Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey Research Articles

Subjective well-being indices in assessing happiness in Russia

Due to the multidimensionality and dynamism of today’s social life, there emerges the need to modify the principles of measuring the effectiveness of socio-economic policy. The article empirically tests and analyzes subjective metrics focused on “failures” in the socio-economic development which are impossible to identify through objective indicators only. These metrics are the subjective well-being indices for the Russian population in terms of gender and age, residence (by federal districts), level of education, marital status, presence of children, subjective health assessments, job and pay satisfaction. The methodological framework resides in Edward Diener’s subjective well-being theory. The method of index numbers and methods of descriptive statistics, including the multivariate frequency distribution of two attributes, are applied. The evidence base is comprised of panel data of The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) for 2013–2022. According to the research results, the minimum and maximum values of the life satisfaction index were observed in 2016 and 2022, respectively. The affective index of happiness was found to reach higher values compared to the cognitive assessment of it. The findings show that gender, age, region of residence, level of education, as well as satisfaction with health, job, wage and financial status affect the values and dynamics of happiness indices in Russia. A well-being measurement approach covering both objective and sub jective assessments of people’s life and its individual aspects allows identifying gaps in the system of socio-economic support for the population.

The impact of tax deduction on inequality in Russia

The article examines the impact of tax deductions for education and healthcare on income inequality in Russia. The objective of the study is to quantify the redistributive effects of this fiscal measure. Additionally, the paper assesses the potential effects of proposed reforms to tax deductions, with a particular focus on changes proposed in the President’s Address to the Federal Assembly in February 2023 and implemented in 2024. The study uses data from the Federal Tax Service and the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring survey of the National Research University Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE), in conjunction with the microsimulation model RUSMOD, which enables the estimation of the short-term redistributive effects of changes in taxes and transfers. The study demonstrated that the current tax deductions for education and health care have a marginal impact on income inequality. Conversely, if tax deductions are reformed in a manner that increases their limits and take-up, this may result in an increase in income inequality.

Socio-Economic Determinants of the Physical Activity Intensity in Russia

The study examines the socioeconomic, demographic and health determinants of physical activity intensity in Russia. Using RLMS-HSE (the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics) data for 2021 and indicators of six levels of physical activity intensity, the authors built ordered probit models and calculated average marginal effects for a set of covariates. The independent variables were selected based on the SLOTH microeconomic model describing individual preferences towards physical activity.The ordered probit regression provided empirical support for Meltzer and Jena's theoretical framework, stating that as income increases, with the pronounced substitution effect, the time spent on physical activity decreases, and the intensity of physical activity rises. In our study, the thesis about an increase in intensity with rising income was confirmed for a subsample of men but not women. For women, the intensity was determined by factors such as multiple morbidity and residing outside of Moscow or Saint Petersburg, which were not significant in the regressions for men.The study resulted in several important conclusions. The intensity analysis showed that physician recommendations regarding the type of physical activity should consider patients' workload. For individuals with a busy schedule, recommended types of exercise that require a long time (for example, walking) are not suitable. At the same time, intense workouts (such as tennis or gym classes) can be built into the schedule. There is a need to develop sports infrastructure at workplaces, allowing individuals to allocate time for classes without bearing additional time and monetary costs associated with travel to the location of workouts. As income increases, exercising near the workplace allows an individual to increase the intensity of physical activity without incurring additional time costs

Analysis of the mass survey data reliability (using the example of smoking prevalence in Russia estimates)

Survey-based estimates of smoking prevalence in Russia, given by various quite respectable organizations for the same period, range from less than 20% to more than 50%. This scatter cannot be explained by differences in the conceptualization of the indicator (who is considered a smoker) and significantly affects the overall picture of smoking in Russia and the assessment of the success of anti-tobacco policy. This raises questions about the reliability of the relevant survey data. It can be solved in at least two ways: by analyzing and eliminating discrepancy factors or by choosing one of the studies as a reference with a thorough check of the reliability of its data. The article substantiates the choice of the second path and the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) as a reference. To check its reliability, three criteria were used: analysis of critical publications about research errors, methodological triangulation (comparison with data from other methods) and analysis of correlation with the consequences of smoking. All three criteria showed a high level of reliability of the RLMS data. The hypothesis about the research error put forward in critical publications does not find empirical confirmation. Comparison with other supposedly reliable data (both survey and non-survey) shows discrepancies below the margin of statistical error. The correlation of RLMS data on smoking with mortality from diseases of the circulatory system turns out to be extremely high. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the RLMS as a reference source of data on the prevalence of smoking in Russia, and indicators from other surveys that differ significantly from it as potentially questionable in their methodological decisions.

Distribution and duration of chores in married couple households

Based on data from the “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey” ( RLMS-HSE), this article analyzes the gender distinctions and tendencies that characterize changes in the structure of how chores are assigned, and how much time is allocatedto them, in households that consist solely of married couples, during the years 19942021. As it turns out, in such households women tend to do much more work around the house than do men. However, both men and women have been spending more time working for pay outside of the home, though simultaneously the overall amount of time spent doing work outside of the home, as well as on household chores, has decreased. Other changes that were observed include a decrease of over twofold in the time spent on performing household chores by either men or women, and a somewhat less substantial reduction of the difference in time spent doing chores between women and men. Distribution of household chores by gender during the time period in question has become more equal mostly due to the fact that the time women used to spend performing household duties has been decreasing at a more rapid rate than in the case of their partners. The results of the study also point towards variability and a considerable decrease in the time spent on performing various household duties by the women and men who form families consisting of just the married couples. Where the discrepancy between genders is the greatest is when it comes to time spent on those chores that involve monotonous, tedious and exhausting work around the house.

Obesity in Russia: prevalence dynamics and sex and age structure since the end of the 20th century

Introduction. The growing prevalence of obesity in the world and the accumulated scientific data and practical knowledge have prompted the World Health Organization to declare obesity a global pandemic and a worldwide public health crisis. According to research, in 2015, 603.7 million adults and 107.7 million children worldwide were obese, and the overall prevalence of obesity was 12.0 and 5.0 %, respectively, while overweight caused 4.0 million deaths and 120 million lost years of life. The purpose of the study: to assess trends and age and sex structure of obesity prevalence in Russia according to different sources. Materials and methods. We calculated the prevalence of obesity using data from Rosstat (2018–2023) and the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (1994–2022), as well as the structure of obesity by sex and age groups in dynamics, and the structure of obesity by degree (2022). Results. According to the results of calculations based on Rosstat data, the prevalence of obesity among men increased from 17.8 % in 2018 to 20.9 % in 2023, and among women from 24.5 % to 28.6 %, respectively. According to calculations based on data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, the prevalence of obesity among men increased from 8.5 % in 1994 to 16.6 % in 2022, and among women from 21.1 % to 27.5 %, respectively. After 2012, there was no significant increase in obesity prevalence in any of the age groups, with the possible exception of 15–24-year-old men and women aged 65 and older. The data suggests that the obesity epidemic in Russia has stabilized and the increase in the prevalence of obesity in recent years was largely due to the population aging. Also, Rosstat data show an increase in obesity prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic from 23.0 % in 2019 to 25.0 % in 2021, while the rate remained at the same level (24.9 %) in 2022. In the structure of obesity calculated on the basis of Rosstat data, obesity of the I degree prevails both among men (80.5 %) and women (68.1 %). Conclusion. The growing prevalence of obesity in Russia, given the associated risks of morbidity and mortality, raises concerns and requires appropriate public health measures.

Happy People in Russia: The Role of Economic and Social Capital

Amid conditions of global instability in recent years, approximately one-tenth of the residents of Russia consistently report high levels of subjective well-being. The aim of this article is to analyze the socio-demographic characteristics of the “happy and satisfied” segment of Russians and the influence of economic and social capital on their high level of affective and cognitive components of subjective well-being. This study is based on data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE), with surveys conducted from 2016 to 2020. For the purposes of analysis, a stable segment of "fully satisfied with life" and "very happy" Russians (10–12% of 5–6 thousand respondents annually) was selected from the sample array. Economic capital in the study is measured through indicators such as absolute income, assessment of material well-being and remuneration, and perception of economic inequality, while social capital is measured through the structure, intensity, and quality of social connections and the nature of group identity. The analysis of the empirical data shows that people who are fully satisfied with life and happy are aged 25–34, married, have children, and possess average incomes. Low incomes are associated with subjective disadvantage, but for maximum happiness and life satisfaction, it is quite enough to have an average income level. Additionally, the cognitive component of subjective well-being assessments is more related to material and financial factors than the affective component. It is demonstrated that high levels of subjective well-being are more influenced by parameters of social, rather than economic, capital. Representatives of the predominantly happy segment of Russians communicate more frequently with family members and friends, care for young children or grandchildren, and feel a sense of belonging to broader social communities (professional, national, or territorial).

The impact of formal and informal credit institutions on entrepreneurship

Purpose How do informal lending institutions affect entrepreneurship? This paper aims to investigates the role of formal and informal credit market institutions in the decision to become an entrepreneur over the life cycle. Design/methodology/approach The author developed a dynamic Roy model in which a decision to become an entrepreneur depends on the access to formal and informal credit markets, nonpecuniary benefits of entrepreneurship, career-specific entry costs, prior work experience, education, unobserved abilities and other labor market opportunities (salaried employment and nonemployment). Using detailed Russian panel microdata (the Russia longitudinal monitoring survey) and estimating a structural model of labor market decisions and borrowing options, the author assesses the impact of the development of informal and formal credit institutions. Findings The expansion of traditional (formal) credit market institutions positively impacts all workers’ categories, reduces the share of entrepreneurs who borrow from informal sources and incentivizes low-type entrepreneurs to switch to salaried employment. The development of the informal credit market reduces the percentage of high-type entrepreneurs who borrow from formal sources. In the case of default, a higher value of the social network or higher costs of losing social ties demotivate low-type entrepreneurs to borrow from informal sources. The author highlights the practical implications of estimates by evaluating policies designed to promote entrepreneurship, such as subsidies and accessibility regulations in credit market institutions. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature in several ways. Unlike other studies that focus on individual characteristics in the selection for self-employment [Humphries (2017), Hincapíe (2020), Gendron-Carrier (2021), Dillon and Stanton (2017)], the paper models labor and borrowing decisions jointly. Previous studies discuss transitions between salaried employment and self-employment, taking into account entrepreneurial earnings, wealth, education and age, but do not consider the availability of financial institutions as a driving factor for the selection into self-employment. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper shows for the first time that the transition from salaried employment to self-employment is standard and consistent with changes in access to financial institutions. Another feature of this study is incorporating both types of credit markets – formal and informal. The survey by the European Central Bank on the Access to Finance of Enterprises (2018) shows 18% of small and medium enterprise in EU pointed funds from family or friends. Therefore, the exclusion from consideration of informal credit markets may distort the understanding of the role of the accessibility of credit markets.

The relationship of migration behavior with marital status and the number of children in the family

Based on the analysis of the database of the 30th round of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population (Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – HSE) study in 2021, the relationship between marital status and the children number of men and women in reproductive age with their migration behavior is studied. Migrants are less likely to remain single and childless, but more likely to have three or more children than local natives. These differences are explained, so the author, by the fact that people who have independently changed their place of residence differ from people who live where they were born, more willing to face difficulties related both to living conditions adapting in a new place, and to creating, increasing and maintaining a family. The differences between migrants and natives are greater among men than women. In addition, data from a survey of both spouses in more than 1,200 families conducted by the Department of Family Sociology and Demography of the Faculty of Sociology of Lomonosov Moscow State University 2018–2019 study show that men whose parents had more than two children are much more likely to have three or more children themselves than women who grew up in the families of the same size. Therefore, demographic policy measures should be applied to increase the birth rate what can affect not only mothers, but fathers as well. It is necessary to take into account the data of sociological studies on the conditions necessary for the birth of children, according to both spouses, and not only women. Schools and other educational institutions should form an active life position among children, adolescents and young people, the ability to overcome difficulties, including those in family life necessary for the society to survive and develop.

Trust as a Determinant of Subjective Well-Being in Russia

The article considers social trust as a key element in the structure of social capital. Based on the results of international and Russian research, the role of trust in socioeconomic development and its impact on subjective life satisfaction is revealed. We discuss the circumstances of the “trust deficit” as a possible reason for Russia’s significant lag behind the leading countries in world happiness ratings. The data sources for our empirical research are the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) and the World Values Survey. In our empirical analysis, special attention is paid to overcoming the problem of endogeneity, which arises as a result of two-way causal relationships between trust and happiness. The hypothesis of a significant positive effect of generalized social trust on life satisfaction in Russia is confirmed by the results of econometric modelling. Our results fit into the broad context of international studies of the social capital impact on subjective assessments of the quality of life. Based on Russian data, we confirm the conclusion that the impact of increasing social capital on subjective well-being across the whole society is strongly positive. The conclusion of our work concerns the possibility of raising the subjective well-being of Russians by improving informal institutions by means of social trust strengthening.

Migrant Labor and Integration in the Russian Federation

ABSTRACT This article compares the labor market outcomes of migrants in Russia to the non-migrant population. It considers human capital theory and integration theory while measuring differences between migrants and non-migrants in employment, work contracts, and wages. We rely on a rich source of longitudinal micro-data, the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Results show that migrants have high levels of employment but that certain groups are disproportionally likely to fall into unofficial employment when compared to non-migrants. Results further show that certain migrants report higher earnings than both non-migrants and internal migrants; suggesting that migrant workers seek a premium to come to Russia.

Как удовлетворённость жизнью зависит от типа населённого пункта?

Life satisfaction is a multidimensional indicator that is influenced by many factors. Studies of national life satisfaction factors provide adequate estimates when countries are homogeneous “macroregions” with common social, cultural, and institutional foundations. However, within large and heterogeneous national states, of which Russia is one, internal regional differences in living conditions can be significant, which means that assessments of happiness levels are dominated by various factors, including the type of human settlement and its inherent characteristics. The conducted research is deepening the understanding of the factors that have a significant impact on subjective life satisfaction in various types of settlements in Russia - cities, towns, and villages. The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE) was used as the data source. Econometric modeling is based on an ordered logit model with random effects using panel data. We discovered the high significance of subjective evaluation of wealth satisfaction, worried needs, and availability of paid vacations for all Russians, regardless of the type of settlement. The main differences in the set and degree of influence of factors lie along the line separating the values of collectivism and individualism, which are dominant in cities and villages, respectively. There is less concern about health and the possibility of job loss among rural residents reliant on the support of neighbors and family, in which men do not associate life satisfaction with the duration of the working day, and women do not associate life satisfaction with the amount of wage and maternity. In contrast, individualistically oriented residents of cities where nuclear families predominate and connections among people are weak tend to derive life satisfaction from self-realization through earnings, leisure, children, and health care.

Statistical Analysis of Ineqality and Poverty with Under-Reporting Incomes of Russian Households

The subject of the article is the study of inequality and poverty, taking into account under-reporting household income. The purpose of the research was to estimate the under-reporting incomes of households and their impact on the smoothing income inequality and poverty based on representative data of the All-Russian Survey of Consumer Finance (2013, 2015, 2018, 2020 and 2022). It is relevant to analyze changes in inequality for individual population groups, as well as the contribution to inequality of individual sources of income, including those hidden from statistical observation. The novelty of the study is the obtained estimates of under-reporting household income, as well as the results of an analysis of their impact on smoothing income inequality and poverty based on the specified dataThe methodology included the use of econometric modeling according to the Pissarides – Weber approach, as well as decomposition of the Gini elasticity by income sources based on the Lerman – Yitzhaki algorithm. The results of estimations differ from those previously obtained according to the data of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey – Higher School of Economics. The resulting share of under- reporting income in the disposable resources of households averaged about 20% for 2013 to 2022 and decreased by 2,3% on average per year. Decomposition of the Gini index by income sources led to the conclusion that the main contribution to inequality was made by the non-poor population. Calculation of Gini income elasticities by income sources for poor and non-poor households (taking into account the imputed component of under-reporting income) revealed their differently directed impact on inequality. Wages and social transfers increase inequality among the poor and do not increase inequality among non-poor households. Estimating under-reporting income was higher for the group of poor households. At the same time, this component increased inequality in the post-crisis year 2015 and in the pandemic year 2020 for the group of non-poor households. The obtained results will provide important information to social policy makers, taking into account the influence of under-reporting income` on the poverty reduction and equalization of the standard of living of the Russian population

Returns to work following retirement in Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom

Abstract Most unretirement research has focused on single countries, indicating that socio-economic advantage and financial need predict unretirement in particular settings. Remarkably, little is known about whether the frequency and predictors of unretirement—returning to paid work after ceasing work at retirement—vary in relation to the country setting. We followed recent retirees over time in Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom to compare unretirement rates and predictors, and whether financial need predicted unretirement in a middle-income setting rather than in a high-income setting. We harmonized data ex post from four prospective surveys: German Socio-Economic Panel Study (1991–2016), Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (1994–2016), and for the United Kingdom, British Household Panel Survey (1991–2008), and Understanding Society (2010–2015). Unretirement was examined using Cox regression in relation to gender, age, education, health, household income, and financial difficulties. After 20 years of follow-up, the cumulative hazard of unretirement attained 0.20 in German, 0.24 in British, and 0.40 in Russian participants. Unretirement rates were generally higher for retirees who were younger, in better health and had higher household income. Worries about finances did not predict unretirement in Russia; such concerns predicted higher unretirement rates only in fully adjusted models in Germany and the United Kingdom. Since retirees in financial need may have difficulties finding suitable jobs, unretirement is a process with the potential to deepen financial inequality in later life. Variations in unretirement rates and predictors across countries demonstrate the importance of extending unretirement research to incorporate a cross-national comparative perspective.

Agri-Food Countersanctions and the Welfare of the Russian Population

The article examines the impact of countersanctions (the agri-food embargo) on the welfare of the Russian population. It employs a multi-stage econometric analysis which addresses the practical difficulties in making quantitative estimates of the effects of the countersanctions. The population was divided into three groups according to whether their welfare ranked high, medium, or low in the statistics from the twenty-third Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Evaluation via a multiple-choice model for clustered data indicated how the probability of belonging to one of the three classes of welfare depended upon consumer spending for goods that are subject to countersanctions. The loss of purchasing power (change in real consumer spending) that the three population groups underwent as a result of the countersanctions was then calculated. In order to do this, estimates of elasticities in domestic production of basic foods were arrived at based on a structural demand supply system. How much the food embargo contributed to consumer price increases for individual food items in 2014 was also calculated. The conclusion was that the embargo resulted in incremental price increases from 1.5 to 22 percentage points for particular goods. The population’s loss of wealth was assessed by combining the estimates of decreasing purchasing power with the estimates from the multiple choice model. Russian countersanctions enlarged the group with low welfare by a relatively minor 1.52 percent or 2.223 million people. The wealth of the medium group decreased by 1.16 percent, while the corresponding decrease for the high wealth group was an insignificant 0.36 percent.

How Far Are NEET Youth Falling Behind in Their Non-Cognitive Skills? An Econometric Analysis of Disparities

Youth not in education, employment, or training (NEET) refers to the most vulnerable group in the transition from school to work. While much research focuses on institutional factors behind the NEET incidence, the current study approaches the problem of the NEET youth from the perspective of non-cognitive skills. For measuring non-cognitive skills, the Big Five personality characteristics (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) as well as grit were analyzed. The analysis was carried out using propensity score matching based on the data of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS HSE) for 2016. This study shows that the majority of young people in the NEET group come from the poorest families. Nearly half of the NEET youth are not only not working, but they are also not looking for a job either. The analysis revealed that NEET youth fall behind in different non-cognitive abilities, with statistically significant differences in conscientiousness, extraversion, and grit, as well as a greater severity of neuroticism.

Empirical Testing of Grossman’s the Demand for Health Model: The Case of Russia

Healthcare services constitute one of the most important markets as they are used by all people regardless of age, wealth, and worldview. In order to effectively manage both private and public healthcare systems and to expand the scope of services provided in a timely manner, it is necessary to understand the nature of the demand for health, depending on the development of society and individuals. This paper is devoted to the empirical testing of one of the most influential models of health economics – Michael Grossman’s model of health demand – by means of econometrical modelling. We used data from RLMS HSE (Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of HSE) for 2019 and 2020. The paper tested the hypotheses that educational level positively affects the demand for health, that women invest in their health more responsibly than men, that the “age”- “demand for health” link has non-linear character, and the rate of health amortization is not constant during the life of an individual. We concluded that health demonstrates the features of both consumption and investment good. It was also found that income affects the demand for health just within the consumption interpretation of this construct, not within the investment one. The study showed that people with a low income tend to consume medical services more actively by spending more time in hospitals. It can be assumed that demand for medical services will increase during the economic crisis, job cuts, inflation, and a drop in real incomes of the population. The results of the study may help to predict the demand and consumption of medical services and to facilitate decision-making in Russia's healthcare system in the future.

The Formation and Resilience of Law-Abiding Attitudes Under Authoritarianism: The Case of Russia

Authoritarian leaders frequently send mixed messages about law. While official rhetoric typically emphasizes obeying law, leaders have proven willing to sidestep the law when it proves inconvenient. We explore the impact of this duality on the attitudes of Russian citizens, drawing on three rounds of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. To identify the separate effects of cohort, age, and survey year, we use existing estimates of a function relating age to the predisposition to form new attitudes. Our results indicate that one factor driving Russians’ attitudes on law-abiding is the strength of the Kremlin's messaging on the importance of obeying the law especially in their formative years. This effect would have been strongest for the oldest Russians. Yet, ceteris paribus, more years lived in Russia lead to declines in law-abiding attitudes. The net result of these two effects is that older Russians profess greater law abidingness. Putin's emphasis on obeying the laws on the books has left its mark in the increasing prevalence of law-abiding attitudes.

The Maternity Capital programs in Russia and the second birth spacing

The paper utilises survival analysis to study the role of a Maternity Capital program, introduced in 2007 in Russia to stimulate families to have a second birth (or adopt a second child), in changing the birth spacing between the first and the second child. The empirical study is carried out on the microdata of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring survey over 2000– 2019, the regional‐level data from Rosstat and the data on the region's Maternity Capital pro‐ grams by years from the open sources. The identification strategy compares birth spacing (via estimation of second childbirth hazards) before and after the introduction of the Maternity Capital program. The methods used do not allow us to isolate the impact of policy and time‐ fixed effects such as macro shocks. However, we implemented a test to check for no fertility trends in the pre‐policy period. We also control for a wide range of personal and regional characteristics. Results are robust to different metrics (proportional hazard and accelerated failure time), functional forms (parametric and non‐parametric) and subsamples (married women and working women). We find that the indexation of the federal Maternity Capital program leads to a 2.1 % increase in the hazard of a second birth. The paper also tests the role of regional programs in addition to the federal‐level program. We show that regional Maternity Capital programs also affect the probability of a second birth, and the estimated effect is two times bigger than for the federal program.

Cohort consumption in the Russian Federation

The current demographic situation in both developed and developing countries is characterized by an aging population. From an economic perspective, this phenomenon holds practical significance for studying anticipated changes in the structure of state budget revenues and expenditures, as well as alterations in the overall consumption of goods and services. This paper investigates the spending patterns of different generations in the Russian Federation. In foreign literature, there is an observed increase in consumption with each successive generation compared to its predecessor. This trend is commonly attributed to declining fertility rates, the accumulation of capital by one generation, and its subsequent transfer to the next. Consequently, the younger generation tends to possess more capital than their forebears. The level of consumption across generations is also influenced by the life expectancy of the population; an extension of healthy life expectancy enables individuals to remain active in the workforce beyond retirement age. Utilizing data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS), HSE conducts cohort consumption estimates for the years 2000-2020, categorized into five-year age groups. The study results indicate an increase in consumption levels beyond the age of 50 for cohorts born between 1930 and 1955. Conversely, for cohorts born between 1960 and 1999, the consumption levels below the age of 50 remained relatively unchanged.