Rural River Research Articles

Nitrogen fate in riparian zones: Insights from experiments and analysis of sediment porosity and surface water-groundwater exchange

Riparian zones play a vital role in the river ecosystem. Solutes in vertical riparian zones are transported being by alternating hydraulic gradients between river water and groundwater, due to natural or human activities. This study investigates the impacts of porous sediments and alternating rate of surface water-groundwater on nitrogen removal in the riparian zone through experiments based on the field sampled. The experimental results, combined with dimensionless numbers (Péclet and Damköhler) and Partial Least Squares-Path Modeling, analyze the nitrogen fate responding to hydrodynamics changes. The results show that increased sediment porosity contributes to the ammonium removal, particularly when the oxygen content of river water is low, with the removal rate up to 72.57%. High ammonium content and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rural rivers lead to a constant low-oxygen condition (4 mg/L) during surface water-groundwater alternation, and promote denitrification. This threatens groundwater with ammonium pollution and causes accumulation at the top of vertical riparian zones during upwelling, potentially causing secondary river pollution. However, increasing the alternating rate hinders the nitrate denitrification and drastically changes in the redox environment of the riparian zone, despite contributing to ammonium removal. Rapid oxygen consumption during aerobic metabolism and nitrification in groundwater-surface water exchange created favorable conditions for denitrification. Floodplains sediment porosity is unfavorable for nitrification. This study improves understanding of coupled hydrologic and solute processes in vertical riparian zones, informing strategies for optimizing nitrogen attenuation and riparian zone construction.

A Study on the Construction and Evaluation of the Water Resource Reutilization System for Farmland Diversion and Drainage

Water is an essential resource for both rural and agricultural areas; it can be wisely distributed and used in the field to protect daily life, production, the natural environment, and the safety and stability of regional drainage and flood control systems. Our research selected a typical plains rural river network area with agriculture as the main industry to investigate the most effective method of farmland diversion and drainage. We comprehensively planned and transformed the water system flow, water conservation engineering, and the ecological environment in the irrigation area through the reutilization system. The reutilization system’s operation and scheduling design is implemented for four specific periods: the water replenishment cycle, agricultural irrigation, agricultural drainage and the rainy period of the flood season. The research period ranges from 2020 to 2023 after the completion of the system. We used monitoring, the recording of hydraulic equipment parameters and data collection to evaluate the balance of water supply and demand in the study area. At the same time, we have tracked and evaluated the four aspects of water quality enhancement, water conservation and flood control, and agricultural irrigation. The results show that the total agricultural water consumption decreased by 2.9%, and the amount of water saved increased by 9.6%. The current segment creates the rivers’ embankment standards. With a 92% irrigation guarantee rate, the current section forms and the embankment standards of the rivers satisfy the design storage volume and the flood level of one in twenty years. The water quality of all the rivers in the area has decreased by 5~10% compared to the average concentration prior to establishment. This study verifies the comprehensive effect and the suitability of the system by comparing the before and after effects, and provides a scientific basis for the method of efficient recycling and utilization of water resources in the rural plains river network area; we also propose the guidance of increasing the digital twin control and long-term operation mechanism to ensure the long-term stable operation of the technology.

Response of macroinvertebrates functional feeding groups to agricultural activities in a rural river in North-Central Nigeria

Response of macroinvertebrates functional feeding groups to agricultural activities in a rural river in North-Central Nigeria

Natural soundscapes of lowland river habitats and the potential threat of urban noise pollution to migratory fish

Migratory fish populations have experienced great declines, and considerable effort have been put into reducing stressors, such as chemical pollution and physical barriers. However, the importance of natural sounds as an information source and potential problems caused by noise pollution remain largely unexplored. The spatial distribution of sound sources and variation in propagation characteristics could provide migratory fish with acoustic cues about habitat suitability, predator presence, food availability and conspecific presence. We here investigated the relationship between natural soundscapes and local river conditions and we explored the presence of human-related sounds in these natural soundscapes. We found that 1a) natural river sound profiles vary with river scale and cross-sectional position, and that 1b) depth, width, water velocity, and distance from shore were all significant factors in explaining local soundscape variation. We also found 2a) audible human activities in almost all our underwater recordings and urban and suburban river parts had elevated sound levels relative to rural river parts. Furthermore, 2b) daytime levels were louder than night time sound levels, and bridges and nearby road traffic were much more prominent with diurnal and weekly patterns of anthropogenic noise in the river systems. We believe our data show high potential for natural soundscapes of low-land river habitat to serve as important environmental cues to migratory fish. However, anthropogenic noise may be particularly problematic due to the omnipresence, and relatively loud levels relative to the modest dynamic range of the natural sound sources, in these slow-flowing freshwater systems.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Different River Sediments in Typical Cities: A Case Study of Shijiazhuang

Rivers are important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, most current studies have focused on the temporal and spatial distribution, and data on the differences in the species and abundance of ARGs between urban and rural rivers is still lacking for certain areas. In view of this, two rural rivers and three urban rivers were selected in Shijiazhuang City. In both December 2020 and April 2021, sediments were collected at 15 sampling sites. Metagenomic sequencing technology was used to compare the differences in temporal-spatial variation for ARGs in sediments. The results showed that:① 162 and 79 ARGs were detected in urban (4 776 ±4 452) and rural rivers (1 043 ±632), respectively. The abundance and species of ARGs in urban rivers were higher than those in rural rivers. ② The relative abundances of sulfonamide (SAs,27 %), aminoglycoside (AGs,26 %), and multidrug (MDs,15 %) ARGs had the highest abundance in urban rivers, whereas the relative abundance of MDs ARGs was highest in rural rivers (65 %). On the whole, the complexity of ARGs in urban rivers was higher than that in rural rivers. ③ There was a significant positive correlation between SAs, AGs, MDs, tetracycline, phenicol, macrolides-lincosamids-streptogramins (MLS), β-lactams, and diaminopyrimidine ARGs in urban rivers (P < 0.01); however, there was a significant negative correlation between glycopeptide ARGs and all types of ARGs (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between MDs and SAs ARGs in rural rivers (P < 0.05), but there was a significant negative correlation between amino aminocoumarin, peptide, rifamycin, and fosfomycin ARGs (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). ④ For the temporal variation in urban rivers, 162 ARGs (4 776 ±4 452) and 148 ARGs (5 673 ±5 626) were detected in December and April, respectively. For the temporal variation in rural rivers, 79 species (1 043 ±632) and 46 species (467 ±183) were detected in December and April, respectively. ⑤ RDA analysis results showed that the spatial-temporal distributions of ARGs in urban and rural rivers were different. Correlation analysis showed that the ARGs in urban rivers were significantly correlated with the number of industrial enterprises, whereas the ARGs in rural rivers were significantly correlated with the output value of animal husbandry. In general, this study identified the main influencing factors for ARGs in different rivers and provided data support for ARGs risk management in different rivers.

Antimicrobial resistance in rural rivers: Comparative study of the Coquet (Northumberland) and Eden (Cumbria) River catchments

Many studies have characterised resistomes in river microbial communities. However, few have compared resistomes in parallel rural catchments that have few point-source inputs of antimicrobial genes (ARGs) and organisms (i.e., AMR) – catchments where one can contrast more nebulous drivers of AMR in rural rivers. Here, we used quantitative microbial profiling (QMP) to compare resistomes and microbiomes in two rural river catchments in Northern England, the Coquet and Eden in Northumberland and Cumbria, respectively, with different hydrological and geographical conditions. The Eden has higher flow rates, higher annual surface runoff, and longer periods of soil saturation, whereas the Coquet is drier and has lower flowrates. QMP analysis showed the Eden contained significantly more abundant microbes associated with soil sources, animal faeces, and wastewater than the Coquet, which had microbiomes like less polluted rivers (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.01). The Eden also had greater ARG abundances and resistome diversity (Kruskal Wallis, p < 0.05), and higher levels of potentially clinically relevant ARGs. The Eden catchment had greater and flashier runoff and more extensive agricultural land use in its middle reach, which explains higher levels of AMR in the river. Hydrological and geographic factors drive AMR in rural rivers, which must be considered in environmental monitoring programmes.

Distribution and risk assessment of microplastic pollution in a rural river system near a wastewater treatment plant, hydro-dam, and river confluence

Rivers are the natural drainage system, transporting anthropogenic wastes and pollution, including microplastics (plastic < 5 mm). In a riverine system, microplastics can enter from different sources, and have spatial variance in concentration, physical and chemical properties, and imposed risk to the ecosystem. This pilot study presents an examination of microplastics in water and sediment samples using a single sample collection from the rural Raquette River, NY to evaluate a hypothesis that distinct locations of the river, such as downstream of a wastewater treatment plant, upstream of a hydro-dam, and river confluence, may be locations of higher microplastics concentration. In general, our results revealed the presence of high microplastic concentrations downstream of the wastewater treatment plant (in sediments), upstream of the hydro dam (both water and sediment), and in the river confluence (water sample), compared to other study sites. Moreover, the risk assessment indicates that even in a rural river with most of its drainage basin comprising forested and agricultural land, water, and sediment samples at all three locations are polluted with microplastics (pollution load index, PLI > 1; PLIzone = 1.87 and 1.68 for water and sediment samples respectively), with risk categories between Levels I and IV (“minor” to “danger”). Overall, the river stands in a “considerable” risk category (PRIzone = 134 and 113 for water and sediment samples respectively). The overall objective of this pilot study was to evaluate our hypothesis and advance our understanding of microplastic dynamics in rural river systems, elucidating their introduction from a point source (wastewater treatment plant), transit through an impediment (hydro-dam), and release into a vital transboundary river (confluence of Raquette-St. Lawrence Rivers).

Adolescents’ consumption intentions toward leisure tourism in high-risk leisure environments in riverine areas

Abstract This study investigated the effects of food culture on the economic and ecological development of rural rivers and adolescents’ intentions toward tourism in high-risk leisure environments. The study applied a mixed-methods design. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to recruited participants, and 900 responses were collected and analyzed, with SPSS 26.0 used to perform basic statistical validation and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Structured interviews were conducted to collect the opinions of experts, tourists, and residents of the investigated areas. A multivariate analysis was used to analyze the results, which revealed that superior economic, societal, and ecological development is associated with greater leisure, tourism, and consumption intentions. However, varying levels of environmental literacy among tourists can present challenges. Problems such as tourism waste; overdevelopment; loss of historic architectural features; and pollution of water, forests, and air may deter young tourists from revisiting an area and diminish their willingness to engage in and share leisure experiences.

Water Quality Inversion of a Typical Rural Small River in Southeastern China Based on UAV Multispectral Imagery: A Comparison of Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms

Remote sensing technology applications for water quality inversion in large rivers are common. However, their application to medium/small-sized water bodies within rural areas is limited due to the low spatial resolution of remote sensing images. In this work, a typical small rural river was selected, and high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral images and ground monitoring data of the river were obtained. Then, a comparative analysis of three univariate regression models and nine machine learning models (Ridge Regression (RR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Grid Search Support Vector Regression (GS-SVR), Random Forest (RF), Grid Search Random Forest (GS-RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Deep Neural Networks (DNN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), and Catboost Regression (CBR)) for their accuracy in the prediction of turbidity (TUB), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) was performed. TUB can be achieved by simple statistical regression models. The CBR model exhibited the best performance for the three index inversions on the test set evaluation metrics: R2 (0.90~0.92), RMSE (7.57 × 10−3~1.59 mg/L), MAE (0.01~1.30 mg/L), RPD (3.21~3.56), and NSE (0.84~0.92). The water pollution of the study area was closely related to its land-use pattern, excessive and irrational fertilizer application, and distribution of pollutant outlets.

Examining the Purification Effect of Euryale Ferox On Eutrophic Rivers Along the Huaihe River

We conducted a comprehensive analysis to assess the purification effect of Euryale ferox, a native aquatic plant, on eutrophic rivers in rural areas along the Huaihe River. This involved simulating variations in the total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), pH, soluble salt content (SSC), and dissolved oxygen (DO) within the eutrophic river pool. Euryale ferox was cultivated in a eutrophic river pool within rural areas along the Huaihe River. Subsequently, an extensive analysis was conducted to assess the purification effects of Euryale ferox on river ecosystems. The results indicated that Euryale ferox, an indigenous aquatic plant in the Huaihe River, exerted a beneficial purifying influence on eutrophic rivers. This plant demonstrated a robust capacity to absorb NH4+-N and TP, ranging from 95.53% to 98.45% and 99.50% to 99.65%, respectively, in the water body during its growth, thereby achieving excellent purification performance. However, the purification of Euryale ferox for TN and CODCr in eutrophic rivers remains unclear. Notably, the pH in the aquatic environment demonstrated a noteworthy increase from 11.05% to 11.61%, while the EC value increased from 21.12% to 22%. Additionally, the DO levels exhibited a substantial increase, ranging from 3.82 to 21.77 times. It is essential to acknowledge that rural rivers are subject to various influences, including river velocity, submerged vegetation, aquatic fauna, and human activities. Further observation of practical applications is vital to comprehensively understand the implications of these findings.

Distribution characteristics of microorganisms in sediments of Dagu River and their biological indicator function for evaluating eco-environmental quality of rural river

The microorganisms in sediments play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycle processes, and numerous studies have shown that microbial community is closely related to environmental factors. However, the usability of sediment microorganisms to evaluate the eco-environment quality of rural rivers has not been adequately explored. This study investigated the distribution characteristics and response of sediment microorganisms to environmental parameters and benthic organisms. Based on the environmental parameters and benthic community indices, the 12 stations were divided into high-polluted group A, moderate-polluted group B and low-polluted group C. Station DG01 and DG02 in group A had the highest level of As and Ni pollution and nutrient concentration, and DG09 in group A had the lowest benthic diversity. Correspondingly, group A had the lowest abundance of Proteobacteria, which has a higher requirement for the environment than Planctomycetes. Group B had the highest sulfide level (97.45 mg/kg), and bacteria (Thiobacillus, Sulfurisoma and Sulfuritalea) with genes involved in sulfur cycling were more enriched in this group. Group C had the lowest level of total nitrogen (243.36 mg/kg), and Rhodanobacteraceae in Xanthomonadales might be a key bioindicator for low nitrogen. In addition, Chlorophyta was found to be more susceptible to heavy metals, and moreover co-occurrence networks showed that microeukaryotes were more sensitive to heavy metal pollution compared to benthic animals and prokaryotes. Therefore, this study suggested that benthic microorganisms especially microeukaryotes could be used as good indicators for evaluating the eco-environmental quality of rural rivers.

From pollution to solutions: Insights into the sources, transport and management of plastic debris in pristine and urban rivers

River systems are important recipients of environmental plastic pollution and have become key pathways for the transfer of mismanaged waste from the land to the ocean. Understanding the sources and fate of plastic debris, including plastic litter (>5 mm) and microplastics (MPs) (<5 mm), entering different riverine systems is essential to mitigate the ongoing environmental plastic pollution crisis. We comprehensively investigated the plastic pollution in the catchments of two rivers in the Yangtze River basin: an urban river, the Suzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (SZ); and a pristine rural river, the Jingmen section of the Hanjiang River (JM). The abundance of plastic pollutants in SZ was significantly higher than in JM: 0.430 ± 0.450 items/m3 and 0.003 ± 0.003 items/m3 of plastic litter in the water; 23.47 ± 25.53 n/m3 and 2.78 ± 1.55 n/m3 MPs in the water; and 218.82 ± 77.40 items/kg and 5.30 ± 1.99 items/kg of MPs in the sediment, respectively. Plastic litter and MPs were closely correlated in abundance and polymer composition. Overall, the polymer type, shape and color of MPs were dominant by polypropylene (42.5%), fragment (60.4%) and transparent (40.0%), respectively. Source tracing analysis revealed that packaging, shipping, and wastewater were the primary sources of plastic pollutants. The mantel analysis indicated that socio-economic and geospatial factors play crucial roles in driving the hotspot formation of plastic pollution in river networks. The composition of the MP communities differed significantly between the sediments and the overlying water. The urban riverbed sediments had a more pronounced pollutant ‘sink’ effect compared with the pristine rivers. These findings suggested that the modification of natural streams during urbanization may influence the transport and fate of plastic pollutants in them. Our results offer pivotal insights into effective preventive measures.

Urbanization and weather dynamics co-dominated the spatial-temporal variation in pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in small montanic rivers draining diverse landscapes

Rivers have been widely reported as important CO2 emitters to the atmosphere. Rapid urbanization has a profound impact on the carbon biogeochemical cycle of rivers, leading to enhanced riverine CO2 evasions. However, it is still unclear whether the spatial–temporal patterns of CO2 emissions in the rivers draining diverse landscapes dominated by urbanization were stable, especially in mountainous areas. This study carried out a two-year investigation of water environmental hydrochemistry in three small mountainous rivers draining urban, suburban and rural landscapes in southwestern China, and CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and fluxes (fCO2) in surface water were measured using headspace equilibrium method and classical thin boundary layer model. The average pCO2 and fCO2 in the highly urbanized river were of 4783.6 μatm and 700.0 mmol m−2 d−1, conspicuously higher than those in the rural river (1525.9 μatm and 123.2 mmol m−2 d−1), and the suburban river presented a moderate level (3114.2 μatm and 261.2 mmol m−2 d−1). It provided even clearer evidence that watershed urbanization could remarkably enhance riverine CO2 emissions. More importantly, the three rivers presented different longitudinal variations in pCO2, implying diversified spatial patterns of riverine CO2 emissions as a result of urbanization. The urban land can explain 49.6–69.1% of the total spatial variation in pCO2 at the reach scale, indicating that urban land distribution indirectly dominated the longitudinal pattern of riverine pCO2 and fCO2. pCO2 and fCO2 in the three rivers showed similar temporal variability with higher warm-rainy seasons and lower dry seasons, which are significantly controlled by weather dynamics, including monthly temperature and precipitation, but seem to be impervious to watershed urbanization. High temperature-stimulated microorganisms metabolism and riched-CO2 runoff input lead much higher pCO2 in warm-rainy seasons. However, it showed more sensitivity of pCO2 to monthly weather dynamics in urbanized rivers than that in rural rivers, and warm-rainy seasons showed hot moments of CO2 evasion for urban rivers. TOC, DOC, TN, pH and DO were the main controls on pCO2 in the urban and suburban rivers, while only pH and DO were connected with pCO2 in the rural rivers. This indicated differential controls and regulatory processes of pCO2 in the rivers draining diverse landscapes. Furthermore, it suggested that pCO2 calculated by the pH-total alkalinity method would obviously overestimate pCO2 in urban polluted rivers due to the inevitable influence of non-carbonate alkalinity, and thus, a relatively conservative headspace method should be recommended. We highlighted that urbanization and weather dynamics co-dominated the multiformity and uncertainty in spatial–temporal patterns of riverine CO2 evasions, which should be considered when modeling CO2 dynamics in urbanized rivers.

Comparison Between the Plastic Waste Influx of Rural Rivers: Mlese River in Indonesia and Hamada River in Japan

Marine plastic pollution has become a global concern as plastic wastes continue to accumulate in the world’s oceans. Usually, such accumulation occurs due to garbage leakage from land, which eventually flow into the river pathways through surface runoff or wind. This study aims to draw a parallel between the garbage influx of two rural rivers in Indonesia and Japan. Data collections were carried out at one of the river points in Indonesia’s Mlese River and Japan’s Hamada River when the weather was not rainy. The river characteristics and influx of plastic litter into the river streams were analysed at a specific time of a day. In Mlese River, trashboom method and, in Hamada River, manual netting method were used to trap the plastics. The waste outflow was 370 g/hr from Mlese River and 0.25 g/hr from Hamada River. Despite the average discharge of the two rivers being quite similar (0.34 m3/s), the plastic outflow in Mlese River was about 1400 times compared to the plastic outflow of Hamada River, proving the waste leakage problem in Indonesia to be greater. Data must be collected in rainy days as well to better understand the complete situation of waste influx in these rivers.

Characterizing nitrogen dynamics and their response to sediment dredging in a lowland rural river

It is challenging to quantify nitrogen (N) balance in a lowland rural river covered by macrophytes due to its multiple N sources and complex cycling processes. In order to address the challenge, we developed a N-cycling model (River-N) for lowland rural rivers covered by macrophytes, and coupled it with Nitrogen Dynamic Polder (NDP) and Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model. A two-year (2020–2021) dataset was used to calibrate and validate the coupled model. The coupled model was used to investigate a lowland rural river’s N imports, exports and its response to sediment dredging, and resulted in an acceptable performance for total N concentrations (TN) (R2 = 0.57). Our investigation conducted in the study river revealed a considerable N retention (difference between imports and exports) ability (955.5 kg yr−1). The river’s N imports were mainly from connected-river import (55.6 %), surrounding-polder export (31.4 %), sediment N release (7.4 %). N exports were mainly from connected-river export (59.0 %), denitrification (31.7 %) and macrophyte uptake (4.4 %). Compared with scenario without dredging, the rates of particulate nitrogen (PN) resuspension and settling increased, and the rates of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+) release, denitrification and macrophyte uptake decreased under the scenario with dredging. During dredging period, the rates of NH4+ release, PN resuspension, PN settling were 2.6, 7.0 and 4.3 times higher than that during pre-dredging period, respectively. The denitrification rate during dredging period was decreased to 43.5 % of that during pre-dredging period. Our investigation results implied that sediment dredging can be a pathway to remove high-N sediment, but did not necessarily decrease TN in river due to external N imports. Considering the critical role of macrophytes in N-cycling, macrophytes should be a critical component requiring our attention in water management practices.

How sediment dredging alters phosphorus dynamics in a lowland rural river?

China's lowland rural rivers are facing severe eutrophication problems due to excessive phosphorus (P) from anthropogenic activities. However, quantifying P dynamics in a lowland rural river is challenging due to its complex interaction with surrounding areas. A P dynamic model (River-P) was specifically designed for lowland rural rivers to address this challenge. This model was coupled with the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) and the Phosphorus Dynamic Model for lowland Polder systems (PDP) to characterize P dynamics under the impact of dredging in a lowland rural river. Based on a two-year (2020–2021) dataset from a representative lowland rural river in the Lake Taihu Basin, China, the coupled model was calibrated and achieved a model performance (R2>0.59, RMSE<0.04 mg/L) for total P (TP) concentrations. Our research in the study river revealed that (1) the time scale for the effectiveness of sediment dredging for P control was ∼300 days, with an increase in P retention capacity by 74.8 kg/year and a decrease in TP concentrations of 23% after dredging. (2) Dredging significantly reduced P release from sediment by 98%, while increased P resuspension and settling capacities by 16% and 46%, respectively. (3) The sediment-water interface (SWI) plays a critical role in P transfer within the river, as resuspension accounts for 16% of TP imports, and settling accounts for 47% of TP exports. Given the large P retention capacity of lowland rural rivers, drainage ditches and ponds with macrophytes are promising approaches to enhance P retention capacity. Our study provides valuable insights for local environmental departments, allowing a comprehensive understanding of P dynamics in lowland rural rivers. This enable the evaluation of the efficacy of sediment dredging in P control and the implementation of corresponding P control measures.

Temporal variations in reactive oxygen species in biofilms of submerged macrophytes: The key role of microbial metabolism mediated by oxygen fluctuations

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the biogeochemistry of aquatic environments, yet their occurrence and accumulation in the biofilm of submerged macrophytes have been poorly documented. Herein, we first investigated the light-dark cycling fluctuations of biofilm microenvironment and the temporal variations of a representative ROS (O2•−) during biofilm succession on the macrophyte leaves and subsequently quantified the photochemical processes in biofilms. The sustained production of O2•− exhibited a distinct rhythmic fluctuation from 32.49 ± 0.56 μmol/kg to 72.56 ± 0.92 μmol/kg FW, which simultaneously fluctuated with the dissolved oxygen, redox potential, and pH, all driven by the alternating oxic-anoxic conditions of biofilms. The intensities of O2•− and ROS firstly increased and then decreased throughout biofilm succession. The O2•− concentrations in biofilms from different waters followed the order of rural river water > landscape lake water > aquaculture pond water, and the leaf photosynthesis and microbial community played a key role. ROS production was significantly associated with Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, with contributions of 44.6%, 32.8%, and 15.2%, respectively. Partial least squares path modeling structural equation analysis showed that ROS production in leaf biofilms was mainly related to the microenvironment and microbial metabolism. These findings will facilitate the development of ecological restoration strategies in aquatic environments.

Wastewater treatment plants elevating microplastic abundances, ecological risks, and loads in Japanese rivers: a source-to-sink perspective.

Little were certain about how wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) affected the Japanese riverine microplastic contamination. This study explored the influences of WWTPs on microplastic pollution, assessed ecological risks, and looked at the sources-to-sinks phenomenon (WWTPs-to-rivers-to-marine) in riverine settings in Japan's Yamaguchi prefecture. Fifty surface water samples from the five selected rivers (Koya, Saba, Shimaji, and Fushino, Nishiki) and 11 effluent samples from WWTPs in the rivers' catchment were examined. Microplastics were analyzed using filtration, wet-peroxidation, density-separation, and attenuated reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. Results suggested that the less populated and rural river (Nishiki) was less contaminated compared to the WWTPs and urban areas affected rivers (Koya, Saba, Shimaji, and Fushino). The WWTPs increased microplastic abundance twofold in the downstream regions compared to upstream stations. Microplastic characterization showed that the smaller microplastics < 500µm, fiber-shaped, transparent, blue, and green color particles were major. Polymer identification demonstrated that the polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate were prevalent both for the rivers and WWTP effluents. There was a significant emission of microplastics from WWTPs to rivers (4.671 billion pieces per day; 71.8kg per day) and rivers to Seto Inland Sea (0.13/billion pieces per day/km2; 7.1kg per day). The per capita MP emissions to the rivers via WWTPs ranged from 0.02 to 6.49g per day, which was approximately 2% of per capita single-use plastic wastes in Japan. An assessment of ecological risks showed that the WWTPs posed high ecological risks to rivers, and built up the pollution hotspots to their downstream areas by releasing higher number of microplastics and highly toxic polymers. Overall, the WWTPs influenced the rivers through both abundances and characteristics (shapes-size-color-polymers), increased the complexity of microplastic compositions as well as elevated ecological risks in the rivers. This study contributed to bridging the knowledge gaps about microplastic sources-to-sinks, ecological risks, and pollution management in Japan and beyond.

Effect of microbial communities on nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in rivers with different heavy metal pollution.

Small urban and rural rivers usually face heavy metal pollution as a result of urbanization and industrial and agricultural activities. To elucidate the metabolic capacity of microbial communities on nitrogen and phosphorus cycle in river sediments under different heavy metal pollution backgrounds, this study collected samples in situ from two typical rivers, Tiquan River and Mianyuan River, with different heavy metal pollution levels. The microbial community structure and metabolic capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles of sediment microorganisms were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the major heavy metals in the sediments of the Tiquan River were Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd with the contents of 103.80, 30.65, 25.95, and 0.44 mg/kg, respectively, while the major heavy metals in the sediments of the Mianyuan River were Cd and Cu with the contents of 0.60 and 27.81 mg/kg, respectively. The dominant bacteria Steroidobacter, Marmoricola, and Bacillus in the sediments of the Tiquan River had positive correlations with Cu, Zn, and Pb while are negatively correlated with Cd. Cd had a positive correlation with Rubrivivax, and Cu had a positive correlation with Gaiella in the sediments of the Mianyuan River. The dominant bacteria in the sediments of the Tiquan River showed strong phosphorus metabolic ability, and the dominant bacteria in the sediments of the Mianyuan River showed strong nitrogen metabolic ability, corresponding to the lower total phosphorus content in the Tiquan River and the higher total nitrogen content in the Mianyuan River. The results of this study showed that resistant bacteria became dominant bacteria due to the stress of heavy metals, and these bacteria showed strong nitrogen and phosphorus metabolic ability. It can provide theoretical support for the pollution prevention and control of small urban and rural rivers and have positive significance for maintaining the healthy development of rivers.

The Spatial Ecological Environment Design of the Waterfront Public Areas of Rural Rivers

Abstract To revitalise established urban areas in the context of stock planning, the river surges in established urban areas play an irreplaceable role. In recent years, the water systems of rivers and surges in established urban areas of many international metropolises have undergone transformation and regeneration. The formerly hardened river banks have begun to be transformed into post-industrial places of integrated residence, leisure, and work, reshaping the ecological landscape and the functions of leisure activities of the rivers and urban spaces. By selecting typical representative cases for analysis and research, this paper determines the research angle and conducts a comparative study of waterfront open space in small and medium-sized cities and large cities from the perspectives of spatial layout, functional structure, ecological restoration, and artistic style, summarises the characteristics and current problems of waterfront open space in small and medium-sized cities at the present stage, and takes the problem as a guide, combining urban design, place theory and other theoretical studies as a guide. Planning and design strategy for waterfront open space in small and medium-sized cities is proposed. This paper selects representative waterfront open spaces and open waterfront spaces for field research. It uses the waterfront open space planning strategy proposed in the paper as a guide to provide a basis for waterfront open space planning and design and, at the same time, selects typical lots for optimal design to verify the implementation ability of the strategy. This paper digs into the rich historical, and geographical information contained in the sample villages in each area summarises the site selection characteristics of traditional villages in Hebei at the mesoscopic level between different areas and analyses the characteristics of the overall layout of villages dominated by natural factors such as mountains, hills and plains, and human factors such as ancient defile post roads, military defences, industries and temples. The spatial skeleton structure of the single-axis type, multi-axis type, organic network type, regular network type, and the fortress-wall enclosed village is extracted. The characteristics of its subtypes are summarised with sample cases. The elemental composition of village centres and boundaries is summarised.