Rural Livelihood Diversification Research Articles

Gender, livelihood diversification and food security: Insights from rural communities in Zambia

Rural livelihood diversification can improve food security at the household level. However, a large majority of the research has focused on male-headed households, thus overlooking experiences of female-headed households that constitute a significant portion of households in low-income and middle-income countries. This paper explores how on-farm livelihood diversification affects female-headed households' food security experiences. Using interviews and focus group discussions, the paper finds that on-farm diversification improves female-headed households’ food security. The paper also finds that on-farm diversification was more effective in improving the food security experiences of female-headed households compared with off-farm diversification. Further, the additional income from diversification creates additional benefits, including empowering women and allowing them to further diversify their livelihoods.

Factors Affecting Rural Households Livelihood Diversification in Southern Parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The present study investigated the factors affecting rural households' livelihood diversification in southern parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Data was collected from 389 sampled respondents through a stratified random sampling technique from four Tehsils of District Bannu and Lakki Marwat. For data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire and face-to-face interview schedule method were used; descriptive statistics and a binary logistic regression model were used for analysis purposes. The study finding indicates that the majority, 72 percent of the respondents, had diversified their livelihood income sources due to climatic conditions, limited income, and large family size in the study area. The binary logistic regression result also shows the co-efficient of sampled respondents' age (.048), education (.088), family size (.168), earning members (.364), land irrigation status (2.915), and climate change (4.009) had a positive relationship with livelihood income source diversification. Finally, it is recommended that the farm size in the study area could have been bigger, resulting in more diversification due to limited resources. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should chalk out formal entrepreneurship programs for the local community to work more productively. It also needs to emphasize community-level irrigation development to increase livelihood diversification in the study area.

Evaluating rural poverty and livelihood diversification in the context of climate-induced extreme events in coastal area: Insights from Indian Sundarban

Agriculture has traditionally been the backbone of the Indian economy, accounting for a large portion of our country’s gross domestic product. Climate change scenarios, rising sea surface temperatures, and other environmental concerns have had a significant impact on agricultural production, making this situation more vulnerable and forcing rural communities to seek alternative forms of income. To better grasp the genuine status of livelihood diversification, researchers looked at some of the most vulnerable cyclone-affected villages in the Indian Sundarban’s southwest coastal districts. For this exploratory work based on geomorphological units, 850 households from fifteen different places were surveyed. However, 15 FGDs were performed to get specific information from the community. Using Alkire and Foster technique with Simpson Index, this study seeks to estimate multidimensional poverty index for village households in coastal blocks of West Bengal. The multiple linear regression model (MLRM) subtraction of predictor variables using the T-test uses stepwise regression. Results reveal livelihood diversification as way-out to poverty due to climatic extreme events. Coastal and riverine villages decomposed of roughly 80% of deprivation with 48% intense poverty. Livelihoods in island, coastal and riverine locations heavily transformed during last 10-12 years. In MLRM model food security alone explains (81.7%) the regional livelihood diversification. The majority of rural communities primarily from island, coastal, and riverine areas, have diversified their livelihoods from agriculture and fishing. Multiple factors, both positive and negative, lead to the reduction of livelihood diversification. Extreme occurrences have a substantial impact on livelihood diversification, as do the number of migrants, household assets, education of the head of family, dependence ratio, and amount of savings. In order to address such problems, households in most villages aim to diversify their income opportunities from nature-based (farm-related) to non-formal (non-farm) activities, as shown by the findings of this assessment.

Determinants of Livelihood Diversification Amongst Rural Households in Tanzania

The rural economic setup in developing countries is customarily dominated by primaryproduction activities, mostly in the agriculture sector. While rural areas have beenshown to experience high poverty rates, livelihood diversification is recommended as ameasure to help reduce poverty. This is can be done by bolstering household incomeportfolio through supplementing nonfarm income, than solely depending income fromagriculture activities. This paper observes determinants of rural livelihooddiversification using the extended panel data of the Tanzania National Panel Survey.Two measures represent livelihood diversity in the study: number of livelihood activitieshousehold engage in, and household share income spread. The Panel Poisson and Tobitmodels are used to estimate the determinants of livelihood diversity. General factorsinfluencing diversity include household wealth, experiences to shock (drought/floods,fall in prices of crops), and household demographic characters (number of working ageindividuals and age of household head). An analysis of the determinants by wealthstatus indicates less wealthy and wealthy households diversify the most with respect toassets they possess, while access to finances gives contrasting results depending onsources of finance. Policy implication relate to promoting policies that support sustainedasset accumulation, increasing access to rural financing, and establishing safety netprograms that minimize risks associated with shocks.

The Diversification of Rural Livelihoods After the Year 2000 in Zimbabwe

The article explores rural livelihood diversification patterns after the year 2000 using the Zimbabwean case. It relied on 30 households’ life history accounts alongside document analysis by examining the processes, determinants, and outcomes of these livelihood configurations. While rural households’ livelihoods had come to entirely rely on either agriculture or wage employment or both before the 2000s, evidence has demonstrated that after the year 2000, the means of survival have been diversified into a number of a complicated archaeology of occupational testing through the streamlining of land and labour away from agriculture, and the consequent following of such occupations like hair-cutting, vending, migration among others. These livelihood patterns have been due to a complicated archaeology of events ranging from rural households’ socio-economic changes, the Fast Track Land Reform Programme, the unemployment effects of the fourth Industrial revolution and ecological destabilisation. Policy interventions, thus, need to acknowledge rural livelihoods diversification and help citizens by incorporating and helping these rural households into rural development projects and programmes to better their livelihoods.

DYNAMICS OF THE RURAL INDIAN ECONOMY: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY

This research article presents a comprehensive study on the dynamics of the rural Indian economy. With a focus on understanding the key sectors, evaluating government policies, exploring technology's role, and analyzing challenges and opportunities, this study aims to provide insights into the intricacies of rural economic development. Through an in-depth examination of the primary sectors driving the rural economy, including agriculture, livestock, forestry, handicrafts, and rural industries, the research uncovers their economic significance, interdependencies, and growth potential. The assessment of government policies and initiatives sheds light on their impact on income generation, employment opportunities, infrastructure development, and market access in rural areas. the study explores the transformative power of technology and innovation in rural economic development. It investigates successful models and interventions that leverage technology to enhance productivity, value chain integration, and market access in rural sectors. The research also addresses the challenges faced by the rural Indian economy, such as agrarian distress, limited access to finance, inadequate infrastructure, and climate change impacts. By identifying opportunities for sustainable development, such as diversification of rural livelihoods, promotion of entrepreneurship, and strengthening of rural-urban linkages, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of rural economic growth and prosperity.

Impacts of solar photovoltaic projects on sustainable livelihoods: Evidence from rural China

Solar photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects (PPAPs) have flourished with great achievements in China since 2013. However, the degree to which these PPAPs contribute to the sustainable livelihoods and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. By using the partial least squares-structural equation modeling and multi-group comparative analysis, this study has explored the poverty reduction mechanism of China's PPAPs from the perspective of sustainable livelihood of rural low-income families, taking 1112 rural households in China's 9 counties as the research subject. Results demonstrate that PPAPs perform best in promoting rural livelihood diversification. The PV projects actually provide the service of searching out a personal potential and assist in achieving their economic goal. The parallel mediating effects of livelihood assets, endogenous impetus and livelihood strategies between PPAPs and livelihood outcomes are significant. The poor's livelihood resources are catalysts for the performance of interventions. Further, for those families of the non-agricultural type, and for those with high energy saving habits, good education and young age, PPAPs can be more effective in reducing poverty and improving quality of life and overall income; while the influence of PPAPs on livelihood capital and thought impetus is relatively more significant for those families with greater PV knowledge and project cognition, reflecting the poverty reduction pathways of PPAPs show heterogeneity.

Women’s employment in rural Senegal: what can we learn from non-farm diversification strategies?

PurposeAs rural nonfarm activities grow in developing countries, less attention is being paid to the opportunities they may provide for women. The purpose of this study is to examine the gender-differentiated impact of nonfarm diversification strategies in rural Senegal.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses data collected from the Senegalese poverty monitoring survey and employs an instrumental variable (IV) approach and a multinomial endogenous treatment model to investigate the extent to which diversification strategies lead to improved outcomes for rural women and their households.FindingsWhile nonfarm diversification is a male-dominated livelihood strategy, rural women make the most of it, regardless of whether they diversify into low- or high-return nonfarm activities. At the individual level, diversification improves rural women’s well-being through large income-increasing effects and higher empowerment but has no effect on rural men’s well-being. At the household level, the authors find that, when only women diversify, households have lower per capita income but are less likely to be food insecure than when only men or both genders diversify.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is based on cross-sectional data, making it impossible to examine the dynamic effects of nonfarm diversification strategies on well-being outcomes.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the current literature on rural livelihood diversification. While much attention has been paid to the feminization of agriculture, remarkably little is known about the expanding role of rural women in the nonfarm sector.

Measuring the intensity of rural livelihood diversification strategies, and Its impacts on rural households’ welfare: Evidence from South Gondar zone, Amahara Regional State, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, rural households are under risk in the sustainability of sources of income and forced to involve in diversified livelihoods because of the uncertain nature of the agricultural sector. Therefore, the aim of the study is to measure the livelihood diversification strategies and its impacts on rural households’ welfare. The study used cross-sectional data, which is quantitative and qualitative in nature. Through the multistage sampling technique, the study selected 398 samples from the south Gondar zone. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, and Tobit and multiple linear regression models. The descriptive statistics analysis showed that income from crop and livestock productions are the most important contributors (97.74%) to livelihood diversification in the study area. The Simpsons Index of Diversity is (0.4) showing that there is a lower livelihood diversification in the study area. The Tobit model regression results showed that education, family size, irrigation, soil conservation, extension service, livestock, and infrastructure facility affect the intensity of livelihood diversification. Furthermore, the multiple regression result revealed that livelihood diversification has a positive impact on the welfare of rural households. The study concludes that to improve the livelihood and welfare of rural households, diversified livelihood strategies should be enhanced by facilitating farm activities through access to inputs, irrigation schemes, and infrastructure and off-farm activities.This article applied the Simpsons Index of Diversity (SID) to estimate the intensity of income diversification.•The method helps to measure the amount of diversified income and its effect on the welfare of rural dwellers.•The study helps to identify the common livelihood strategies and their relevance to improving rural living style.

Rural creativity for community revitalization in Bishan Village, China: The nexus of creative practices, cultural revival, and social resilience

This paper reports a case study of the community revitalization initiative in Bishan Village, Anhui Province, China, which is art-oriented and overseen by the renowned art curator Ou Ning and his colleagues. The Bishan Project, launched in 2011, is analysed as an attempt to revive the countryside through cultural and creative innovations. This responds to the recent emphasis in rural studies on arts and creativities as effective interventions into rural revival and development. To comprehend the vibrant, resilient, and innovative ruralities that are proliferating around the world, the post-productivism thesis casts important light on the revival and revalorization of rural places by way of the diversification of rural livelihoods and economies. However, the focus on cultural consumption by urban consumers cannot account for the varied constellations of economic, social, and cultural innovations that contribute to the swift reinvention of rurality. Engaging instead with the literature on rural creativity, which examines the crucial role of creative practices in restoring rural subjectivities and remedying the social fabrics in rural regions, this study suggests that creative initiatives intervene in and catalyst the restoration of local cultures and social relations, and contribute to an evolutionary resilience that is nonetheless contested and indeterminate, revolving around tensions between the cultural authority of artists and villagers’ uneven participation; and between local villagers’ aspiration for economic development and artists’ reluctance to capitalize on rural creativities.

Systemizing a rural livelihood diversification framework for sustainable community-based agritourism: A participatory approach to ensure resilience

IntroductionSituated approaches of rural livelihood diversification, such as community-based agritourism, can localize sustainable food systems at the regional level. This research advances an integrated framework of indicators to assess the interdisciplinary benefits of rural livelihood diversification practices for sustainable local food systems and community resilience.MethodsWe built a framework on four dimensions deducted from secondary data: (1) environmental, (2) sociocultural, (3) economic, and (4) health. These were validated with an inductive analysis of primary data, which we collected from a panel of experts with a content validity index and tested in three rural case studies with shadow observation and qualitative interviews. We conducted both in-depth interviews with community leaders (n = 10) and semi-structured interviews with multi-sectoral stakeholders (n = 40).ResultsFindings (1) identify a comprehensive list of indicators to assess environmental, sociocultural, economic, and health dimensions of rural livelihood diversification practices and (2) advance a participatory approach to prioritize indicators according to their regional relevance (co-developed with stakeholders involved in Bangkok's local food systems). Food tourism connects the four dimensions by (1) preserving local agrobiodiversity (2) preserving rural communities' traditions (3) creating new capacity building opportunities for community-driven socio-economic development and (4) recognizing the health benefits of indigenous foods.DiscussionThis study contributes to a value-added conceptualization of community-based agritourism as a rural livelihood diversification practice. Such research effort highlights the importance of co-producing and ground-truthing indicators for rural livelihood diversification practices localizing sustainable development goals.

An Analysis of Livelihood-Diversification Strategies among Farmworker Households: A Case Study of the Tshiombo Irrigation Scheme, Vhembe District, South Africa

Rural livelihood diversification has become a central policy in rural development and poverty alleviation. Farmworkers in irrigation schemes are a typical poor sub-group that has received little attention in research regarding their livelihood status and the contribution of diversification. This paper provides evidence derived from a study that was carried out to examine whether farmworkers in the study area diversify their livelihoods and identify their choices of livelihood-diversification strategies and the determinants thereof. Data were collected from 191 randomly selected farmworkers and analyzed using the binary probit model and the multinomial logistic model. Variables considered in the binary probit model—gender, number of dependents, employment type, farming experience, land leasing, and market access—influenced livelihood diversification among irrigation farmworkers in a statistically significant way. The multinomial logistic model analysis considered age, marital status, household dependents, leasing land from employer, farming experience, agricultural training, and access to markets as the statistically significant factors that influence the choice of livelihood-diversification strategies in the study area. The study concluded that rural development policies should consider leasing land to irrigation farmworkers that is adequate to reduce poverty, achieve food security, and sustain the livelihoods of farmworkers in the study area, as it boosts the generation of income.

Rural Livelihood Strategies and Food Security: The Case of Bensa Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia

Livelihood diversification by rural households is expected to contribute significantly to household living standard and food security. Nevertheless, a livelihood strategy plays a crucial role for household income and food security, and still empirically its contribution is unidentified in Bensa woreda. The study addressed three objectives: these are assessing livelihood strategies pursued by rural households based on their wealth status in achieving food security, determining the status of food security as an outcome of different livelihood strategies pursued by rural households and identifying the determinants of rural households` choice of livelihood strategies. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 190 household heads. The data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. To achieve the first and second objectives, descriptive statistics such as percentage, mean, chi-square, t and F-tests were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of households by wealth status, livelihood diversification strategies, and food security status. The third objective was achieved by using a multinomial regression model (MNL) using data collected through a semi-structured questionnaire involving 190 respondents. The study found that 12.6% of better of (rich) households had diversify their livelihoods by combining from all sources (on-farm+ off farm+ non-farm), 16.2, 13.8 % and 7.5 % of medium farmers diversify their livelihoods mainly from on-farm, combining on-farm and off farm, and from combining on-farm and non-farm, respectively. The result briefly indicates that, more proportion 32.20 % of food secure households was attaining their food from combining on-farm, off farm and non-farm. The study found that 62.11 % and 37.89 % of households were food secure and food insecure respectively in the study area. Furthermore, the result indicated that the mean Kcal of food secure and insecure households is 1210.75, and 4266.241AE. Based on diet quantity analysis, the mean household calorie consumption was 2655.49kcal per AE. The MNL model of marginal effect reveals that age, access to education, land size, livestock holding, extension contact, credit, distance from market, target for Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) and dependency ratio of household were significantly affecting choice the of livelihood strategies. The study, therefore recommends that investing in natural assets such as farm land and livestock ownership by networking valuable extension contact and market access, needs consideration in promoting rural livelihood diversification. Local government should intervene help educate and train rural households by supporting credit access for profitable diversification to off farm, and non-farm besides on farm to sustain their livelihood and ensure food security. Keywords: Livelihood/on farm, off farm, non-farm/: Food security, Multinomial logit models DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-22-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Rural Livelihood Diversification Among Tribal Communities of North-Eastern Region of India: A Systematic Review

This article is furnished with a comprehensive review of nature and extent of rural livelihood diversification with special focus on North-Eastern region of India. This study reveals that the tribal communities of this region adopt livelihood diversification as a strategy of coping with risk due to persistent low agricultural productivity and population pressure. Despite this fact, the extent of diversification is low. Agriculture and land still occupies main source of income. It is evident from this article that this region has great potentialities of diversification towards multiple income sources. But difficult terrain and geographical isolation of this region make these resources yet to be properly utilised. The aim of this review article is to point out some issues related to livelihood diversification of North-Eastern region for further research and also try to attract the eyes of policy makers towards the potentialities of livelihood options available in this region.

Effects of environmental regulation on rural livelihood diversification: Evidence from pastoral China

Previous studies on rural livelihood diversification primarily focused on its determinants and the role of cash transfers. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of environmental regulation schemes on rural livelihood diversification. This study ascertains the impact of China's Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy (GECP) on the income-generating activities and livelihood diversification of its rural recipients. We use a unique national representative survey of 722 herder households in pastoral China. A seemingly unrelated Tobit model is estimated to simultaneously account for the censored nature of the livelihood diversification of recipients and the correlation of error terms of the different livelihood activities. A latent class cluster analysis is performed to split samples into four clusters according to the characteristics of their livelihood strategies. We find a U-shaped relationship between livelihood diversification and GECP subsidies, such that the livelihood diversification index (excluding cash transfers) decreases or increases when the GECP subsidy is below or above 89,500 yuan, respectively. The present compensation levels are far below the turning point, implying that the scheme fails to achieve its objective of diversifying herders' livelihoods into off-farm sectors. Further, the herders' livelihood diversification index increased when cash transfers were included but decreased when they were excluded, reflecting the vulnerability of herders' livelihoods and their strong reliance on the compensation. Finally, the sub-group analysis reveals that cash transfers only influence the livelihood diversification of full-time, but not part-time, pastoralist households.

Mapping the vulnerability of indigenous fruit trees to environmental change in the fragile savannah ecological zone of Northern Ghana

Following the incidence of environmental change globally and its negative consequences on livelihoods of local populations, vulnerability assessment has become central to mitigation and adaptation response in the global south. However, researches on vulnerability to climate change in the African continent have seldom focused on Indigenous Fruit Trees (IFTs) although they are an essential part of the strategic forest resources and livelihood systems of local communities. This paper explores the vulnerability of two IFTs, shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) and dawadawa (Parkia biglobosa) to climatic and other stressors that are not directly linked to climate change in rural Ghana and the implications for planning. The paper analyzed vulnerability from farmer perspectives elicited through a mixed study design involving the use of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods and a household survey. The results reveal that IFTs are highly vulnerable to drought, rainstorms, bushfires and charcoal production and less vulnerable to heavy precipitation, flash floods and sand mining. Such vulnerability arising from the combined effects of multiple stressors has led to a decreasing trend in production and yields of IFTS over the past few decades, adversely affecting livelihoods of rural women and households. To reduce vulnerability, it is an imperative to promote Environmental Change Adaptation Planning (ECAP) that prioritizes conservation and propagation of IFTs, and diversification of rural livelihoods.

Nature, patterns, and determinants of seasonal outmigration in the north-eastern part of Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The article identifies the nature, patterns, and determinants of seasonal outmigration in Tsagibji District, in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. In the study on which the article is based, a quantitative research approach was primarily employed, complemented with a qualitative approach to triangulate the findings. Primary data were gathered from rural households using a household survey, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Secondary data sources were employed to complement the primary data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed. The findings indicate that rural–urban migration is a dominant pattern of seasonal outmigration, as about half of the total sample households migrated to urban areas to avoid the seasonal food shortages and economic shocks caused by environmental factors. The binary logistic model analysis revealed that male-headed households, household size, and participation in productive safety-net programmes were significantly and directly related to seasonal outmigration. Other aspects had a significant and negative association with seasonal outmigration. Additionally, environmental and economic push and pull factors drive households to employ migration as a coping and adaptive livelihood strategy. The authors conclude that addressing rural unemployment, livelihood diversification, and environmental rehabilitation activities is crucial to reduce the volume and scale of seasonal outmigration in Tsagibji District.

Cash transfers’ role in improving livelihood diversification strategies and well-being: short- and medium-term evidence from Zimbabwe

This paper contributes to the literature on the determinants of rural livelihood diversification and its impact on household welfare in the short and medium term using data from a government-run social protection program in Zimbabwe. First, this study investigates whether cash transfers originally intended to ensure minimum food security in the poorest households can also induce the diversification of their livelihood strategies. Second, since diversification may lead to engagement in both low-return and high-return activities, this paper examines whether diversification resulting from the cash transfer increases household welfare. In the short run, the program causes only a small reduction in engagement in survival-led diversification; in the medium run, the program leads to a large shift from survival-led diversification and specialization in on-farm activities towards opportunity-led diversification. Further heterogeneity analysis shows that the program induces a medium-term change in livelihood strategies in both female- and male-headed households. In both time frames, opportunity-led diversification increases food and non-food consumption.

Impact of Rural Livelihood Diversification among Rural Household in Nigeria

Livelihood diversification can be referred to as attempts by individuals and households to raise diverse means of income to survive and improve their standard of living. The key driver of diversification is to increase income because the main source of income is not enough to provide a satisfactory livelihood. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing livelihood diversification in rural household poverty reduction in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 30 rural households in South-Eastern Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the households, and data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS version-20). The majority (63.3%) of the respondents were male, and about 50.0% had 5-10 family members. Most of the respondents (36.7%) were between 46-60 years of age. Food security (36.7%) was the major reason for livelihood diversification from all the respondents, followed by income with 33.3%. A statistically significant association was found between non-farm activity and land ownership. The study revealed that income was the main reason to engage in livelihood diversification in the rural household because more income is needed to adequately take care of the large family size. The influencing factor for non-farm activities was the market (demand and supply). A further study of a larger population of households in rural areas is needed to ascertain the extent of rural livelihood diversification.

The Impact of Rural Livelihood Diversification on Household Poverty: Evidence from Jimma Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Southwest Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, agriculture is the principal source of food and livelihood for many rural households, making it a central component of programs that seek to reduce poverty and achieve food security. Since the sector is faced with many challenges, rural households are compelled to develop strategies through diversification to cope with the increasing vulnerability associated with agricultural production. As a result, the purpose of this research is to assess the impact of livelihood diversification on household poverty in the Jimma zone of Ethiopia's Oromia regional state. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 385 sample household heads. The study utilized data obtained from a cross-sectional survey using an interview schedule, focus group discussion, key informant interview, and personal observations. Both descriptive and econometric data analysis techniques were applied. The result of the FGT poverty measure revealed that the incidence of poverty among rural households was 37.14%, implying that 62.86% were non-poor. The descriptive statistics revealed that age of household, dependency ratio, year of schooling, sex of household, livestock ownership, landholding, non-farm income, market distance, and extension contact were found to have a significant influence on the poverty status of a household at different probability levels. Based on the cost of basic needs approach, it was applied to measure poverty status. The results of the logit model indicate that family size, landholding, livestock ownership, year of schooling, access to credit services, and off-farm income of the households were found to have significantly determined livelihood diversification. Moreover, the results of the propensity score matching indicate that household participation in livelihood diversification has a positive and significant impact on household poverty. Accordingly, households with diversified livelihoods were found to be 9% better off than those that were not diversified in terms of poverty. Policies aimed at increasing the income generation ability of the household should be strongly considered. Therefore, to ensure the capacity of rural households to practice farming along with a wide range of income-generating activities to improve the well-being of the rural poor and have a significant impact on poverty reduction, participating in livelihood diversification should be given emphasis in development planning.