Rural-urban Balance Research Articles

A influência de eventos políticos sobre a população rural usando o modelo VAR: Eventos da Romênia

ABSTRACT: Maintaining a rural-urban balance is absolutely necessary in the context of the challenges related to food security and environmental protection as well as the perspectives of urban agglomeration. This paper highlighted the impact of the main events from the last 30 years on the rural population. This study used the vector autoregressive model (VAR) to investigate the estimates and analyse the dynamic impact of innovations on the system of variables. Key issues that influenced certain periods in the analyzed interval were highlighted, which clearly show the impact on the analyzed variables using variance decomposition. The cost of living in rural areas is increasing, so more and more inhabitants give up growing certain crops or raising certain animals, thus having to search for food to survive, leading to additional wage income to cover these costs.

Legal Regulatory Framework and the Performance of Women Owned Enterprises in Kenya A Study of Embu County

Micro and Small Scale Enterprises play a major role in strengthening the Kenyan economy. The Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1992 on Small Scale and Jua Kali Development in Kenya focused on the role of Micro and Small Enterprises and stressed the potential of the MSE sector to function as a catalyst of growth for the country’s development. The Micro and Small Enterprises and especially those owned by women are a useful tool for Poverty reduction (45%), Promotes Rural Urban balance and stimulate Entrepreneurial spirit and development. Despite their significance, past statistics indicate that three (3) out of five (5) businesses fail within the first few months of operation. The study aimed at determining the influence of Legal and Regulatory Framework on the Performance of Women Owned enterprises. Literature related to the variables of the study was reviewed in relation to Performance of Women Owned Enterprises. The Social Cultural Theory of Entrepreneurship was used in the study. The study employed a cross sectional descriptive research design and employed a positivism philosophy. The study sample size was 260 respondents identified through two stages of probabilistic sampling techniques; stratified and simple random sampling because of the population’s homogenous characteristics. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and interview guide. Reliability testing was carried out using Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha test, which was found to be above 0.7, it indicated satisfactory reliability. Descriptive and inferential Analysis was carried out. Inferential Statistics used the simple linear regression model and ANOVA. For the specific objective, the decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis was based on the significance of coefficients (p < 0.05) of the variable in the fitted regression. The study found the influence of Legal and Regulatory Framework on firm performance to be insignificant. The findings of this study supports and add knowledge to previous studies on entrepreneurship. The results support the Social Cultural Theory, that entrepreneurship can develop in an environment when its regulation, ethos, philosophies, standards and code of practices permits a variety of choices and where social, political and economic processes and procedures are not rigid and in a situation which encourages the development of personalities interested with enterprises. The study recommends all stakeholders in entrepreneurship, policy and practice and women entrepreneurs to enhance the application of Legal and Regulatory Framework in the Women Owned Enterprises in Embu County.

The COVID-19 era: No longer business as usual.

The paper proposes an alternative cyclical economy based on eco‐villages supporting urban hubs to regenerate rural–urban balance based on public education to support eco‐facturing, to use Gunter Pauli's concept. The paper sketches an alternative cyclical economy based on eco‐villages supporting urban hubs to regenerate rural–urban balance based on eco‐facturing. Australia lost over 40 million acres of habitat and at least a billion creatures during the 2019–2020 bushfire season. Africa and Asia are also rapidly urbanizing and rapidly losing habitat. The paper outlines the way in which we could live differently by understanding that production, consumption and regeneration need to follow a natural ecological approach, rather than the current approach to extracting profit at the expense of future generations. Production and regeneration need to be conducted in ways that do not exploit people and the environment. Exchange practices need to ensure that the interests of the few are not expended at the expense of the many.

SOCIO- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF RURAL - URBAN BALANCE IN IRAN

The article assesses how socio-agricultural development will sustain as a result of a balanced scale of rural-urban equality. However, increasing migration from rural to urban areas highly affects productivity and the infrastructure of the productivity in urban sectors. The process of modernization is highly responsible for the change, and a motivator for rural-urban migration not only in Iran, but in China, India and many other developing countries. The emerging scenario is contributing to increasing issues. The article concludes that rural and urban, or so to say, agriculture and industry benefit each other. The paper reaches the point that rural-urban balance optimistically leads to socio-economic development and sustainable growth. On the other hand, increasing and unbridled urbanization leads to declining raw materials needed for industrial development and urban productivity. The article reflects the merits, demerits and the challenges of the current transformation.

Rural - Urban Balance as a Measure of Socio-Economic Development with Special Reference to Iran

The dual rural-urban imbalance is a major obstacle to integrating socio-economic development in most developing countries including Iran. The paper explores how the rural-urban balance could play as a paradigm to development in general. Dual rural-urban economic structure which refers to different growth patterns in rural and urban areas leading to a wide rural-urban gap ___ a chronic problem in many developing societies with a reference to Iran, needs to be narrowed. Iran needs to plan and build a new type of agriculture-industry and rural-urban relations in which the agricultural sector promotes and feed the industrial sector and the vice versa. The paper proposes a strategy in which agriculture and industry; rural and urban sectors benefit each other. However, rural-urban balance optimistically results in socio- economic development and integration, and on the contrary, surging urbanization leads to shrinking farmland areas. The paper discover that if rural communities are properly empowered, they can and may manage their own local development efforts.

Sustainable infrastructure projects in balancing urban–rural development: towards the goal of efficiency and equity

In current practice, urban-rural development has been regarded as one of the key pillars in driving regenerative development that includes economic, social, and environmental balance. In association with rapid urbanization, an important contemporary issue in China is that its rural areas are increasingly lagging behind urban areas in their development and a coordinated provision of public facilities in rural areas is necessary to achieve a better balance. A model is therefore introduced for quantifying the effect of individual infrastructure projects on urban-rural balance (e-UR) by focusing on two attributes, namely, efficiency and equity. The model is demonstrated through a multi-criteria model, developed with data collected from infrastructure projects in Chongqing, with the criteria values for each project being scored by comparing data collected from the project involved with e-UR neutral “benchmark” values derived from a survey of experts in the field. The model helps evaluate the contribution of the projects to improving rural-urban balance and hence enable government decision-makers for the first time to prioritize future projects rigorously in terms of their likely contribution too.

Towards migration research networking in Eastern-Southern African subregions.

This article reports efforts made by a small group of Eastern-Southern African (ESA) subregion scholars to adopt a systematic approach to establishing a regional network Migration Network in Eastern and Southern Africa (MINESA). The approach involved: 1) holding a conference at which symptomatic types of internal and international migration would be discussed; 2) publication of the conference proceedings; and 3) establishment of MINESA as a network of policy-oriented research in the two subregions. The first stage has been accomplished, the second is nearly complete, and the third has yet to be undertaken. During the African Population Conference organized by the International Union for Scientific Study of Population in Dakar, Senegal, on 5-9 November 1988, a small group agreed on a timetable to establish MINESA. At the ESA conference, papers were presented on ESA issues; internal migration processes and mechanism; refugee movements and their implications for countries; the effects on the economies of Southern African states, of emigration to the Republic of South Africa (RSA). In a keynote address, Adepoju surveyed migration and development in Western-Central (Middle) Africa and Eastern-Southern Africa, which included colonial and post-colonial historical epochs, internal and international migration, and labor and refugee movements. A paper on Kenya by Oucho discussed the implications for rural-urban balance of internal migration based on 1969 and 1979 censuses. Rural-urban migration from the traditional economy to Nairobi and Mombasa in particular has created an unacceptable rural-urban imbalance, adversely affecting rural development. Eastern and Southern Africa has seen massive and wide spatial dispersal of refugees (victims of wars, drought, and famine). Two papers were presented on Tanzania and one on Uganda. The final set of papers addressed the effects of labor migration to the RSA on Swaziland and Lesotho.

Urban development and urban geography in Romania: The contribution of Vintila Mihailescu

Urban development has been a dramatic consequence of modernisation in Romania over the last hundred years. Although there are some differences between the periods of capitalism and socialism — notably the socialist emphasis on the central planning of industrial growth rather than the development of a well-rounded urban society — the population resident in towns has increased inexorably from 2.08 million in 1912 (16.3% of the total population to the country) to 3.71 million (23.4%) in 1948 and 10.49 million (47.3%) in 1980. The scope of Romanian geography has plainly altered in response to the shift in the rural-urban balance, all the more so in view of the long-standing concentration of effort on domestic issues. The paper examines the relationship between urban development and urban geography during this century: urban geography has become an integral part of the discipline whereas in 1900 interest was negligible. The transition has not been entirely smooth but considerable coherence arises from the work of Vintila Mihailescu (1890–1978) : a ‘complete geographer’ but one who always emphasised the importance of urban geography. Since his death new leaders have emerged to ensure a continued commitment to what is now a fundamental element of Romanian geography.

Rural-Urban Imbalance in South Korea in the 1970s

REGIONAL IMBALANCE has become a significant problem in South Korea, the consequence of rapid and geographically concentrated industrialization. Because rapid aggregate growth and regionally balanced development are not necessarily compatible objectives, this problem poses special difficulties for Korea's policy makers.1 This article examines one aspect of the problem-namely, the disparities in ruralurban income and recent government efforts to contain and reduce these disparities. The issue of rural-urban balance is important because rural Korea's well-being continues to have a major bearing on the country's stability and overall economic strength. In 1975, despite rapid industrialization and urbanization, 40% of the total population still earned their living by farming, and 52% still resided in communities with populations under 50,000. For South Korea, the period since 1963 has been one of unprecedented economic growth. From 1963 to 1975, real GDP rose at an average annual rate of over 10%, and per capita real GDP increased 2.4 times.2 The driving force behind this growth was the rapid expansion of industrial production and exports, made possible when the government adopted an outward-looking development strategy in the early

Urbanisation et vie rurale : le cas de l'agglomération orléanaise

SUMMARY Orleans agglomeration is rapidly increasing to the expense of a former fringe zone, richly agricultural (market-gardening, fruit-trees, nurseries). It is to be desired that the traditional rural-urban balance might be protected, as it is profitable to the urban economy and provides the suburbs with a healthy and priceles environment. However general planning makes the mistake of dealing with town and country separately, and a wild urbanization disorganizes the rural pattern. The urban sprawl shifts rural life loo far away, whilst it would be preferable lo encourage Us integration into the outskirts of Orleans (kitchet- gardens, intensive land use) and inside the suburban boroughs. It is possible to obtain a closer control of the ground and a better planning, both rural and urban, by considering three cases : the built-up ring, the outer limits, the dependent surrounding area.

Recent urbanization trends in peninsular Malaysia

The pace of urbanization in Peninsular Malaysia was slower in the most recent intercensal interval, 1957 to 1970, than in the previous period, 1947 to 1957. Most of the small change in the rural-urban balance from 1957 to 1970 appears due to the growth of towns into the urban classification rather than to a redistribution of population into the previous urban settlements. A number of towns in Peninsular Malaysia do show exceptional growth from 1957 to 1970, but there seems to be no clear relationship between a city's size and its subsequent growth. The rural areas on the outskirts of the largest cities do show rapid growth, especially the periphery of the capital city. It appears that neither the classic model of urbanization based upon Western experience nor the over-urbanization thesis explain the urbanization process in Peninsular Malaysia.

Postwar Planning and the Rural Urban Balance

/M OST thinking about a desirable postwar employment pattern assumes that the way to prosperity in the future will be the same as it has been in the past. It assumes, in other words, that we shall have a constantly greater expansion of urban industry than of agriculture, with a corresponding further shift of population from the country to the town. Not back to the land, but forward to yet more factories, must be the watchword. Full employment in say 1950, as the United States Department of Agriculture envisages the matter, will occupy about 55 million full-time workers, some 8 million of them on farms and the rest in nonagricultural occupations. That number of workers will be required to produce a national income of 150 billions of dollars, which is about the lowest figure compatible with full employment and at the same time with maintenance of our living standards. But the distribution of these workers between farms and factories will be different from what it is now. It will involve the transfer of many hundreds of thousands from rural to urban jobs, and also provision for a steady continued transfer of workers in the same direction. In this general form come all workable plans for postwar full employment, with no exception whatsoever. Necessarily, however, the proposed greater increase of farm than of factory production presupposes markets. On this head the formulations up to now are vague. Obviously, the markets must be either foreign or domestic; but beyond this truism the analysis falters, for a reason which to be sure we must acknowledge to be formidable. If the market for an increased industrial output is to be sought in foreign trade, it must be exclusively a one-way proposition; it must involve additional exports but not additional imports. As a means of absorbing more production than would otherwise be absorbed, this foreign trade must be strictly an outlet and not an inlet. How to contrive, or even to justify such an arrangement, has economists baffled. On the other hand, the provision of a market at home for the desired increased industrial production obviously raises problems in income distribution. No wonder the dilemma persists. It should be resolved, nevertheless, in