Process Of Rural-urban Migration Research Articles

Migration choices for farming households in rural areas: Why new countryside locations are important for the inhabitants of traditional agricultural areas in central China

AbstractIn the urbanisation stage of bilateral urban–rural interaction, China is adopting various policies to achieve rural revitalisation and provide diverse destinations to which farmers can migrate. Most previous studies have focused on urban destinations; thus, new countryside locations are not as well understood in this context. This study focused on first migration practices to examine new countryside destinations for farmers in China. This study established a conceptual framework to explain the diverse migration destination options based on three aspects: human capital, economic characteristics, and social characteristics. Based on survey data from farming households in a traditional agriculture area in Xinxiang, a multiple logit model was used to examine why new countryside destinations were adaptive first migration destinations. The results indicated that farmers were influenced by land capital and low initial household incomes. Specifically, many farmers were attracted to new countryside locations close to their original villages because of the need for cultivated land and farming, thus providing a logical first move in the rural–urban migration process. Poorer households were willing to first improve their living conditions in this way. This suggests that new countryside construction can help achieve rural revitalisation.

Exploring Life Satisfaction Among Subsistence Migrant Consumers: A Case in China

This paper adds a new dimension of mobility among subsistence consumers to investigate their well-being during the process of rural-urban migration. Using social production function (SPF) theory as the theoretic perspective and a mixed method, the authors identified three essential drivers which influence the life satisfaction of subsistence migrant consumers, i.e., financial resources, social connection, and sense of control which also mediates the relationship between social connection and the well-being produced. Findings also show that family closeness and social comparison orientation moderate the main effects of financial and social resources on life satisfaction. Family closeness enhances the positive effect of financial resources, while social comparison weakens the positive effect of social connection. This research contributes to the literature of subsistence consumers by introducing social production function theory into subsistence marketplace and adopting a mixed approach to uncover the compl...

Cartografía social de Chapiquiña: reivindicando los derechos territoriales indígenas en los Altos de Arica, Chile

Este trabajo se enfoca en demostrar que el método de cartografía social puede convertirse en un dispositivo político que permite visualizar epistemológicamente otros saberes territoriales que se materializan en un mapa, con el fin de reivindicar derechos territoriales indígenas. Para eso, se elaboraron mapas con la comunidad de Chapiquiña en el norte de Chile, representándose la apropiación sobre su territorio. En nuestro caso, este método es el acceso hacia las “geo-grafías” mentales invisibilizadas por el Estado chileno, las cuales nos permiten inferir hipotéticamente que el proceso de migración desde los pueblos hacia la ciudad de Arica no se trata de una desterritorialización de las comunidades aymara, sino de un proceso de movilidad que ha permitido la construcción y transformación del territorio aymara contemporáneo, tanto en lo urbano como en lo rural.

The Impact of Income Distribution and Agricultural Credit Facilities on Rural-Urban Migration

The Impact of Income Distribution and Agricultural Credit Facilities on Rural-Urban Migration

‘Rural poverty’ in urban spaces of Budapest Research proposal for examining spatial inequality in contemporary Hungary

In this paper an attempt is made to find new perspectives on the investigation of spatial inequalities in contemporary Hungary. The research focuses on urban and suburban spaces that belong to Budapest, yet are also intensively linked to rural spaces through the migration processes from resource-poor rural regions to the resourceful areas of the capital city. The paper first attempts to define the concepts of ‘urban’ and ‘rural’, to better understand the uneven relation between them, and to avoid those simplifying approaches that are wide-spread in these kinds of investigations. Having understood and defined the concept of ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ from an Eastern European perspective, I have reconstructedIn order to demonstrate how important it is to consider the institutional mezzo level (as the housing policy and labour market), which influence the cycles of this process the most important steps of the rural-urban migration process in the case of Budapest are reconstructed.. Finally through a local example it is shown how to find these abstract concepts in a concrete space and what kinds of patterns can be observed through a local example. Key words: spatial inequality, rural-urban relation, linking micro and macro perspective

Cohort differences in the urban settlement intentions of rural migrants: A case study in Jiangsu Province, China

China has experienced a massive rural-urban migration process since the mid-1980s. During the period, a new generation of rural migrants has increasingly accounted for a large segment of the total floating population. The younger generation differs from its predecessors with respect to certain characteristics, exhibiting improved human capital, less farming experience and a stronger desire for urban settlement. This generation prefers to settle in urban areas rather than return to rural hometowns to farm. Although the topic of permanent migration and urban settlement is an issue confronting China and other countries, research focussing on cohort differences in urban settlement decisions is limited. The paper, which reports the results of a 2010 survey of rural migrants in Jiangsu Province, China, provides an in-depth comparison of the determinants of urban settlement for younger and older generations for different types of urban destinations. Survey respondents were divided into two cohorts based on birth year, and both geographic and socioeconomic factors were examined. Binary logit regression models found that disparities between the two generations were related to differences in the life-cycle stages of the two cohorts, attitudes and behaviours, and recent economic and social transitions in Jiangsu Province.

Economic development and gender inequality in cognition: a comparison of China and India, and of SAGE and the HRS sister studies.

This paper examines cognition measures by age and gender from two types of studies in China and India. It finds that despite some notable differences in samples and measures, a general strong association of cognition in older ages with education emerges as a potential explanation for gender gaps and cohort differences. Female disadvantage in cognition is greater in India, both before and after controlling for education. The process of rural-urban migration draws more cognitively able women to cities in China but not in India. The advent of modern longitudinal studies of aging in these developing countries holds great promise for future work.

Enhancing Societal Wellbeing and Wealth Creation -Sewing Skills Programmed For Rural Housewives in Sabah

This paper proposes eSisterApparel Program and to be adopted as one of the 1AZAM Malaysian government-sponsored programs, raising the economic and social status of women especially of rural housewives in Sabah, Malaysia. This program has the potential to reduce poverty by providing these housewives with sewing skills, sewing machines, and eSisterApparel Portal in generating new sources of income. Sabah, a state in East Malaysia, has the highest level of poverty and hardcore poverty incidence in Malaysia. Literature reviews and nine (9) blocks of Business Model Canvas (BMC) framework are used as methodology for this paper. As the extent of rural poverty in Sabah is expected to be reduced and societal wellbeing to be enhanced through eSisterApparel Program, an added benefit is the minimization of the rural-urban migration process. This in turn will result in less pressure on government to make provision for additional spending on services such as education, provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal, housing, and health in urban areas as well as having to deal with a host of problems associated with overgrown cities and towns such as a higher incidence of crime and of shanty towns on the outskirts of these cities.

A Theory on the Urban Rural Migration

The internal migration consists one of the major problems that a geographical region faces during the transition process from the traditional way of production to the modern one. Therefore it attracts wide attention in contemporary literature. The purpose of this essay is to prove first of all that the rural urban migration process – contrary to the neoclassical doctrines- cannot be analyzed in the absence of the economic development and the formation of primitive accumulation concepts. Second -contrary to the classical and neoclassical doctrines and the considerations developed in the context of Marxist theory – the migration operates in a selective way. The population surplus does not move (the marginal person according to the academic theory), on a contrary the typical peasant is driven out (or the middle worker), leading to several economic and social consequences for the rural areas. The causes stem from the fact that migration is a non-harmonic mechanism. In latest stages the development of the modern sector (industries- services), via exploitation of agriculture (appropriation of ‘produit net’), destroys the traditional way of life in the mainland (in which rationalism is being “introduced”), while the appearance of development poles makes the cities attractive to rural population. The two factors pulling– repulsion are dialectically associated, having as a result the impressive urbanization of the recent years.

Civil Conflict and Displacement: Village-Level Determinants of Forced Migration in Aceh

The purpose of this article is to identify the determinants of displacement behavior based on various push and pull factors at the village level. The study concentrates on changes in village population during three years of civil conflict (1999—2002) in Aceh, Indonesia. The empirical analysis is based on a unique dataset from two census rounds of the Indonesian Village Potential Census (PODES). It uses data on around 5,200 Acehnese villages and relates village-level population change to conflict variables, geographic patterns, and traditional socio-economic determinants of migration. By applying quantile regressions, the push (outflow) factors and the pull (inflow) determinants of migration can also be distinguished. The authors identify the following factors as the main determinants of the Aceh migration pattern in this period. First, conflict clashes induced large rearrangements of the population between villages in highly affected districts, as well as strong village emigration from the geographically remote regions in Central Aceh towards the less conflict-affected coastal industrial areas. Besides conflict factors, an (ongoing) rural—urban migration process, driven by socio-economic factors, has taken place during the conflict period. Second, there is also evidence that security considerations, such as the presence of police in a village or neighborhood, were either emigration-reducing or immigration-inducing. Third, although the presence of ethnic Javanese has not been a primary cause of conflict incidence, their intimidation by the rebel movement has led to a significant outflow, primarily from conflict-affected villages in Central Aceh. These results reveal that, beside a conflict-induced fear of violence, population movements in Aceh have also been an outcome of traditional migration determinants.

A Harris-Todaro agent-based model to rural-urban migration

The Harris-Todaro model of the rural-urban migration process is revisited under an agent-based approach. The migration of the workers is interpreted as a process of social learning by imitation, formalized by a computational model. By simulating this model, we observe a transitional dynamics with continuous growth of the urban fraction of overall population toward an equilibrium. Such an equilibrium is characterized by stabilization of rural-urban expected wages differential (generalized Harris-Todaro equilibrium condition), urban concentration and urban unemployment. These classic results obtained originally by Harris and Todaro are emergent properties of our model.

The State Connection in China's Rural-Urban Migration

This study explores the role of China's rural local state-owned and urban state-owned units in its rural-urban migration process. Most studies on Chinese migration have focused on migrants moving from rural to urban areas through informal mechanisms outside of the state's control. They therefore treat the Chinese state as an obstructionist force and dismiss its facilitative role in the migration process. By documenting rural local states' “labor export” strategies and urban state units' employment of millions of peasants, this article provides a corrective to the existing literature. It highlights and explains the state connection in China's rural-urban migration. Labor is … a special kind of commodity. What we do is to fetch a good price for this special commodity. Labor bureau official from Laomei county, 1996 If we want efficiency, we have to hire migrant workers. Party secretary of a state textile factory in Shanghai, 1997

Identities in motion: Social exchange networks and rural- urban migration in Bangladesh

Expanding on work that demonstrates the importance of rural resources (land, manpower) on rural-urban migrant success in Bangladesh, the article incorporates the role of an expanding network of village-based social connections in perpetuating the flow of migration and ensuring migrant success. As kin groups, lineages, and entire villages shift from their home settings to major cities, identities that had little meaning in the local context are mobilised to create trust between past and future migrants. Identity- based migration opportunities function as a new source of capital in a society with severe constraints on formal credit and insurance markets, allowing small landholders to pre serve their livelihood in exchange for allegiance to an increasingly influential group of urban gatekeepers. This fluid notion of identity often bends to more traditional social and economic concerns, however, generating a network whose membership is determined as much by pre-existing social relationships, spatial proximity and resource holdings, as by a potential migrant's skills, honesty or effort. Thesefindings raise critical concerns over the inherent risks and social costs built into the rural-urban migration process.

Differential human capital and structural evolution in agriculture

The growth of market capitalism and the technological advances of the last two centuries underlie the relentless process of structural change in agriculture. Substantial occupational migration out of farming and geographical migration from rural to urban areas is a characteristic of most, if not all, economies in the 20th century. The process of rural-urban migration, and the resulting urban problems have received considerable attention. The fate of the residual farm population has received less scrutiny and is less well understood. In the United States we observe considerable farm poverty, increasing farm-size inequality, and a disturbing decay of rural communities. For the last half century, the problem of low farm incomes has been perceived as a farm problem amenable to solutio by appropriate farm policy. In this paper, a model is proposed which suggests that farm poverty and inequality are inevitable consequences of a rural-urban migration process in which two types of human capital play a fundamental role. General human capital determines a person's expected nonfarm income, while farming-specific human capital determines his/her productivity in farming. It is argued that inadequate human capital combined with positive rural-urban migration cost, positive farm technology adoption costs, and inelastic demand for farm output, can explain persistently high levels of farm poverty, and increasing farm size inequality. The model suggests that traditional farm policies are inappropriate. Programs that directly address the problems of inadequate human capital are advocated.

Rural-urban migration and poverty in South Asia

Abstract [Analyses the process of rural-urban migration of landless rural families in South Asia using field data from Dattabad slum in Calcutta and from Notuk village in Midnapur District, West Bengal, India, and from Ekdala and South Rampur villages in Bangladesh. Results reveal that diminishing access to non-market goods and lack of employment of females caused a significant fall in family income which forced these rural families to migrate to Dattabad slum. Their migration-decision was linked to the onset of poverty and lack of economic security for them. This suggests the importance of a “push-factor” in their migration-decision. While all family members migrated together and all hoped to find some employment in Calcutta, only female members in all families were employed. This was in unskilled jobs. Males were frequently unemployed and were in a less satisfactory economic situation than was anticipated prior to migration].

Rural-urban migration: policy simulations in a dual economy model of Bangladesh.

The process of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh is analyzed using a dual economy model. The focus is on the period 1976-1985. The main purpose of the paper is to examine alternative policies designed to reduce the level of such migration without adversely affecting the country's economy.

Internal Migration Systems in the Developing World: With Special Reference to Latin American.

This volume stems from a course of lectures held at the Latin American Studies Center at Michigan State University in 1974. Several alternative migration models are described the process of rural-urban migration is examined and alternative policies to affect migration are discussed. Some case studies are then presented (ANNOTATION)

Urban job creation and unemployment in LDCs: Todaro vs. Harris and Todaro

This paper considers the apparent conflict between two types of policy conclusions regarding urban job creation as a response to the urban unemployment problem: (i) because of the Todaro paradox, job creation will lead to increased unemployment, and hence is not a useful policy; (ii) a subsidy for the employment of manufacturing labour (as shown by Harris and Todaro) is welfare-improving even in the presence of urban unemployment. It is argued that these conclusions are based on fundamentally different views of the rural-urban migration process in the two types of models, and a synthesis is proposed.

Supply price and surplus labour: Some Indian evidence

A vast literature has developed on the theory and measurement of surplus labour in overpopulated developing countries, of which India is often taken to be the paradigm. (See Kao et al., 1964 and Sen, 1966 for reviews.) The subject continues to be one of practical importance, particularly for the estimation of shadow wage rates for project analysis. (See Lal, 1973, 1974, for a review of this literature.) It was in the context of estimating shadow wage rates for industrial public sector projects in India that the research reported in this paper was undertaken. For this purpose the important question is: what wilI be the effects on agricultural output when an agricultural worker is withdrawn either directly or indirectly through the process of rural-urban migration induced by increased industrial employment? (See Harberger, 197 1; Harris and Todaro, 1970, for models of the rural-urban migration process.) In the early literature on surplus labour it was commonly assumed that, in overpopulated developing countries, labour in agriculture was in surplus in the sense that its marginal product was zero, so that agricultural output would not fall if some agricultural labour were withdrawn. Tests for the existence of surplus labour were based in part on estimates of the marginal product of agricultural labour and partly on measurements of the surplus labour time available in agriculture. The latter measures also yielded estimates of the extent of surplus labour and disguised unemployment, as follows. First, the total requirements of labour in agriculture (in a given region) with given technology were estimated. Next, the total availability of labour was estimated by multiplying the number of workers available by some postulated number of ‘normal’ working hours in a day (or by some estimated ‘normal work-load). The number of labour days required were then subtracted from those available to provide an estimate of the number of surplus labour days (and hence labourers) available in the area. Mehra (1966) provides the most notable attempt to measure surplus labour in India on these lines. These ‘tests’ and estimates of surplus labour are implicitly based on a ‘stock’ definition of the surplus of labour time per worker which is available. They fail, however, to take account of the economic notion of a supply price of labour which is given by the possibilities of substitution of income and leisure (open to any utilitymaximizing labourer), at levels of labour input per worker below that postulated in the ‘norm’ of the full ‘work-load’ per worker. That is, these estimates implicitly assume that the disutility of work does not alter until the normal number of working hours postulated in making estimates of the full work-load have been worked.’ For, as the recent theoretical literature on surplus labour has shown (Sen, 1966; Berry and Soligo, 1968; Stiglitz, 1969; Zarembaka, 1972), the necessary and sufficient conditions for surplus labour are given by a constant disutility of effort, which implies a constant marginal rate of substitution between income and leisure, over the relevant range of hours worked per man in the traditional sector. ’ Hence zero marginal productivity (tests for which were one route toward testing the hypothesis of surplus labour) is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for the existence of surplus labour. Nor is the evidence

Rural-Urban Migration in Africa: Theory, Policy and Research Implications

It is the aim of this paper to examine from a theoretical standpoint the process of rural-urban migration in Africa and its role in economic development with a view toward proposing a research agenda to address key policy issues. We do this in three stages. First the large body of theoretical and empirical knowledge of the rural-urban migration process in Africa is briefly reviewed emphasising those characteristics which are most important in Africa and the deficiencies in our present understanding of rural-urban migration. Second this knowledge is synthesized into a theoretical framework for analyzing rural-urban migration with emphasis on economic variables. This framework is then used to explore some of the policy implications of present-day rural-urban migration for economic development in Africa. Finally priority areas for future migration research are discussed with particular reference to improve theory improved methodology and the integration of migration research and policy analysis. (excerpt)