Rural Elementary School Children Research Articles

0841 TigerCHAT: Sleep and Cellphone Access in Rural Elementary School Children

0841 TigerCHAT: Sleep and Cellphone Access in Rural Elementary School Children

A Comparative study of reading skills among elementary school children at Tirupati

The aim of the study was to compare the reading skills among urban and rural elementary school children. The study to compare the reading skills between rural and urban elementary school children and to determine the association between reading skills of urban and rural elementary school children with the demographic variables. A descriptive design was adopted. Fifty urban and fifty rural elementary school children were selected by using cluster random sampling technique in Tirupati, to assess the reading skills by using the structured questionnaire.

Participation in Intergenerational Food and Agriculture Education Programs Effectively Promotes Place Attachment

This study adopted an empirical approach to examine the effectiveness of integrating intergenerational education with food and agricultural education to increase students' affection for their learning environment. The intergenerational food and agricultural education program in this study consisted of various courses promoting educational dialogue between students and their parents and grandparents at home. The bidirectional learning process allowed the three generations to better understand each other's dietary and life experiences and pass on the relevant knowledge and culture. The 51 participants in this quantitative study were rural elementary schoolchildren who were divided into an experimental group and a control group. Place attachment was evaluated through the two sub-dimensions of place identity and place dependence. The results revealed that food and agricultural education implemented as intergenerational education strengthens learners' affective attachment to their school environment.

Persepsi Orang Tua Dalam Penggunaan Gadget Pada Anak Sd Di Perkotaan Dan Pinggiran Di Kota Blora

The use of gadgets among children is now starting to increase. According to digital research data, the use of gadgets in Indonesia has increased every year, namely in 2016 as many as 65.2 million, until in 2019 as many as 97 million. Based on observations in Blora, it is known that there are some children who use gadgets without parental supervision and are not given a time limit. So this research was conducted to determine the perceptions of parents in the use of gadgets in elementary school children in urban and suburban areas in Blora City. Comparative research using cross sectional approach. Samples were taken as many as 100 people in urban elementary schools and 100 people in suburban primary schools. Data analysis used normality test using Kolmogorof Smirnov 1 sample test and Independent t-test. From the research results, it is known that the majority of respondents in urban areas have a 100% positive perception. However, only 67% of respondents in the suburbs had a positive perception. The results of the statistical test on the perceptions of parents in the use of gadgets in urban elementary school children with the parents' perceptions of using gadgets in rural elementary school children, it is known that the value of p = 0.000 (p <0.05). There is a difference between parents' perceptions of the use of gadgets in urban and suburban elementary school children in the city of Blora with p-value = 0.000. Keywords : parents' perceptions, gadgets, elementary school children

10-Measurement of Visual Discrimination Ability among Government Elementary School Children Age 4-8

This study was carried out to measure the visual discrimination ability of govt. elementary school children in District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The main objectives of study were: (i) to measure visual discrimination ability among elementary school children aged 4-8 years, (ii) to compare visual discrimination ability of rural and urban government elementary school children age 4-8, (iii) to compare visual discrimination ability of male and female Government elementary school children age 4-8 years. For this purpose null hypothesis were developed, (i) there was no significant difference in visual discrimination of age group 4-8 years, (ii) there was no significant difference in rural and urban government school children age 4-8 years, (iii) there was no significant difference in male and female government school children age 4-8 years. Three hundred and twenty students of government elementary schools were taken as sample of the study. An empirical research design was used to conduct the study. For collection of data, worksheets were developed and data were analyzed statistically through SPSS by applying mean, percentage, median, and t-test to get the results of the study. It was observed that visual discrimination ability increased with age, it was highest at age group 7-8 years. The research will be beneficial for elementary school children, teachers, curriculum planners, and future researchers

Comparison of short-term memory between stunting and non-stunting children in urban and rural elementary school students in Kupang 2019

Background: Inadequate chronic nutrition can cause disruption of bone growth and brain development. Impaired bone growth can cause stunting in children, and a disruption of brain development will affect cognitive function, one of them is short-term memory. This study aimed to compare the short-term memory between stunting and non stunting in urban and rural elementary school students in Kupang.Methods: This research used analytic observational method with cross sectional design conducted on urban and rural elementary school students in Kupang City. One hundred and sixty students who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected using consecutive sampling method. Characteristics data were collected by the interview, while the stunting data was known by measuring height and assessed by WHO anthroplus application, short-term memory data was obtained from digit span test. Stunting is a nominal data scale, while the short-term memory is an ordinal data scale. This study was analyzed bivariately using chi-square test with significant p value ≤ 0.05.Results: Chi-square test results of short-term memory between stunting and non stunting in urban and rural elementary school students obtained p = 0.144, which means there is no significant difference in short-term memory between stunting and non stunting in urban and rural elementary school children in Kupang.Conclusions: There is no significant difference in short-term memory between stunting and non stunting in elementary school children, both in urban and rural areas of Kupang.

Physical Fitness in Upper Austrian Children Living in Urban and Rural Areas: A Cross-Sectional Analysis with More Than 18,000 Children.

Physical fitness is an important component in the development and health of children and adolescents. Given the equivocal results of previous research regarding the influence of the living environment on physical fitness, this study examined differences in physical fitness in urban and rural elementary school children in Upper Austria. A total of 18,168 (51% male) children between 6 and 11 years of age participated in anthropometric assessments and completed eight fitness tests that assessed cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular power, speed, agility, flexibility, and ball handling skills during a single test session in the school’s gymnasium. Urban living environment was associated with higher body weight (p = 0.01) and lower physical fitness (p < 0.01), except for flexibility, which was better in urban children (p < 0.01) and upper body strength (no difference), even after accounting for differences in body weight. Furthermore, it was shown that urban–rural differences in physical fitness are more pronounced in normal weight children and that these differences increase with age. These results highlight the potential of the living environment for the promotion of an active lifestyle that enhances physical fitness. The availability of safe spaces that facilitate unstructured and structured physical activity, as well as active transportation provide viable options for the promotion of physical fitness in children.

Nasal Carriage Rate, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Associated Factors of Staphylococcus aureus with Special Emphasis on MRSA among Urban and Rural Elementary School Children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive, and coagulase-positive bacterial species commonly found on the skin and in the nose of most healthy individuals. The anterior nares of nose are the most frequent carriage sites for S. aureus in both adults and children. Methicillin resistance among S. aureus isolates has steadily increased worldwide. Objective The main objective of this study was to determine nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated risk factors of Staphylococcus aureus with special emphasis on MRSA among urban and rural elementary school children in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Method A community based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 622 urban and rural elementary school children in Gondar from January 1st to March 30th, 2018. Data was collected using a questionnaire and nasal swab samples were collected by sterile cotton tip swab moistened with sterile normal saline. Collected samples were inoculated on mannitol salt agar and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hrs. S. aureus was confirmed by observing colony characteristics and biochemical tests. MRSA was detected using cefoxitin disc by Modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Finally data was entered, cleared, and checked using Epi-info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Odds ratio and logistic regression were used for statistical association. P-value ≤ 0.05 at 95% CI was considered for statistical association. Result Of the 622 school children, the overall prevalence of S. aureus was 143/622 (23%). Of them, 14/143 (9.79%) were MRSA. The carriage rate in urban schools was 83/622 (13.3%) whereas it was 60/622 (9.6%) in rural schools. The prevalence of MRSA among urban schools, 9.1%, was higher than their urban counterparts, 0.7%. Gentamycin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin were the most effective whereas penicillin and tetracycline were resistant. Children's fathers' educational status and number of children in class room were significantly associated with S. aureus but only living in urban of children significantly associated with MRSA. Conclusion This study showed high prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA, 143/622 (23%) and 14/143 (9.79%), respectively. So, decolonization of nasal carriers of MRSA and reducing the number of students per classroom should be addressed. Moreover, regular large scale survey should be conducted to assess the burden and intervene accordingly.

도시와 농촌지역 초등학생들의 굴절상태 비교에 관한 연구

도시와 농촌지역 초등학생들의 굴절상태 비교에 관한 연구

Nutritional Status and Intestinal Parasite in School Age Children: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.

Background. The objectives of this study were to determine the burden of underweight and intestinal parasitic infection in the urban and rural elementary school children. Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of malnutrition or intestinal parasites. Two independent samples' t-test was used to identify the effect of malnutrition on school performance or hemoglobin level. Results. A total of 2372 students were included. Quarters (24.8%) of school children were underweight. Underweight was associated with sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.61; 95% CI = 0.47–0.78], age [AOR = 0.21; 95% CI = 0.16–0.28], intestinal parasitic infection [AOR 2.67; 95% CI = 2–3.55], and family size [AOR 23; 95% CI = 17.67–30.02]. The prevalence of intestinal parasite among school children was 61.7% [95% CI = 60%–64%]. Shoe wearing practice [AOR 0.71; 95% CI = 0.58–0.87], personal hygiene [AOR 0.8; 95% CI = 0.65–0.99], availability of latrine [AOR 0.34; 95% CI = 0.27–0.44], age [AOR 0.58; 95% CI = 0.48–0.7], habit of eating raw vegetables [AOR 3.71; 95% CI = 3.01–4.46], and family size [AOR 1.96; 95% CI = 1.57–2.45] were the predictors of intestinal parasitic infection.

Physical activity levels and obesity status of Oregon Rural Elementary School children

ObjectiveTo evaluate the relationship between physical activity (PA, min/school-day) at school and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) among rural elementary-aged children. MethodsHeight (cm), weight (kg), and PA were measured for 1767 children (5–12years) enrolled in six rural Oregon elementary schools in fall, 2013. PA at school was measured over four days using Walk4Life pedometers. Children with ≥3 valid monitoring days (n=1482) were included in analyses. Means (min/d) were calculated for wear time, total PA (TPA: combined light, moderate, vigorous PA), and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA: step count>120/min). BMI z-scores were calculated and regression models were run to examine the relationship between PA and BMI z-scores, adjusting for wear time, sex, and grade. ResultsOverweight (38.1%: BMI≥85th percentile for age and sex) and obesity (19.4%: BMI≥95th percentile) prevalence was similar for boys (n=782) and girls (n=700). More MVPA was associated with lower BMI (P<0.001), independent of sex, wear time or grade. Mean MVPA was 18.9+/−8min/d, versus 15.2+/−6.7min/d for healthy-weight and obese children, respectively. ConclusionsChildren are not meeting minimum MVPA recommendations (60min/d) during school hours. Efforts to promote PA for obesity prevention in rural elementary schools should focus on increasing opportunities for MVPA.

학교급식에 이용되는 친환경 농산물에 대한 전남지역 학부모의 인식 조

The purpose of this study was to compare understanding of school foodservice management and environmentally friendly agricultural products between urban and rural elementary school children`s mothers. Subjects were 400 elementary school parentsliving in Jeonnam. The results are summarized as follows. School foodservice program helped to solve unbalanced diets, develop minds and bodies, and improve eating habits. Mothers showed a higher degree of satisfaction for school foodservice containing environmentally friendly agricultural products. The primary reason for favoring environmentally friendly agricultural products was improvement of health and securing safe foods. The most important parameter of school foodservice management was sanitary control of food materials>sanitary control of foods>sanitary conditions of place for meals>sanitary conditions of cooker>sanitary conditions of tableware. In conclusion, school foodservice should be financially responsible to make policies effective.

Preliminary Assessment of a School‐Based Healthy Lifestyle Intervention Among Rural Elementary School Children

Childhood obesity has become a national public health crisis in America. Physical inactivity and unhealthy eating behaviors may contribute to the childhood obesity epidemic. School-based healthy lifestyle interventions play a promising role in preventing and controlling childhood obesity. A comprehensive school-based healthy lifestyle intervention was implemented in 4 rural elementary schools in Kentucky. The intervention included 4 goals: improving physical education, health education, family/community involvement, and school wellness policies. Children's physical activity was assessed by pedometer, and nutrition was assessed by a previous day recall survey in January (baseline), February (t1), March (t2), April (t3), and May (t4) of 2011. The intervention had significant effects on increasing the percentages of children meeting physical activity (1% vs 5%, p < .01) and nutrition (15% vs 26%, p < .01) recommendations. The effects of the intervention on physical activity and nutrition depended on school, grade, and age of the children. There was an increasing linear trend of physical activity and an increasing quadratic trend of nutrition over time among children. The intervention had beneficial effects in improving healthy behaviors among children. Further studies are needed to assess its long-term effects and cost-effectiveness.

Illinois 4-H Health Jam for Healthy Lifestyles and Rural Pipeline Awareness

This article discusses knowledge and encouragement of healthy lifestyles and health professions career awareness in rural youth. The Northern Illinois 4-H Health Jam, an innovative program targeting rural elementary school children to offer information and support related to exercise, wellness, nutrition, and health careers is described. From 2006 to 2008, a total of 262 youth have participated in the Health Jam, which is based on an experiential learning approach. Preevent versus postevent comparisons show statistically significant improvements in rural students' knowledge and attitudes about health topics and careers.

The Role of Personal Enjoyment and Perceived Parental Values for Physical Activity in Rural Elementary School Children

In recent years, childhood obesity has become an epidemic in the United States, especially in the rural southeast. Low levels of physical activity (PA), especially vigorous physical activity (VPA; > 6 METs) contribute to increases in childhood obesity. In order to increase physical activity levels in children, it is essential to examine intrapersonal (e.g., enjoyment of PA) and interpersonal factors (e.g., parental values) which are associated with physical activity. PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of enjoyment of PA and perceived parental values on moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA; > 3 METs) and VPA in 104 rural elementary school children (48 male, 56 female). METHODS: Participants completed a survey packet which included a seven day physical activity recall, and questions to assess enjoyment of PA and perceived parental values of 1) parental enjoyment of PA, and 2) importance of PA for the child. Anthropometric measurements were assessed to determine BMI. RESULTS: Four ordinary least squares regression equations were entered for analysis. In the first two equations, independent variables included youth's personal characteristics (age, gender, BMI), perceived parental enjoyment of physical activity, and youth's reported enjoyment of PA. This model explained 7.5% of youth's variance in average minutes of MVPA (adj. R2 = .075) and 10.6% (adj.R2 = .106) of the variance in youth's VPA. In both models, only the perceived parental value "males in my family enjoy physical activity" was a significant predictor (β = .255, .245 respectively). The third and fourth regression equations substituted perceived parental PA enjoyment with the youth's perception of the importance their parents place on the child's physical activity and sports aptitude. These models explained 3.1% of variance in MVPA minutes and 8.2% of variance in youth VPA. No variables were significant predictors of MVPA and only enjoyment of PA was significantly related to average minutes of VPA (β = .219). CONCLUSIONS: The father's enjoyment of PA demonstrated the strongest relationship with youth PA achievement for these rural youth. This factor demonstrated a stronger relationship with youth PA outcomes than the child's own reported PA enjoyment. The implication of these results and other social factors to be considered will be described.

Body Mass Index in Rural Elementary School Children

Body Mass Index in Rural Elementary School Children

Self-efficacy Moderates The Effect Of Peer Social Support On Physical Activity In Rural School Children

In recent years, childhood obesity has become an epidemic in the United States, especially in the rural southeast. Low levels of physical activity (PA), especially vigorous physical activity (VPA; > 6 METs), and high levels of time spent in sedentary behaviors (e.g., television watching) contribute to increases in childhood obesity. In order to increase physical activity levels in children, it is essential to examine psychosocial correlates of physical activity such as self efficacy (SE) and social support (SS) for PA. PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of self efficacy and social support on VPA in 104 rural elementary school children (48 male, 56 female). METHODS: Participants completed a survey packet which included a seven day physical activity recall, and questions to assess SE, and SS. Anthropometric measurements were assessed to determine BMI. RESULTS: Results of a hierarchical regression analysis (F (5, 97) = 4.26, p < .05, R2 = .18) determined that SE for physical activity moderated the effect of SS on vigorous physical activity (β = 1.15, p < .05), after controlling for the effects of sex (ns), and BMI(β = −2.86,p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the amount of time spent participating in VPA is influenced by the number of friends one can identify as physically active, but only for those children with high SE for PA. Thus, interventions aimed at increasing PA in youth should focus on changing social norms for PA while simultaneously building SE for PA in individuals.

Over Weight Rural Elementary School Children Have Significantly Higher Blood Pressure than Normal Weight Children

Over Weight Rural Elementary School Children Have Significantly Higher Blood Pressure than Normal Weight Children

Prevalence of Hookworm infection and haemoglobin status among rural elementary school children in Southern Ethiopia

A cross sectional survey was conducted to assess the prevalence rate of intestinal parasites with emphasis on hookworm infection on apparently healthy 421 elementary school children of Boloso Sorie woreda. The prevalence of intestinal parasites among the studied children was found to be 69.4% of Ascaris lumbricoides dominating (40%) followed by hookworm (26.8). Low level of hemoglobin was not significantly associated with hookworm infection. The overall prevalence of anemic condition (below normal level of hemoglobin) was found to be 20.6% (87/422). Promotion of appropriate solid and liquid waste disposal supply of safe water and feet wearing are recommended. (author’s)

Predictors of Fighting among Rural Elementary School Students

Violence in the school setting is receiving increased attention by educators, parents, and the media. It is important for health educators to understand predictors and risk factors of fighting, so appropriate intervention programs can be developed and implemented. Little research has been conducted concerning fighting among rural children. This study identified predictors of fighting among rural elementary school children. In 1997, data were collected concerning several Healthy People 2000 priority health behaviors from 1,187 kindergarten to 6th grade children in southern Illinois. Reliability of the behavior subscale was .63 as estimated by Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using bivariate odds ratios and logistic regression. Survey findings suggested that having been involved in a fight “where someone was punched, hit, kicked, or hurt in some way” was related to a number of risk factors. Unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) showed that using smokeless tobacco (OR = 5.5), smoking (OR = 3.6), drinking alcohol (OR = 3.3), gender (OR = 3.3), and having carried or shot a gun (OR= 3.1) were significantly related to having been involved in a fight. A logistic regression model based on significant bivariate risk factors explained approximately 44% of the variance of having been involved in a fight (Somers' D = 0.443). The logistic regression model suggested that use of smokeless tobacco, gender, and drinking alcohol were the strongest predictors of having been involved in a fight, with adjusted ORs of 3.4,2.5, and 2.0, respectively. These data help identify children at high risk for being involved in a fight. Health educators and others charged with the development of intervention programs can use these data to develop relevant programs for this target population.