Russian Earth Research Articles

Mechanisms and options of the utilization and burial of carbon dioxide in the earth interior

Background. One of the key approaches to reducing the long-term effects of global warming consists in capturing, transporting and disposing and/or burial of carbon dioxide. The Russian Federation is one of the leaders in carbon dioxide emissions. At the same time, having great potential in the field of CO2 burial in the subsoil, there are currently no industrial projects for capturing, transporting and utilizing and (or) storing CO2.Aim. To study of the retention mechanisms and burial features of carbon dioxide within various geological formations.Materials and methods. Based on the analysis of extensive material, a review of existing options for the utilization and storage of carbon dioxide in the bowels has been prepared.Results. Burial assumes CO2 injection into rock layers, which are capable of its absorption and safe long-term retention. Various options for the burial of carbon dioxide in the Earth interior are considered. The main ones are layers of depleted hydrocarbon deposits and mineralized aquifers. Also, carbon dioxide storage can be carried out in undeveloped coal seams, saline and basalt formations. The basic mechanisms of retention, necessary geological conditions and characteristics of potential reservoirs are described. The risks and uncertainties of burial in various geological formations are analyzed. Examples of the world’s most significant projects for the utilization and disposal of CO2 in the Earth interior are given. Such as Sleipner in Norway, In-Salah in Algeria, etc. It is indicated that the potential of Russia in the field of utilization and (or) disposal of carbon dioxide in the bowels is quite high, but it has not been fully assessed.Conclusion. At present, the most studied and tested options for the utilization and storage of carbon dioxide in the Earth interior are as follows: the use of carbon dioxide as an agent in the methods of enhanced oil recovery, the storage of CO2 in the strata of depleted deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials and in mineralized aquifers.It is necessary to concentrate efforts on a purposeful geological study of various conditions for storing carbon dioxide in the Russian Earth interior, as well as on the development of uniform requirements for the geological parameters of CO2 underground storage facilities.

Проблемы калибровки измерительных средств российских спутников дистанционного зондирования Земли

The article deals with modern photogrammetric production’s problems appearing at processing the Russian Earth remote sensing data. It is found out that todaythe main of them consists in the absence till now of the working system fortransferring linear and angular measures from national standard to the workingmeasuring devices. The necessity of creating a three-staged calibration scheme, which would guarantee the highest accuracy and stability of operating on-board measuring equipment, is justified. In addition, it is noted, that the existing technology of Earth remote sensing data processing does notprovide correct using of calibrated metrological parameters of the measuring equipment. The suggestions for eliminating that imperfection are given. The essence of the flight calibration principle foron-board equipment is formulated. The necessary list of the surveying systems’ metrological parameters and target equipment is defined.

Образ русской земли в повести И. А. Бунина «Суходол»

Образ русской земли в повести И. А. Бунина «Суходол»

Russian State Time and Earth Rotation Service: Observations, Eop Series, Prediction

Russian State Time and Earth Rotation Service: Observations, Eop Series, Prediction Russian State Time, Frequency and Earth Rotation Service provides the official EOP data and time for use in scientific, technical and metrological works in Russia. The observations of GLONASS and GPS on 30 stations in Russia, and also the Russian and worldwide observations data of VLBI (35 stations) and SLR (20 stations) are used now. To these three series of EOP the data calculated in two other Russian analysis centers are added: IAA (VLBI, GPS and SLR series) and MCC (SLR). Joint processing of these 7 series is carried out every day (the operational EOP data for the last day and the predicted values for 50 days). The EOP values are weekly refined and systematic errors of every individual series are corrected. The combined results become accessible on the VNIIFTRI server (ftp.imvp.ru) approximately at 6h UT daily.

Jaroslavna, Voice of the Russian Earth. A Contribution to the Interpretation of the Igor Tale

Several attempts have been made to read the Igor Tale as a symbolic text. The main focus of these has been the “solar nature” of the male hero. This article, however, zooms in on the symbolic role of Iaroslavna. A meticulous analysis of her magical lament clearly shows Igor's wife to be a character that also gives voice to the Russian Earth. The article further demonstrates the relationship that exists between the “Plach” and the enigmatic end of the Slovo: Igor's visit to the Church of the Holy Mother on the Borichev. Given the knowledge that this site used to be the centre of the pagan cult of Rod and Zemlia, the author ventures to conclude that Iaroslavna and the Mother of God Pirogoshchaia constitute two aspects of the semi-pagan and semi-Christian cult of Mat' Syra Zemlia.

The Sudden Discontinuity in the Orbital Period of Sputnik 4 Satellite

THE orbit of the fourth Russian Earth satellite soon after its late launching on May 14, 1960, was similar to the orbits of the previous Sputniks, as may be seen from the orbital elements shown in Table 1. A Tass News Agency report of May 17 indicated that there were two objects close together in orbit—the composite satellite itself, consisting of a ‘space capsule’ attached to an instrumental section, and the last stage of the launching rocket. The instrumental section included a transmitter or transmitters radiating on frequencies of 19.996 and 39.992 Mc./s., as measured at the Radio Research Station, Slough. The first radio directional observations from the United Kingdom were made at the Radio Research Station on transits occurring at about 1054 hr. and 1225 hr. U.T. on May 15. The first reported visual observation from Western Europe of the composite satellite and rocket was made from Meudon at about 0325 hr. U.T. on May 16.

Observations on the U.S.S.R. Earth satellites and the study of radio-wave propagation

Measurements of bearing, angle of elevation and Doppler frequency shift have been performed at Slough on transmissions from the Russian Earth satellites. The examples considered here indicate that the observed phenomena can be accounted for satisfactorily in terms of our present knowledge of ionospheric propagation. A short section is included on orbital determination from the measurements.

Design Considerations for Space Communication

With the advent of Russian and American artificial earth satellites, the use of such vehicles for communication purposes has been the subject of considerable study both by military and commercial organizations in the communications field. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the problems involved in space communication, the assumptions that must be made and the technical limitations which determine the communication system that should be used for a particular time frame. Some characteristics for an optimum system are stated. Some technical characteristics of the first successful satellite communication system are given.

Conversaziones 1958

Conversaziones were held this year on 15 May and 26 June, and in addition there was a further special conversazione on 15 July to celebrate the Darwin-Wallace centenary. An account of this special conversazione will be found on page 73. At the first conversazione, on 15 May, there were 27 exhibits and a film. An exhibit of much topical interest was that prepared by members of the Royal Society W orking Party on Radio Emissions from Earth Satellites, which showed how the tracks of the Russian earth satellites were plotted. The orbit of such a satellite is nearly, but not quite, fixed in space, and the earth rotates inside the orbit. Observations were made by both radio and radar, and much information about the ionosphere and upper atmosphere was obtained from the analysis of changes in the shape and position o f the satellites’ orbits. Dr J. C. Evans and Mr I. G. Morgan, Metrology Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, exhibited a pneumatic instrument for accurately measuring the thickness of flexible films. Use of a pneumatic technique for this purpose has the advantage that the film is not compressed or in any way distorted while measurement of its thickness is being made, and results of an accuracy of the order of ± 10 micro-inches can be obtained. An exhibit on the properties of circular diffraction gratings was arranged by the Optical Section of the Research Laboratories of Associated Electrical Industries Ltd., Aldermaston. Particular emphasis was given to the ways in which such gratings may be used to measure straightness, which can be ascertained, by this means, to an accuracy of about in. per mile. Such minute accuracy of measurement has important technical applications, such as in the alignment of the bearings of the very large turbo-alternators now being built for nuclear power stations.

A discussion on observations of the Russian artificial earth satellites and their analysis -Interferometer measurements on the first satellites

For about 1 year a small section in Radio Department, R. A. E. has been designing and building an interferometer to work on 108 Mc/s. The main purpose was not to track the American satellite but to use the transmissions to calibrate the inter­ferometer. It was hoped to study several propagation phenomena including: (i) scintillation of the radio source—that is, rapid apparent change in bearing, (ii) refraction through the ionosphere, (iii) the variation of these phenomena with time and so forth. It was hoped that the position of the satellite would be well enough determined by visual means to correlate the observed radio phenomenon with the actual position of the source. A satellite is ideal for this work, since signals may be received from below and above the ionosphere on different crossings. It is clear that an equipment designed to study these effects must give a continuous record of the direction of arrival of the signals—a few position lines while adequate for tracking the satellite are meagre data for a study of the ionosphere. With this objective in mind, I should like to tell you very briefly the principles on which the interferometer for 108 Mc/s is based and then to describe how the equipment was modified for 40 Mc/s on the 5 and 6 October. Our original purpose was still firm at this time—that is, to study the behaviour of the interferometer and the ionosphere—tracking the satellite was a secondary consideration.

Radar observations of the Russian earth satellites and carrier rocket

This paper gives an account of the radar observations of the Russian earth satellites I and II and of the carrier rocket of satellite I, which have been made with the 250 ft. radio telescope at the Jodrell Bank Experimental Station. When the first satellite was launched on 4 October 1957, the radio telescope was still in an incomplete state. The instrument had already been tested in early August on the reception of the extragalactic radio emissions, but had never been used as a radar instrument. Emergency arrangements were made to connect it with the existing radar installations working in other parts of the establishment. By the night of 9 October the equipment was available for testing and with the telescope in auto­matic motion on the moon satisfactory lunar echoes were obtained. The first radar contacts with the rocket and satellite were obtained during the evening of 11 Octo­ber. The present paper is confined to a discussion of the results up to the date of burn-up of the carrier rocket of satellite I on 1 December 1957 2. Equipment The essential features of the radio telescope have been described by Lovell (1956, 1957 a ). On the frequencies used in the present work (36 and 120 Mc/s) the calculated beam widths and power gains are 8° to half power and 600 on 36 Mc/s, and 2.5° to half power and 6500 on 120 Mc/s. These values have not yet been established by experiment, but the equivalent measured values on frequencies of 160 and 408 Mc/s are very close to the calculated figures. Hence, it is unlikely that the values quoted for 36 and 120 Mc/s are in error. On each frequency the primary feed was a dipole with reflector, mounted at the focal point so that there was cross-polarization between the two feeds.

Centimetric radar observations of the Russian satellites

A high-power radar operating at a wavelength of 10 cm was installed in a 45 ft radio tele­scope at the Royal Radar Establishment, Malvern, to make observations of the Russian earth satellites and their carrier rockets. In this paper the reasons for choosing the wavelength of 10 cm are considered, and the capabilities of a radar of this type in contributing to the I. G. Y. observations are discussed. The results obtained from 30 October to 1 December 1957, are described.

Motion of the Nodal Line of the Second Russian Earth Satellite (1957β) and Flattening of the Earth

DESPITE the fact that the observation of an artificial satellite can be carried out only on a small region of the Earth's surface, we can use these measurements for determining the geocentrical co-ordinates of the satellite, if we know the approximate value of its distance from the Earth's centre. The most suitable observations are those in the neighbourhood of the zenith. If we know the inclination of the orbit, we can then determine also the position of the orbital node.

Effect of Air Drag on the Orbit of the Russian Earth Satellite 1957β: Comparison of Theory and Observation

Effect of Air Drag on the Orbit of the Russian Earth Satellite 1957β: Comparison of Theory and Observation

Some Effects of the Fine Structure of the Ionosphere on Transmissions Received from the Russian Earth Satellite 1958δ

Some Effects of the Fine Structure of the Ionosphere on Transmissions Received from the Russian Earth Satellite 1958δ

The Third Russian Earth Satellite (1958 δ)

The Third Russian Earth Satellite (1958 δ)

Entomological Research in our Changing World

The sudden ascension of the Russian earth satellites has focused public opinion on science and scientists as never before. In all the clamor for the resurgence of American missile technology and the pleas for the vigorous prosecution of basic research in the physical sciences, there is some danger that biology may be largely overlooked not only from the viewpoint of governmental subsides for research but more importantly in the intense competition for clear thinking young students, which is already taking place on the various educational fronts. Therefore entomology has a very sizeable stake in the developments of the next few years. We must be ever alert for opportunities to demonstrate that our profession, which concerns itself with at least two-thirds of all living organisms, and includes many of man's most vigorous competitors; must indeed rate high on the necessities for the growth of the human society. This goal cannot be met by mere alone. It is up to us to prove by substantial scientifie achievement that the study of insects is both a fascinating and absorbing occupation capable of yielding great dividends in our better understanding of the living processes and the natural laws which control the growth and distribution of living things. The recent suggestion that insects may be sent aloft in an American space satellite proffers a timely opportunity in this direetion, to challenge the notoriety of the late canine voyager into outer space and to probe on a much sounder statistieal footing, the possibilities of inter-planetary travel. Many other opportunities of this nature exist. Insects with their tremendous biotic potential, genetic adaptability, and minute food requirements are ideal experimental animals for the exploration of many baffling biological puzzles. Among these may be mentioned the factors responsible for the growth, differentiation, and regeneration of tissues, and the bearing of these upon malignancy and geriatrics. Insects because of their high degree of tolerance have a unique place in the study of cellular damage from ionizing radiation. Insects with their intense organoleptic response to taste and odor stimulation are most suitable subjects for the investigation of these obscure sensory phenomena. Today insect physiology and biochemistry are well enough understood to permit us to state that insofar as cellular processes are concerned there are no fundamental distinctions between the arthropod and the vertebrate. This should inevitably lead to insects occupying much the same position in cellular and metabolic research as the Drosophila fly has attained as the corner stone of experimental genetics. Entomologists must take the leadership in pioneering in these fields and it would indeed be remarkable if such researches did not uncover many valuable suggestions as to yet uncharted means of insect control.

Radar observations of the Russian Earth satellites and carrier rocket

Radar observations of the Russian Earth satellites and carrier rocket

The tracking of the Russian Earth satellite

The tracking of the Russian Earth satellite

Observations on the Orbit of the First Russian Earth Satellite

Observations on the Orbit of the First Russian Earth Satellite