Running Motion Research Articles

Is There a Pathologic Running Motion Associated with Running-Related Injuries? A Methodological Study Using a Motion Analysis System Without Sensors.

(1) Background and objectives: Running-related injuries (RRIs) are commonly attributed to improper running posture and overuse. This study aims to analyze the running motions of individuals with and without RRIs using a sensor-free method, which offers a user-friendly and straightforward approach. (2) Materials and Methods: A total of 155 runners were divided into two groups: the normal runner group (runners who had never been injured, n = 50) and the RRI group (runners who had experience at least one injury while running, n = 105). The forward head posture (FHP), trunk lean, hip rotation, horizontal movement of the center of gravity (COG), vertical movement of the COG, pelvic rotation, hip hike, and type of strike were measured for posture analysis. (3) Results: We found that the left-right balance of the pelvis and the spinal posture during running were associated with RRIs. The difference in hip hike and FHP emerged as key predictors of running-related musculoskeletal injury occurrence from our logistic regression analysis. (4) Conclusions: Identifying pathological movements in runners through running motion analysis without the use of sensors can be instrumental in the prevention and treatment of RRIs.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FIRST STEP ON RUNNING SPEED AND PUSHING MOMENTUM IN FLOP STYLE HIGH JUMP BASED ON MOVEMENT BIOMECHANICS

This research aims to analyze the comparison of starting steps with running speed and pushing momentum in the flop style high jump based on motion biomechanics. The difference in initial steps referred to by the author is even steps (4,5,6) and odd steps (5,7,9). This type of research is descriptive comparative using a quantitative approach. The population in this study were high jump athletes. The sample in this study consisted of one person, namely the 1st winner of PORPROV JATIM 2023 in the men's high jump named Farel Wijayanto from Malang City. The data analysis technique in this research uses SPSS 29 with one sample t-test and kinovea software. The results of this research based on the One Sample Test show that in implementing the flop style high jump using a comparison of steps 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 there is no difference in the speed and momentum of the flop style high jump. It can be interpreted that using the initial step comparison of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 does not have a significant effect on the running speed and momentum of the flop style high jump. To get a high jump in the flop style high jump based on movement biomechanics, the athlete must be able to control the frequency and rhythm of steps during the initial run and pay more attention to the last 3 steps, namely from short-long-short and the athlete's body position is slightly inclined to the curve of the initial running path. curved, the last two steps of the running movement from leaning forward are changed to leaning backwards to lower the athlete's center of mass. Meanwhile, athletes must also be able to utilize angular momentum effectively and efficiently by the athlete at the time of take-off to produce maximum rotating motion when the athlete's body flies over the bar.

Active human–structure interaction in vertical running-induced vibrations: An experimental study

Dynamic forces generated by human locomotion, including walking, jumping and running, can lead to excessive vibrations of slender structures and result in severe vibration serviceability issues. This has led to the development of load and prediction models. For running, however, the existing load models are limited to single person load models calibrated on a rigid surface. The aim of this study is to address this gap by exploring the influence of low-frequency vertical vibrations on the running motion, known as active human–structure interaction. A measurement campaign was conducted using a transportable measurement setup that was placed on both a rigid and a vibrating surface. The results demonstrate the presence of active human–structure interaction during running on a vertical vibrating surface. Key findings include changes of the peak contact forces influenced by the relative phase and frequency difference between the runner and the structure.

Basic Movement Skills for Middle Distance Running in Students Junior High School

This study aims to determine the basic movement ability of middle-distance running in junior high school students. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative which is carried out on students of class VIII A SMP Widya Sakti Denpasar. The sample in this study was 32 students from class VIII A. Data collection techniques used triangulation, namely observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Analysis of the data used is the analysis of Miles and Huberman, namely the analysis of interactive model data through the steps of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the observations showed that there were students in the good category with the percentage of results as much as 50% (16 students) and the sufficient category with the percentage of the results of the observation scores as much as 50% (16 students). The results of the interview data show that the learning process has not been maximized due to inhibiting factors. The results of the questionnaire data showed as many as 12 students (37.5%) were in the good category and as many as 20 students (62.5%) were in the sufficient category. Based on the three sources of data, the results of the study indicate that the students' ability to perform the basic movements of middle-distance running is not yet maximal. This research can be used as a reference for teachers, coaches and sports activists in improving the ability to run basic movements, namely by coordinating physical conditions and infrastructure.

Anthropometry and Physical Features of Bangladeshi Women National Level Kho-Kho and Football Players: A Frank Comparison

Introduction: In Bangladesh Football is the most popular ball game but Kho-Kho is not that popular like Football. Kho-Kho is a popular Game in India but day by day it is becoming popular in Bangladesh. Major muscle groups are used in these two games because both games involve running, driving, jumping, swinging, and hand motions. Methods: Forty national-level women Football players and forty national-level women Kho-Kho players were studied in the present study. The average age is between 14 to 21 years and the training age is between 2 to 6 years. All the anthropometric measurements and body mass were carried out with proper guidelines. Results: The average leg length for Female Kho-Kho players is 89.14 ( ±4.44 cm) and that of Female Football players is 86.92 ( ±8.91) cm. The average leg length of women Kho-Kho players is 2.22 cm higher than the average leg length of women Football players which is statistically significant. There is also a significant difference (p ≤0.05) when average BMI is compared. The average fat percentage of Women Footballers is slightly higher than the average Fat % of women Kho-Kho players where the average fat percentage of women football players is 22.09 % ±4.05 and that of Kho-Kho players is 22.01 ±4.01. Conclusion: The Bangladeshi national-level women Kho-Kho players have better physiques than the national women Football players whereas the body composition of both groups is very close.

Estimating 3D kinematics and kinetics from virtual inertial sensor data through musculoskeletal movement simulations.

Portable measurement systems using inertial sensors enable motion capture outside the lab, facilitating longitudinal and large-scale studies in natural environments. However, estimating 3D kinematics and kinetics from inertial data for a comprehensive biomechanical movement analysis is still challenging. Machine learning models or stepwise approaches performing Kalman filtering, inverse kinematics, and inverse dynamics can lead to inconsistencies between kinematics and kinetics. We investigated the reconstruction of 3D kinematics and kinetics of arbitrary running motions from inertial sensor data using optimal control simulations of full-body musculoskeletal models. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed method, we used marker tracking simulations created from optical motion capture data as a reference and for computing virtual inertial data such that the desired solution was known exactly. We generated the inertial tracking simulations by formulating optimal control problems that tracked virtual acceleration and angular velocity while minimizing effort without requiring a task constraint or an initial state. To evaluate the proposed approach, we reconstructed three trials each of straight running, curved running, and a v-cut of 10 participants. We compared the estimated inertial signals and biomechanical variables of the marker and inertial tracking simulations. The inertial data was tracked closely, resulting in low mean root mean squared deviations for pelvis translation (≤20.2mm), angles (≤1.8 deg), ground reaction forces (≤1.1 BW%), joint moments (≤0.1 BWBH%), and muscle forces (≤5.4 BW%) and high mean coefficients of multiple correlation for all biomechanical variables . Accordingly, our results showed that optimal control simulations tracking 3D inertial data could reconstruct the kinematics and kinetics of individual trials of all running motions. The simulations led to mutually and dynamically consistent kinematics and kinetics, which allows researching causal chains, for example, to analyze anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention. Our work proved the feasibility of the approach using virtual inertial data. When using the approach in the future with measured data, the sensor location and alignment on the segment must be estimated, and soft-tissue artifacts are potential error sources. Nevertheless, we demonstrated that optimal control simulation tracking inertial data is highly promising for estimating 3D kinematics and kinetics for a comprehensive biomechanical analysis.

小型农用液压底盘远程驾驶控制系统的设计与试验

Aiming at the adaptability and safety problems of agricultural machinery in hilly and mountainous areas, the remote driving control system of agricultural full hydraulic chassis is designed based on ARM-Linux platform. The whole remote driving system is composed of Web upper computer, server system and chassis drive system. According to the requirements of chassis operation, the STM32F407 is used as the lower computer to realize the running control and motion status monitoring of the chassis. Taking the I.MX6ULL as the hardware platform, the Linux as the software platform, and 4G communications as the Web Server, the remote driving of the chassis is realized through Web pages on the computer. It can be seen from the test results that the minimum RTT delay from the Web page driving to the lower computer is 170 ms; the maximum RTT delay is 1310 ms, and the average RTT delay is 222.75 ms. The real-time interactivity of the control system meets the needs of remote driving of the agricultural machinery. The research provides a theoretical basis and technical reference for the development of the remote driving system of the agricultural machinery.

The influence of leg length and individual mass in the spring-mass running model

This study explored how leg length and body weight affect running performance in a context based on using a spring-mass running model. Through extensive reading and an in-depth understanding of the literature, this study proposed that lower body weight may improve running efficiency for runners with longer legs. In comparison, for runners with shorter legs, higher body weight may improve their running stability. To test this hypothesis, this study conducted a series of simulation experiments using MATLAB to simulate the running performance of runners with different leg lengths and weights. Our results show that leg length and body weight do have a significant effect on running performance, but the direction of this effect may depend on the runner's body weight. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding the biomechanical basis of running performance and provide a basis for further research. However, there are some limitations to our study, such as the fact that our model may not fully capture the complexity of actual running movements. Future research will need to explore these issues further and take into account other factors that may affect running performance.

MEMS highly sensitive and large-area force plate for total ground reaction force measurement of running ant

Terrestrial insects exhibit agile manoeuvrability while running. However, the ground reaction force (GRF) in small insects remains poorly understood owing to its size and acting force. Here, we present a force plate for the measurement of total GRF during the running motion of ants with a force on the order of several tens of μN. The proposed force plate consists of a sufficiently large plate for several step cycles and four supporting cantilevers with highly sensitive piezoresistive elements. The plate and sensor chips were fabricated separately and combined during postprocessing. Two sizes of force plates were designed and fabricated for a large ant (Camponotus japonicas) and small ant (Messor aciculatus) with force resolution less than 1 μN. The developed force plates were calibrated by applying vertical forces at 32 points on the plate. Using the fabricated force plate, we measured the total GRF over several step cycles as the ant ran along the plate. Consequently, it was suggested that the ant ran with small vibrations in the direction of gravity.

Assessing the performance of pedestrian stoop evacuation under height constraints with different motivations

In some specific pedestrian evacuation circumstances such as where the presence of fire smoke, pedestrians are forced to take abnormal walking postures like stooping or crawling to avoid exposure to harmful smoke. Many previous studies have focused on the characteristics of pedestrians' upright walking or crawling. However, the performance of pedestrians’ stoop evacuation has not been comprehensively studied. In the present paper, a series of experiments were carried out to understand the performance of pedestrian stoop movement by considering three height constraints (H = 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m) and two motivation levels (normal walking and running movement). To quantificationally analyze the speed features, the trajectories of pedestrians were first extracted from video recordings. With these data, the distribution of pedestrian walking speed and the speed reduction characteristics during long-distance stoop motions were discussed. In addition, physiological indicators like blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were compared before and after the experiment. Finally, according to the collected HR data and questionnaire data, HR-based evaluation and self-reported evaluation of stoop movement intensity were discussed. The findings in this paper provide fundamental data for pedestrian stoop movement with height constraints which could be beneficial to the evacuation models and the building safety design.

Easy interval method, an alternative approach to improve anaerobic threshold speed

This paper presents the specific training method in distance running developed by the Dutch running coach Herman Verheul and successfully applied in the 1970s, its historical background, its afterlife, and its possible applications. The Verheul method can be traced back to the Stampfl interval method used in the 1960s. It involves the use of shorter (200 and 400 meters) and longer (1000 and later 2000 meters) interval training sessions on a daily basis. The method is characterised by a low intensity of partial distances compared to traditional interval training and a relatively long active recovery period equal to the interval distance. For these reasons, the workouts remain predominantly aerobic, without significant lactic acid accumulation, allowing interval training to be used daily and avoiding over-exertion. The method allows runners to achieve high weekly volumes at high running speeds, crucial for establishing anaerobic threshold speed (vLT2) and economical running movement (RE), essential for successful distance running performance. The easy interval method offers an alternative means of improving anaerobic threshold speed. It may provide a new tool to the recently used sustained tempo runs and the anaerobic threshold intervals that are prevalent today.

Parallel Self-Attention and Spatial-Attention Fusion for Human Pose Estimation and Running Movement Recognition

Human pose estimation (HPE) is a fundamental yet promising visual recognition problem. Existing popular methods (e.g., Hourglass and its variants) either attempt to directly add local features element-wisely, or (e.g., vision transformers) try to learn the global relationships among different human parts. However, it remains an open problem to effectively integrate the local-global representations for accurate HPE. In this work, we design four feature fusion strategies on the hierarchical ResNet structure, including direct channel concatenation, element-wise addition and two parallel structures. Both two parallel structures adopt the naive self-attention encoder to model global dependencies. The difference between them is that one adopts the original ResNet BottleNeck while the other employs a spatial-attention module (named SSF) to learn the local patterns. Experiments on COCO Keypoint 2017 show that our SSF for HPE (named SSPose) achieves the best average precision with acceptable computational cost among the compared state-of-the-art methods. In addition, we build a lightweight running dataset to verify the effectiveness of SSPose. Based solely on the keypoints estimated by our SSPose, we propose a regression model to identify valid running movements without training any other classifiers. Our source codes and running dataset are publicly available.

Human micro-doppler detection and classification studies at Mersin University using real outdoor experiments via C-band FMCW radar

In this work, a unique radar hardware is introduced for human-gait micro-Doppler studies. The developed radar sensor operates in C-band microwave frequencies. We share several outdoor experiments at Mersin University facilities to detect and characterize human walking and running movements. In these experiments, various walking and running movements were performed with different people. To examine the Doppler properties of human motion, raw data gathered is transformed onto 2D joint-time-frequency plane. The generation of micro-Doppler signatures in the transformed data is the first step in the extraction of features of the walking/running human motion. It is shown that the directions, durations, range distances as well as torso and limb velocities of walking and running human movements in each experiment are successfully obtained from these micro-Doppler signatures.

Learning Quadrupedal High-Speed Running on Uneven Terrain.

Reinforcement learning (RL)-based controllers have been applied to the high-speed movement of quadruped robots on uneven terrains. The external disturbances increase as the robot moves faster on such terrains, affecting the stability of the robot. Many existing RL-based methods adopt higher control frequencies to respond quickly to the disturbance, which requires a significant computational cost. We propose a control framework that consists of an RL-based control policy updating at a low frequency and a model-based joint controller updating at a high frequency. Unlike previous methods, our policy outputs the control law for each joint, executed by the corresponding high-frequency joint controller to reduce the impact of external disturbances on the robot. We evaluated our method on various simulated terrains with height differences of up to 6 cm. We achieved a running motion of 1.8 m/s in the simulation using the Unitree A1 quadruped. The RL-based control policy updates at 50 Hz with a latency of 20 ms, while the model-based joint controller runs at 1000 Hz. The experimental results show that the proposed framework can overcome the latency caused by low-frequency updates, making it applicable for real-robot deployment.

Posture Estimation of Curve Running Motion Using Nano-Biosensor and Machine Learning

Curve running is a common form of training and competition. Conducting research on posture estimation during curve running can provide more accurate training and competition data for athletes. However, due to the unique nature of curve running, traditional posture estimation methods neglect the temporal changes in athlete posture, resulting in a decrease in estimation accuracy. Therefore, a posture estimation method for curve running motion using nano-biosensor and machine learning is proposed. First, the motion parameters of humans are collected by nano-biosensor, and the posture coordinates are obtained preliminarily. Second, the posture coordinates are established according to the human motion parameters, and the curve running posture data is obtained and filtered to obtain more accurate data. Finally, the Bayesian network in machine learning is used to continuously track the posture, and a nonlinear equation is established to fuse the posture angle obtained by the sensor and the posture tracked by the Bayesian network, to realize the posture estimation of curve running motion. The results show that the proposed estimation method has a good motion posture estimation effect, and the hip joint estimation error, knee joint estimation error and ankle joint estimation error are all less than 5°, and the endpoint displacement estimation offset rate is less than 2%. It can realize accurate motion posture estimation of curve running motion, and has important application value in the field of track training.

Development of Game Based basic Speed Running Movement Training for Children Age 7 - 9 Years

The aim of this research is to develop basic sprint movement training for 7-9 year olds, and to determine the effectiveness of the model developed. The method in this research is the Research & Development model approach from Borg and Gall. The aim of this research is to develop a game-based basic movement training model for sprinting for ages 7-9 years. The small group trial consisted of 20 people, while the large group trial consisted of 30 people. Data collection in this research is by reviewing various literature or literature studies related to the model concept that will be developed according to the product to be made and referring to the needs of analysis, expert reviews and field trials. To calculate effectiveness, the t-test procedure is used. The research results of the game-based basic movement training model for sprinting are appropriate to the characteristics of children aged 7-9 years and are effective for improving sprinting.

A durable non-contact reciprocated triboelectric nanogenerator for low-frequency vibration energy harvesting

Harvesting vibration energy using a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a promising approach in solving the power supply restriction of the Internet of Things. Currently, the low durability due to friction surface wearing is the primary limitation of TENGs, which restricts their applicability and practicability. This study introduces a non-contact-type TENG aimed at significantly enhancing its durability by increasing its anti-wear capability. The configuration of the proposed TENG includes permanent magnets and rolling-balls. The reciprocating motion of functional friction surfaces, facilitated by the permanent magnets, enhances the efficiency of harvesting low-frequency vibration energy. The embedded rolling-balls are utilized to separate two functional friction surfaces, which minimizes the friction surface wearing between different dielectric materials. The electrical output characteristics of this non-contact TENG under variable load resistances are explored according to sinusoidal excitation based on either variable frequencies or accelerations. The results demonstrate that the proposed nanogenerator can generate a short-circuit current of 2118.2 nA and achieve a peak power density of 9.891 mW/m2. The electrical responses of this non-contact TENG remain stable over 120 000 continuous working cycles, lasting for more than 200 min. Furthermore, the nanogenerator can identify and harvest energy from running or jumping motions performed by individuals in different postures and at various speeds or heights. With its exceptional durability and stability, this non-contact nanogenerator offers a novel approach to low-frequency vibration energy harvesting, paving the way for practical applications in the field.

Microfluidic Design of Streamlined Alginate Hydrogel Micromotors with Run and Tumble Motion Patterns.

Autonomous micromotors demonstrate remarkable advancements in biomedical applications. A noteworthy example is streamlined motors, which display enhanced movement efficiency with low fluid-resistance. However, existing streamlined motors, primarily constructed from inorganic materials, present challenges due to their complex fabrication procedures and lack of a soft interface for interaction with biological systems. Herein, a novel design of biodegradable streamlined alginate hydrogel micromotors with a teardrop shape by microfluidics is introduced. The platform enables the high-throughput fabrication of monodisperse micromotors with varied dimensions. By incorporating Pt-coated Fe3 O4 nanoparticles, micromotors are equipped with dual capabilities of catalytic propulsion and accurate magnetic guidance. Through precisely tuning the localization regions of catalysts within the micromotors, the streamlined hydrogel micromotors not only exhibit enhanced propelling efficiency, but also accomplish distinct motion patterns of run and tumble. The design provides insights for developing advanced micromotors capable of executing intricate tasks across diverse application scenarios.

Numeričko istraživanje utjecaja zakrilaca krmenog praga na hidrodinamičke performanse glisiranja

The trim tab and interceptor have been utilized to optimize the running trim and motion control of planing boats at varying speeds in calm water. Increasing the height of the interceptor can create excessive drag and bow-down trim. The effectiveness of the interceptor can be increased by integrating it with a horizontal flap. This research focuses on the impact of the influence caused by interceptor flaps on the pressure distribution and fluid flows around the vessel. To simulate trim and sinkage measurement, the environment was modeled in the two-degree of freedom condition. Variation of integrated interceptor flaps has been analyzed with Finite Volume Method (FVM) based on RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) equation using overset mesh. The turbulent K- ε and VOF (Volume of Fluid) models are used to model the water and air phases. The grid convergence study is performed to establish the parallel solver’s grid independence. To confirm the accuracy of the test in the bare hull condition, the numerical approach was tested experimentally. The result of drag, trim, and sinkage was calculated and it has been proved that the added flaps into interceptors are very useful in drag reduction and trim control. The percentage of interceptor height is directly proportional to the resulting lift force. Higher lift force can more effectively improve trim and reduce drag. Overall, this study shows an improvement in ship performance when using an interceptor and interceptor flap. One of the model configurations in the study has been shown to reduce drag by up to 33.3% at Froude number 1.45 when compared to ships without an interceptor.

Low Back Pain Induced Biomechanical Effects On Running Motion, A Case Controlled Comparative Study

Low Back Pain Induced Biomechanical Effects On Running Motion, A Case Controlled Comparative Study