the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the Federation of European Football Associations (UEFA), have been relatively successful in shifting the power dynamics by introducing a complete ban on the Football Union of Russia (FUR), i.e., the Russian national and club teams. This article investigates the human rights implications of such actions by international sports organisations. First, the article departs from an assessment of the legal status of FIFA and UEFA under international law. It reflects how a legal link could be established vis-à-vis their human rights obligations. Second, it examines the human rights aspects of the impugned measures by FIFA and UEFA on the part of the Russian athletes, further scrutinising them against the international human rights law principle of non-discrimination through a proportionality test. Finally, it draws basic pathways for how possible human rights violations committed in the context of measures adopted by such organisations could be remedied, outlining the challenges of arbitration and litigation in Switzerland.

Attitudes towards vaccination against COVID-19 among athletes of Russian national teams in comparison with non-athletes aged 18 to 40

The purpose of this work was to study the attitude of the Russian population to vaccination against COVID-19. Vaccination attitudes in young adults were studied both in the general population and among those who are professionally involved in sports, since attitudes towards health and the initial level of physical resources are important for forming attitudes towards vaccination. A total of 2579 people aged 18 to 40 were examined. Of these, 2233 are from the general population, 346 are high performance athletes.Methods. This was a cohort cross-sectional study. A specially designed questionnaire was used, located on Internet resources 2 months after the start of mass vaccination in Russia.Results. In the group of elite athletes, there are significantly more people who consider vaccination unnecessary or treat it indifferently, and a smaller proportion of those who consider it useful or doubt its effectiveness as compared to the general population of the same age. Low adherence to vaccination may be associated with fear of potential complications. Among elite athletes, there are significantly more people who are seriously afraid of complications from vaccination — 143 (41.3 %), compared to the first group of respondents — 745 (33.4 %) (p &lt; 0.01, φ = 2.839). Probably, these concerns are related to the crucial importance of health and physical condition for professional athletes.Conclusions. It is advisable to develop recommendations for vaccination against COVID-19 for elite athletes, which will describe in detail the benefits of vaccination for athletes, possible side effects, their frequency and impact on the training process.

DIFFERENCES IN SHOOTING ACCURACY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE TOP WOMEN'S TEAMS AT THE 2021 TOKYO OLYMPIC GAMES

This study is established on the aim to analyse a game and determine differences in a shot efficacy in an offence the woman’s handball national teams at the Olympic games in Tokyo 2021. Four national teams were analysed: France, Russia, Norway and Sweden. To analyse a game in the offence, 12 variables were used: total number of shots (sut_uk), efficient number of shots (sut_usp), total number of shots from 6 meters (sut_m6_uk), efficient number of shots from 6 meters (sut_m6_us), total number of shots from wings (sut_kril_uk), the efficient number of shots from wings (sut_kr_us), total number of shots from 9 meters (sut_m9_uk), efficient number of shots from 9 meters (sut_m9_us), total number of shots from 7 meters (sut_m7_uk), efficient number of shots from 7 meters (sut_m7_us), total number of fast centres (brzc_uk) and total number of efficient fast centres (sut_brzc_us). All national teams had the approximal number of efficient shots on a goal. The highest number of efficient shots from 6 m had the French and Norwegian national teams. From the wing position, the highest number of efficient shots had the Norwegian national team, while the lowest number of efficient goals from the wing position had the Russian national team. The Norwegian and French national teams were approximately efficient in the shot’s realisation from 9 m. In a realisation of the fast centre, the Russian national team stands out with the highest number and the French national team had the lowest number of efficient shots. Key words: cumulative analysis, handball, woman, shooting accuracy, efficiency,Olympic games

Анализ участия студенческих сборных команд Российской Федерации на Всемирных летних и зимних студенческих играх в 2013–2021 годах

The article analyzes performance of the Russian national team at the World Summer and Winter University Games from 2013 to 2021. A brief historic overview of the participation of the USSR national team at the Universiades is outlined. The enumeration of sports, the number and list of participants representing the Russian Federation at the World University Games are given. Dynamics of the awards won, as well as the percentage of athletes with titles and grades at the 2019 Universiades are shown. On the basis of the material under study, relevant conclusions are made.

Project of a psychocorrection program to athletes of wheelchair curling

The article describes a correctional program for athletes of the Russian national wheelchair curling team, aimed at improving the indicators of higher mental functions and stress resistance. At the 2021 World Cup, the team took 3rd place, losing in the semifinals, because they could not cope with tension and psychological instability at a crucial moment. At the Winter Paralympic Games held in March 2022, the athletes of the Russian wheelchair curling team had to be emotionally stable, able to maintain high concentration of attention and an unmistakable figurative memory throughout the tournament. To achieve this goal, the coaching staff of the Russian national team proposed the idea of developing a program of psychological correction. This study is a continuation of the diagnosis of the characteristics of the psycho-emotional states of athletes, which was conducted in 2021. Based on the results of the diagnosis, a sports psychologist developed a correctional program. The program is based on breathing control techniques, visualization, ways to control muscle tone, as well as the formation of grounding skills to reduce anxiety levels before competitions. To mobilize the condition, athletes are offered exercises for upper breathing, and for calm and concentration – 4 stages of a single cycle of lower breathing. Athletes are also recommended to prevent muscle clamps by performing exercises for 3 phases "strain – feel – relax". In 2021, a pedagogical experiment lasting ten months was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed methodology. The study involved 9 athletes – members of the main and extended squads of the Russian wheelchair curling team aged 28 to 49 years: 6 men and 3 women.

Reference ranges of biochemical blood parameters in juvenile athletes

Reference ranges of blood parameters adapted for young athletes are necessary for proper assessment and timely detection of deviations in the state of health.Purpose. A comparative analysis of the reference ranges of some biochemical blood parameters calculated on a sample of thousands of athletes under 18 years old, members of Russian national teams, versus similar indices of children not engaged in sports obtained in the framework of projects carried out in Canada and in Scandinavian countries.Results. Differences in the width of reference ranges, their minimum and maximum values between the compared groups for several indicators of protein and lipid metabolism, cortisol and testosterone aredescribed. The authors discuss the expediency of further development of reference ranges of blood parameters, which consider sex, age of athletes, and specifics of sports.Conclusion. The specified data on reference ranges of blood indices are necessary for clearer differentiation and objective evaluation of adaptational transformations arising against the background of physical loads, as well astimely detection of pathological deviations in the functional state of juvenile athletes’ organism and prognosis of their further development.

Психофизиологические характеристики времени реакции высококвалифицированных спортсменов с ограниченными возможностями здоровья

The aim of the research is to study the psychophysiological features of reaction time in Paralympic athletes of various sports. Athletes of the Russian national teams in curling, wheelchair curling, Musculoskeletal disorders taekwondo, orienteering (deaf sports), football (deaf sports) were determined indicators of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions, as well as their sensory and motor components. The results of the study revealed the best indicators of visual motor reactions in athletes with disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which practically do not differ from healthy ones. The worst response values are observed in athletes with impaired sensory sphere, that is, those involved in sports in the category “sports of the deaf”. The best (smallest) values of the motor component of the reaction time, even in comparison with healthy athletes, were found in athletes involved in orienteering (deaf sports), which can be considered as a compensatory mechanism formed in response to impaired sensory functions. The data obtained can be used to assess the psychological and psychophysiological readiness in the programs of scientific and methodical support for athletes with disabilities.

Возрастные особенности телосложения спортсменок, специализирующихся в синхронном плавании

Material and methods. The sample of 50 people consisted of female athletes of three age groups: junior (9-10 years old), senior (14-15 years old) and the Russian national team (over 18 years old). In this cross-sectional study, we used total body dimensions (according to V.V. Bunak), body mass components (ac-cording to J. Matiegka’s formulas and bioimpedance method), body proportions (according to P.N. Bashkirov’s method), body shape (by somatoscopy), somatotype (by the Heath-Carter and Shtefko-Ostrovsky) and biological age (by dental and sexual maturity). Results. In terms of physical development, artistic swimmers (girls) do not differ significantly from their peers who do not go in for sports. The body height of the national team athletes is higher than the average values for their gender, and the body weight is lower. Under the influence of training loads in young artistic swimmers, there is a slight decrease in the fat component and an increase in the muscle one. Russian elite artistic swimmers have a lower level of development of adipositythan athletes of the national teams of Ko-rea and Spain. The muscular component of the Russian artistic swimmers may indicate overwork. The analy-sis of the variability of body proportions of artistic swimmers of different age groups testifies to the target-ed selection to the national team in the terms of longitudinal body dimensions. At the present stage of development of artistic swimming, the selection of retardant athletes is taking place. It was revealed that somatotypes with significant mesomorphism prevail in younger and older age groups, while the athletes of the national team belong to the ectomorphic body type with various variations of two other components of the somatotype. Conclusion. The study of morphological indicators made it possible to form an idea of the importance of the somatotype and body proportions for artistic swimming, which, in the combination with other necessary qualities, will increase the efficiency of selection and control of the training process.

Psychological prevention of injuries of the musculoskeletal system in elite athletes

The article presents a study of traumatic experiences by high-class athletes (members of the Russian national teams). Data on the subjective sensations of athletes who have suffered from injury of the musculoskeletal system are obtained, patterns in the perception of the consequences of an injury event are revealed. Also we present data on the attitude of athletes to injury in the aspect of professional activity. The analyzed information is an important component in the development of personalized programs for the prevention of reinjury in elite sports.Objective: to assess the psychoemotional experiences of sports trauma by elite athletes in the process of rehabilitation treatment after the musculoskeletal system injury.Materials and methods: a specially developed medical and psychological interview was conducted with athletes-members of the sports national Russian Federation teams, who are inpatient treatment in the sports traumatology department, in order to obtain primary subjective information from the athlete about his presentation of his own experiences of a traumatic episode. Further, the information obtained from the interviews was analyzed and grouped for further evaluation.Results: we state the significant influence exerted by the previous traumatic experience on the future life and professional activity of an athlete. Moreover, the influence can be both negative (fear, anxiety, kinesiophobia, uncertainty in sports-specific movements) and positive (acquired skills of coping with traumatic experiences, gaining new knowledge about one’s physical and psychological capabilities).Conclusions: thus, despite the diversity of individual reactions of athletes to injury, different life situations, sports and traumatic events, it is possible to identify general patterns in the perception of elite athletes of the injury itself, as well as the entire process of recovery and return to sports. This information is very important both for minimizing the negative impact of a sports injury on the psychological recovery of an athlete by switching his attention to identifying the “positive” consequences of the injury, and for the prevention of repeated injuries in elite sports.