Russian Experience Research Articles

The experience of bilateral lung retransplantation after prolonged extracorporeal oxygenation

Background. Transplantation is the only effective method of helping patients with irreversible damage of the lung function when the possibilities of other treatment methods have been exhausted. At the same time, a chronic graft rejection is the main cause of the loss of the donor organ function in the long-term period, developing in more than 50% of patients within 5 years after surgery. Given irreversible lung damage with loss of lung functions, the only effective treatment method for this patient population is retransplantation, which is associated with high risks of complications and a long rehabilitation of the patient in the postoperative period.Objective. Demonstration of the first Russian experience of bilateral lung retransplantation in a patient after a longterm extracorporeal oxygenation.Results. The article presents the description of the first experience of bilateral lung retransplantation in Russia performed in a patient with a chronic rejection 4.5 years after the primary transplantation performed for end-stage lung lesions in non-langerhans cell histiocytosis. In the 96-day period of waiting for a donor organ, the patient's gas-exchange lung function was compensated by using veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.Conclusions. Retransplantation is an effective method of treatment for patients with irreversibly damaged lung function, but still remains an operation associated with high risks of complications and unfavorable outcome.

Anemia in oncological practice. Eralfon – the optimal opportunity for personalization of drug therapy

Anemia has a noticeable negative impact on the quality of life of cancer patients and determines the prognosis of the disease. The need to treat anemia is determined by its negative impact on life expectancy, since hypoxia caused by anemia can be associated with resistance to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, causes stimulation of genetic mutations and neoangiogenesis in the tumor, which makes it difficult to control it. The methods of correction of anemia are determined by the clinical picture and the antitumor treatment being carried out. The use of blood transfusions is limited and involves a number of risks. Erythropoiesis-stimulating drugs can reduce the need for blood transfusions. The article describes the mechanisms of action, indications and side effects of recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) drugs. The analysis of the effectiveness of rEPO drugs in the treatment of anemia in oncology based on the historical experience of clinical trials is presented. The recommendations of the leading communities on the use of rEPO drugs in various categories of patients are presented, and the Russian experience of using epoetin alpha in patients receiving chemotherapy is reflected. The use of erythropoietins clearly in accordance with the indications can significantly improve the results of treatment of cancer patients.

The Role of Universities in the Development of “Smart Cities”: Foreign and Russian Experience

The “Smart city” concept was introduced in 1994 and since then has been actively implemented in city management, including in the Russian Federation. Despite the fact that a large part of researchers reduces a smart city to the modernization of aging infrastructure through digitalization, practice shows that technology in itself is rarely a solution to urban problems; it is necessary to develop, first of all, the social aspects of management simultaneously with the introduction of appropriate technological solutions. The development of a sociocentric dimension of management of urban systems involves the involvement of various actors in the development and implementation of initiatives of public authorities, including universities. The purpose of this study is based on the study of foreign and domestic cases, to highlight the forms of interaction between universities and local governments and determine the role of universities in the formation and development of smart cities.The work used the method of analysis and synthesis, comparison and synthesis of information, the method of induction and deduction. The information base for the study was the materials of the Urban Digitalization Index “IQ of Cities”, regulations aimed at the development of smart cities in the Russian Federation, and the authors’ own research.Based on the data, the role of universities in the formation and development of smart cities in Russia and foreign countries was determined, the main forms of cooperation between universities and other actors in the process of developing smart cities were identified, recommendations were developed for the development of cooperation between universities and public authorities in the implementation of the departmental project “Smart City”.The experience of Russian and foreign cities shows the existence of a relationship between the degree of involvement of universities in the implementation of the smart city project and the results of intellectualization and digitalization of the urban economy. The critical role of universities is to promote socially oriented management, as opposed to the chaotic digitalization of individual processes of urban management and data collection, without further analysis. To expand the practice of involving universities in the development of Smart Cities, a number of recommendations are proposed.

Assessment of financially literate behavior: from increasing financial literacy to forming financial culture

The article discusses scientific approaches to the study of financial behavior, Russian experience in studying financially literate behavior, and provides definitions of basic concepts. The relevance of studying and forming the financial culture of the population is substantiated. Weaknesses in the studies of financially literate behavior are presented. The authors have developed a methodology for the sociological measurement of financially literate behavior based on the results of expert semi-structured interviews. The high significance of the socio-cultural criterion in assessing financially literate behavior is shown. The work explores the possibilities of developing methodological approaches to measuring the level of financial culture of the adult population, interpreting the formation of financial culture through the categories of “high level”, “medium level”, “low level”, and identifies the rank and weight of each of the indicators used to calculate the index of the development of financial culture.

Cause-and-effect relationship between elements of the country's economic security

Subject. I present my own concept of the country's economic security structure, the elements of which are economic stability, economic independence, and economic sovereignty. The article considers the problem of forming a system of indicators designed to assess economic security. Objectives. The article focuses on the analysis of Russia's historical experience in the interaction with the International Monetary Fund for 1990–1999. Methods. The study draws on comparative analysis, observation, and modeling. Results. The adoption of the recommendations of the International Monetary Fund by the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the loss of economic stability, contributed to the loss of economic sovereignty. The paper confirms that the loss of economic stability leads to the reproduction of threats to economic independence and sovereignty. The loss of economic sovereignty increases the threats of loss of independence and stability. A decrease in the degree of independence contributes to the reproduction of threats to sovereignty and stability. Conclusions. Elements of the structure of economic security have cause-and-effect relationships and intersection zones, which should be taken into account when developing a system of indicators to measure the stability, independence and sovereignty of the national economy.

“Social Elevator”: Research of Affirmative Action Program

This work investigates the academic performance of students enrolled in the “Social Elevator” program at Higher School of Economics (HSE University), which operates under the principle of affirmative action and aims to assist those students who have lower chances of admission due to various social reasons in a highly competitive environment. Objective admissions in Russian universities and the high selectivity of the HSE University, discussed in this paper, do not confidently allow the application of conclusions from foreign studies to the Russian experience. The program had not been previously researched. It was assumed that students of the program would show higher performance than their peers admitted on a general basis – this assumption follows from qualitative research that found that students of this program possess a progressive narrative of overcoming inequality. Regression with dummy variables based on administrative data on student performance and survey data on the socio-economic status of students are used for the analysis. According to the regression analysis results, all else being equal, students of the “Social Elevator” program demonstrate lower performance than students admitted on budgetary places on general grounds, although they average grades at the “good” level and therefore have a chance to get a return to education and overcome inequality. Further research on the topic is required to separate the secondary effects of inequality, as well as to assess the actual social mobility of students participating in the program. The results can be useful in designing educational policy in the field of expanding access to higher education.

Nutritional support for stroke patients: an overview of international data and Russian experience

According to current data, the annual absolute number of strokes and deaths from them increased significantly from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, 12.2 million strokes were registered, while the total number of people who suffered a stroke in the world exceeded 100 million, of whom 6.55 million died. Worldwide, stroke remains the second leading cause of death (11.6%) and the third leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7%). Stroke patients are at high risk of developing malnutrition: its incidence upon admission to the hospital is about 20%, and the overall prevalence of this condition varies widely — from 6.1 to 62%. Both the previous and the resulting malnutrition is the reason for a longer stay in the hospital, deterioration of functional parameters and an increase in mortality 3–6 months after the stroke. Thus, adequate nutritional support for stroke patients should be considered as an integral component of their treatment and rehabilitation. This literature review is intended to summarize the foreign and Russian experience of nutritional support in stroke patients in order to develop an optimal algorithm of actions in the implementation of clinical nutrition in stroke patients and the use of the most effective dietary strategies that improve the prognosis, functional state and quality of life of this category of patients.

Russian Experience in Legal Regulation of BRICS Investment Platforms

Aim. The article aims to formulate the problem of formation of such type of investment institutions as investment platform in BRICS.Tasks. The objectives of the article are defined by the fact that the executive director of the Russian Direct Investment Fund proposed to create a joint investment platform of BRICS countries, allowing BRICS members to invest more actively in the economies of their partners. And as is known, BRICS countries currently play a significant and constantly growing role in world politics and international relations. Methods. In the process of research the set tasks were solved by the author usin g general scientific (historical, dialectical, systemic, logical, method of analysis) and legal (comparative legal, sociological, axiological) research methods.Results. The result of the research is the proposal based on the Russian experience of regulation of platform services (financial platforms, investment platforms and information systems) on the formation on the basis of the Russian regulation model of the concept of building the corresponding institution within BRICS. At the same time, the article also draws attention to possible problems that may arise during the preparation of the relevant international act. In particular, the implementation of this initiative raises a wide range of technical, economic and legal issues that require detailed consideration.Conclusions. When choosing specific investment methods that can be used on such a platform, it is necessary to take into account the needs of businesses and the population, both in the long-term and short-term attraction and placement of resources. In particular, legal regulation of the choice of the legal regime for investment should influence the choice of the legal status of entities that will be admitted to such a platform, highlighting, for example, qualified investors or retail investors.

Studying technical sciences without borders: We use the navigator for open educational resources. Part 1. The Russian experience

Introduction. The introduction of information and communication technologies into learning processes expands the possibilities of using information resources and becomes one of the priorities of the transforming higher education system. These changes are reflected in the trends in the development and application of open educational resources. However, the scale and fragmentation of data on the Internet, as well as the lack of open educational resources standards, makes the information retrieval process a difficult task and requires professional skills.Purpose setting. To determine the relevance and prospects for the development of sectoral open educational resources, it is necessary to analyze their role in the modern educational system. It is important to identify the possibilities of using open access research in technical sciences as one of the tools to eliminate social inequality in higher education. To identify and present arguments for the purpose of justifying the need to develop an industry-specific «Navigator on OER of Technical Sciences» (hereinafter referred to as the «Navigator»).Methodology and methods of the study. The research methodology covers the study and analysis of scientific papers devoted to the development of tools and initiatives in the field of open educational resources in technical sciences both in Russia and abroad. This study is also based on the method of oral questioning of students, postgraduates and teachers of technical disciplines at universities in Novosibirsk. Results. An array of scientific literature and web resources has been studied, providing free access to scientific and educational information in the field of research under consideration. Taking into account empirical data, the necessity of developing a «Navigator» on open educational resources in the system of higher technical education is justified (http://lib-os.ru/issledovatelyam/resursy/obrazovatelnye- resursy/navigator-oor-techn-nauk/).Conclusion. The study of technical sciences using open educational resources contributes to the effective improvement of professional level and allows you to be aware of current solutions to innovative activities in the field of knowledge under consideration.

Комплексный подход к развитию инфраструктуры сбыта продукции аграрного малого и микро-бизнеса

Small and private subsidiary farms are important members of agricultural community. However, they still lack good infrastructure to market their products because they remain beyond the scope of state interest. The agricultural infrastructure in its present condition neither gives farmers access to co-financing nor allows them to shape the list of services they need. The research featured program documents issued by the Government of the Russian Federation that determine the development of wholesale food markets and aggregators of farm produce. The author generalized the experience of retail chains and agricultural consumer marketing cooperatives, as well as studied the cases of small rural businesses merging into marketing cooperatives in agricultural regions. The bibliographic study covered best foreign practices in shaping infrastructure for small farm produce, which were compared with Russian experience. The author also developed an abstract-logical method of establishing the interaction between stakeholders in a new system of farm produce aggregators. In this research, agricultural regions demonstrated the most acute problems in small business marketing. A good system of agricultural infrastructure supports production in all sectors of small business with growth potential. Today, small businesses are alone in organizing their own sales as wholesale distribution centers are not available to them. These centers work with small suppliers through intermediaries, i.e., aggregators. In the Kemerovo Region, an example of such aggregators is the one created on corporate principles between the Magnit retail chain and the Kalina-Malina agricultural consumer marketing cooperative. The experience demonstrated some advantages and disadvantages. The article introduces conditions for successful financial relations in commodity circulation chains in different distribution systems, including farmers, aggregators, and wholesale distribution centers. This approach reduces prices on consumer markets while increasing the efficiency of small farms.

Brazil as a promising market for Russian technologies in the field of digitalization of agriculture

Subject. The article addresses Brazil as an attractive market for Russian technology development in the area of agriculture digitalization, as this country is interested in using modern technologies to optimize processes in agriculture. Objectives. The study aims to examine the current level of digitalization of Brazilian agriculture and determine prospects for cooperation between Russia and Brazil in the application of information technology in this sector. Methods. The study draws on methods of statistical, comparative, and economic analyses. Results. Digitalization enables Brazil to increase agricultural productivity through precision farming, lower production costs, improve product quality by monitoring and control of growing conditions, and reduce harmful environmental impact. An integrated approach to the use of digital technologies also plays an important role. We formulated recommendations for agriculture development in Brazil based on the Russian experience of using digitalization tools. Conclusions. Brazilian agriculture is of great importance in ensuring food security not only in Brazil, but also in many other countries. Therefore, it is crucial to introduce modern technologies into this sector.

Background of Data Envelopment Analysis Implementation in Moscow Healthcare System: International and Russian Experience

Background. The efficiency of healthcare organization activity should be improved and measured using new techniques, as the healthcare system has widely applied advanced technologies and optimized the workflow of all medical facilities. The methodology of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is one of the fast-evolving approaches to assessing the performance of healthcare organizations. The article examines Russian and international experience in applying the DEA method, which can be used for assessing the performance of Moscow public healthcare organizations. Purpose. To study the basics of DEA and the experience of its use for assessing the efficiency of healthcare organizations in Russia and abroad, and to consider its potential implementation in the Moscow healthcare system. Materials and methods. The publications were selected using the PRISMA guidelines. A complex of modern general scientific methods of cognition was also used: system and structural approach, analytical method, comparison, and generalization. Results. The practice of using the DEA method in Russian regions and abroad was analyzed. The main advantages and disadvantages of DEA, as well as the main parameters used in constructing the model of efficiency measurement for healthcare organizations, were categorized. The prerequisites for using the DEA method to assess the efficiency of Moscow healthcare organizations were identified.

THE PLACE AND ROLE OF THE STATE IN THE FORMATION AND PROMOTION OF A POSITIVE INVESTMENT IMAGE OF THE COUNTRY

The article examines the role of the state in forming and promoting a positive investment image of a country, with a focus on the Russian experience. It highlights the importance of state involvement in creating a favourable environment for investment and actively promoting the country’s investment opportunities.

Оценка избыточности / недостаточности квалификации молодых специалистов: обзор российского опыта

Введение. Для решения проблемы дефицита квалифицированных кадров в отраслях экономики с 1 января 2025 года стартует национальный проект «Кадры». Входящие в его состав федеральные проекты нацелены на реализацию таких задач, как эффективное трудоустройство выпускников образовательных организаций, трансформация подходов к профессиональному развитию работающих граждан, содействие в прохождении переподготовки и повышении квалификации и многие другие. Возрастание роли дополнительного профессионального образования обусловлено также отмечаемым работодателями несоответствием профессионального образования потребностям рынка труда и, как следствие, необходимостью повышать квалификацию персонала. Таким образом, одним из существенных вопросов кадровой политики является оценка потребности в дообучении молодых специалистов в начальный период их трудовой карьеры. Цель. Анализ российского опыта оценки избыточности / недостаточности квалификации молодых специалистов для определения перспективной потребности в содержании дополнительных профессиональных программ и формах обучения в целях ускорения адаптации к требованиям работодателей. Методы. Обзор научных публикаций, раскрывающих подходы российских исследователей системы образования и рынка труда к оценке избыточности / недостаточности квалификации молодых специалистов. Результаты. Проведенный обзор показывает разнообразие подходов к оценке избыточности / недостаточности квалификации молодых специалистов. Определение перспективной потребности в содержании дополнительных профессиональных программ и формах обучения остается актуальной исследовательской проблемой. Практическая значимость. Результаты работы могут быть использованы специалистами в сфере управления образованием, работодателями, руководителями образовательных организаций, представителями экспертного сообщества для реализации основных направлений кадровой политики, направленной на повышение эффективности подготовки кадров, выявления и развития ресурсного потенциала молодых специалистов. Introduction. To address the shortage of qualified personnel in the sectors of the economy the national project “Personnel” will start on January 1, 2025. The federal projects that it encompasses are aimed at implementing such tasks as effective employment of graduates of educational organisations, transformation of approaches to the professional development of working citizens, assistance in retraining and advanced training, and many others. The increasing role of additional vocational education is also due to the discrepancy between vocational education and the needs of the labor market noted by employers and, as a consequence, the need to improve personnel qualifications. Thus, one of the significant issues of personnel policy is assessing the need for additional training of young specialists in the initial period of their working career. Aim. Analysis of Russian experience in assessing the redundancy/insufficiency of qualifications of young specialists to determine the future need for the content of additional professional programs and forms of training that can accelerate adaptation to the requirements of employers. Methods. Review of publications covering the approaches of Russian researchers of the education system and labour market to assessing the redundancy/insufficient qualifications of young specialists. Results. The review of publications shows the diversity in Russian practice of approaches to assessing the redundancy/insufficient qualifications of young specialists. Determining the long-term need for the content of additional professional programmes and forms of training in order to accelerate the adaptation of young specialists to the requirements of employers remains an urgent research problem. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used by specialists in the field of education management, employers, heads of educational organisations, representatives of the expert community to implement the main directions of personnel policy aimed at increasing the efficiency of personnel training, identifying and developing the resource potential of young specialists.

Critical Challenges to the Sociology of Work: From a Perspective of Russian Labor Studies

ABSTRACTGlobal changes currently roiling the contemporary world of work present a significant challenge for the sociology of work. The lifestyles of many people are becoming more dynamic and uncertain. As work itself starts to lose its familiar outlines, the employment paradigm that formed during the industrial period seems increasingly inapplicable. Such transformations give rise to criticism of existing concepts and the emergence of new discourses that simultaneously expand and complicate an understanding of the prospects for further development. In this article, we attempt to uncover problems that limit the possibility of generalizing scientific understanding in the field of sociology of work. Particular attention is paid to the integration of Russian experience into the global agenda. The review highlights the importance of clarifying the blurred conceptual framework of the sociology of work, enhancing the distinction between work and life, and identifying the possibilities and limitations of using big data for empirical analysis. In conclusion, we emphasize the need to counter the fragmentation of the sociology of work and its “dissolution” into other areas of knowledge by providing a strong theoretical background while maintaining the comparability of measurements. Addressing these gaps is essential for a more accurate reflection of modern labor relations.

Divergence of ESG Ratings: International and Russian Experience

ESG rating is an important indicator of a company’s social responsibility, which is taken into account by investors and regulators. However, if the ESG rating is calculated incorrectly, investors and regulators will make erroneous decisions and companies will be given improper guidance about how to modify their operations. Currently, there is a serious methodological problem in that ESG ratings from various rating agencies can be significantly different for the same company. Two of the most urgent questions in current ESG research are why these differences come about and how critical the divergence of ratings is. First, the article reviews international research on rating divergence and summarizes the findings. A similar analysis is then performed to compare the methodologies and rating results of three leading Russian ESG rating providers — RSPP, RAEX, and NRC — for 2020-2021. The results indicate that Russian rating agencies are somewhat more divergent in their assessments of companies than international ones (Krippendorff’s alpha for Russian ratings is 0.4, but for non-Russian ratings it is 0.55), and Russian agencies’ coverage of ESG components is less comprehensive than that of the other rating agencies (although coverage in the RAEX methodology is close to the average of the international equivalents). The article also analyzes the distribution of companies across different gradations of the ratings by the three Russian agencies and attributes the distinctions that emerge to the way the ratings are calculated and the general ideology of the agency. Comparison of average ratings for different industries by different agencies indicates that these ratings are also rather inconsistent.

The Over-Politicization of Russian Battlefield Strategy in Ukraine

The extant literature lavishes its focus on understanding Russia’s motivation for starting a war against Ukraine and on the broader question of the role of technology in determining the outcome of war. This article, however, undertakes a comprehensive examination of the relatively ignored yet important aspect of adapting military strategy during the war through Russian experience. It demonstrates that the Russian strategists have shown adequate appreciation for the principle of adaptation in formulating military strategy. To this effect, it identifies and explains three distinct sequential adaptations in the Russian military strategy during the ongoing Ukrainian war. The analysis, conducted with thoroughness and rigor, demonstrates that the Russian armed forces made a relatively quicker transition from the show of force to offense to defense. It also delves into the factors that drove these adaptations. This research has implications for both theory and policy. On the theoretical side, it reinforces the organic relationship between strategy and war. On the policy side, it highlights the importance of adapting military strategy to contain and limit the scope of war.

“URBAN REHABILITATION IN RUSSIA BROOKS NO DELAY”: STATE AND SOCIETY IN THE FIGHT AGAINST RIVERS POLLUTION AT THE END OF THE 19th — EARLY 20th CENTURIES

At the turn of the 19th and20th centuries, the growth of urban population and development of urban infrastructure were accompanied by the emergence of environmental problems, including the increase of river pollution, which might cause water supply diffi culties. The central and local authorities, as well as representatives of various public, scientific, professional organizations and business circles, were involved in solving these problems. The order of their interaction could be diff erent, but these joint projects made it possible to achieve the best results in combating river pollution caused by industrial and domestic waste, to determine priorities in the system of water protection and to improve the supply of potable water to the population. Thanks to the activities of such organizations as the Society for Assistance to the Improvement and Development of Manufacturing Industry, Russian Water Supply Congresses, sanitary stations, and the Provisional Committee for the Development of Measures to Protect the Water Bodies of the Moscow Industrial District from Pollution, a rather extensive set of measures was carried out to study the properties, nature, and degree of water pollution in the rivers that served as sources of water supply for city dwellers, and the most eff ective methods of water purifi cation were determined in experiments. Practical recommendations were developed on the use of the most eff ective and cost-efficient methods and facilities for industrial wastewater treatment. The best domestic specialists were involved in solving the identified problems, who utilized international and Russian experience. The lack of sufficient funding for water protection activities resulted in some initiatives not being or being only partially implemented. In addition, a number of practical measures which had been planned in this area had to be postponed because of the outbreak of World War I in 1914

Management in Education: Competitiveness and Above-Professional Approach

To study the whole range of problems that should be resolved in the process of innovation management in education it is necessary to realize that teaching is flexible, supple and requires continuous research. The goal of the article is to corroborate rightness of theoretical vectors by permanently changing practice. Theoretical and methodological foundation of the step-by-step research presented in the article is formed by principles of economic and comparative analysis, methods of induction and deduction and finally the method of archive search. The authors proposed an innovation approach to achievements in the field of education and showed the efficiency of Russian experience of well-known economists and experts in economics, psychology and sociology.

Legal Regulation of Infrastructure for the Provision of Public Utilities Services Using Regulatory Agreements (Contracts) in Russian and Foreign Practice

International and Russian experience in the application of regulatory contracts (agreements) in the sectors of communal infrastructure (housing and communal services) was investigated. Various models of regulatory agreements were analyzed. Prospects for the development of the concept of regulatory agreements in Russian legislation, including issues of tariff regulation within the framework of regulatory agreements, were considered. Conclusions were drawn regarding the prospects for introducing regulatory agreements in the communal infrastructure in Russia.