Runic Inscriptions Research Articles

The runic inscriptions of Tevsh mountain

The article introduces a single line of runic inscriptions that have been discovered and documented on Mount Tevsh, situated at a distance exceeding 20 km from the center of Bogd Soum in Övörkhangai Province. However, this particular line is unstudied, and two another inscriptions have just been found. The inscription was apparently unearthed in either 1948 or 1962 by a field research team under the leadership of A.P.Okladnikov. The words bän, meaning ‘I’, and qara boduna, meaning ‘common people’, are evident in the text from which the inscription was transcribed. However, due to its incomplete nature, it is not feasible to ascertain the presence of further words and their respective meanings. The inscriptions are written with sharp tools and belong to the type of incised inscriptions. Тэвшийн руни бичээсүүд Товчлол. Тус өгүүлэлд Өвөрхангай аймгийн Богд сумын төвөөс 20 гаруй км-т орших Тэвш уулнаас илрүүлж тэмдэглэсэн ч судалгааны эргэлтэд ороогүй өнөөг хүрсэн нэг мөр руни бичээс болон шинээр илрүүлсэн 2 бичээсийг танилцуулж байна. Уг бичээсийг А.П.Окладниковын удирдсан хээрийн шинжилгээний анги 1948, эсвэл 1962 оны аль нэгэнд илрүүлсэн бололтой. Бичээсийг хуулсан гар хуулбарт bän- би, qara boduna – харц ард гэсэн үгс маш тодорхой байгаа боловч бүрэн хуулбар биш тул өөр ямар үг байгаа, ямар агуулгатайг тодорхойлох боломжгүй байна. Бичээсийг хурц үзүүртэй багаж зэвсгээр зурж бичсэн, руни бичгийн дурсгалын зураасан бичээсийн төрөлд хамаарах дурсгал юм. Түлхүүр үг. Өвөрхангай аймаг, Богд сум, Тэвш уул, руни бичиг

Өвөрхангай аймгийн нутгаас шинээр илэрсэн хоёр бичээс, тамга

Өвөрхангай аймгийн нутгаас шинээр илэрсэн хоёр бичээс, тамга

Newly discovered two runic inscriptions from Tegshiin Uul

In the article, the author published the results of reading and studying two newly discovered runic monuments in October 2023 in Mongolia. The Ikh Duut Inscription. It was discovered in a location named Ikh Duut in Tevsh (Tegshiin Ulaan) mountain, Bogd soum region of Övörkhangai province. The initial line of the inscription consists of eight letters, with the letter height ranging from 8 to 12 centimeters. The second line consists of 13 characters, with each letter having a height ranging from 6 to 10 centimeters. The third line consists of 14 characters, with each letter having a height ranging from 5 to 10 centimeters.

МЕЖДУ ПРОШЛЫМ И БУДУЩИМ: РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ПАМЯТИ В РУНИЧЕСКИХ НАДПИСЯХ V-XI ВВ.

The article deals with the representation of the collective historical memory in runic writing. In the 5th – 7th centuries runic inscriptions on stone monuments start to mention public events, such as the death of a chieftain or public sacrifice, preserving thus the historical memory about it. The texts include only ‘keys’ that actualize the memory, a personal name first of all. The emergence of the memorative function changes attitudes to the monuments. They become public value that is protected by spells against anyone who harms the monument. A memorial formula opens with the ‘key’ to the historical memory – the name of the remembered person. In the 9th to 11th centuries the memorial formula is further transformed: it now opens with the names of those who ordered the monument, then follows the statement about its erection, the name of the deceased and his relationship in kinship with the customer(s). The transfer of the emphasis to the customers points to the importance of preserving information on their relationship, probably to confirm their inheritance rights. The glorification of the deceased and making the genealogical information public, however, do not remain events of public concern. The memorative function of runic monuments thus declines, they represent a family and not collective historical memory. Later runic writing loses its memorative function altogether; it becomes the means of communication between individuals.

Ногоон уулын бичээс

Every year, in Mongolia, new runic inscriptions are discovered, and according to the latest data, a total of 193 monuments from 108 places have been documented. Only in 2023 were five new inscriptions found, which is a significant accomplishment for epigraphic research. This article will provide information on the II and III inscriptions found in 2023 as well as the first reading interpretations of the Nogoon Uul I inscription found in 2022. Located on the borders of Bor-Öndör and Darkhan soum in Khentii province, Nogoon Uul is site to a monument written in the old Turkic alphabet that was discovered in 2022 by a research team led by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Iderkhangai Tömör- Ochir. Based on the information provided by this team, during the examination of the inscription in 2023, two new inscriptions that had not been previously reported from this area were discovered by our project team. Acknowledgement: The research has received funding from the National University of Mongolia under grant agreement P2022-4373 and PROF. 2023-2737.

Арвасын уулын Харанхуйн хөндийн руни бичээс

The runic inscriptions found on Arvas mountain in the Urandösh town of Üzüür city, Otog county, Ordos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, were the subject of the research we conducted and readings in this article. In the Kharankhui Valley of Arvas Mountain, there are three pieces of runic inscriptions. The earliest, and most obvious, inscription was recorded in 2012, although researchers have just recently become aware of it. Content-wise, the first inscription is the note of travel, and the second and third are dedicated to his father. But it falls under the category of carved inscriptions in terms of writing technique.

Хар балгасаас илэрсэн хүрэл ялтас дээрх руни бичээс

In 2019, the Mongolian-German Orkhon Expedition (MONDOrEx) discovered a bronze plate with runic inscriptions written in the ancient turkish language in the Karabalgasun of the Uyghur Empire (744/745-840) in Khotont Sum, Arkhangai Province, Mongolia. The inscription consists of two lines and a total of 9 letters, meaning “Qitan man’s [soldier] belt”. This find sample is an interesting new document in the study of the ancient Uyghur history and culture.

Instances of Interactions and Conflicts in the North Sea in Medieval Times, with an Emphasis on Frisia

In the Early Middle Ages, the North Sea region – particularly the Frisian territory – served as the arena for deep and requent contacts among the Germanic tribes settled on the coastal regions. This contribution aims to analyse samples of sources ranging from literary texts to runic inscriptions, which demonstrate that the nature of such interactions was neither distinctly peaceful nor warlike, but was rather marked by a degree of ambiguity and complexity.

An evaluation of Substance Painter and Mari as visualisation methods using the Piraeus Lion and its runic inscriptions as a case study

This paper explores the effectiveness in the use of texture painting software packages, which are more commonly used in the film and game industries, as a method for detecting and recording carvings on non-planar surfaces. This new approach is demonstrated through a case study of the Piraeus Lion, a sculpture in Venice which has documented engravings that are subtle and have proven difficult to fully recorded and interpret using traditional approaches. Through the creation of a new digital documentation of the Piraeus Lion using Structure from Motion, the model was processed using existing methods and other experimental visualisation techniques. The outputs from these were then compared to the those from two software, Substance Painter and Mari. These software packages helped to visualise the carvings and showed that the method has potential for a wide range of uses, both within epigraphy and other fields of study relating to carvings on stone including rock art and runology. The presented method is intended to be used alongside existing digital and analogue methods as a tool for annotating, evaluating, and discovering new carvings in their original context. In particular, Substance Painter offers a repeatable, easy to use, and intuitive solution to creating easily distributable visualisations and annotated models.

Þistil, mistil, kistil: Plants of Death, Rebirth, and Magic in Medieval Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions

<i>Þistil, mistil, kistil</i>: Plants of Death, Rebirth, and Magic in Medieval Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions

Runic inscriptions and stamps found at the site of Khar khoroot

runic inscriptions and stamps found at the site of Khar khoroot

Myntstampsavtrycket från kv. Svartbröder och den tidiga myntningen i Lund

At an archaeological excavation in central Lund in the early 1970s a very unusual find was retrieved: a piece of lead with several imprints from a coin die. The motif and the runic inscription on the lead plate indicate that the die derives from Sven Estridsen’s minting during his late years as king of Denmark. The find is quite unique. Early coin dies and imprints from coin dies are rare finds in the area that now constitutes Sweden. Despite this, the coin die imprint from early Lund has only been touched on briefly in archaeological literature. In this article a compilation of what is known about the imprint will be presented. Three issues in particular will be highlighted: Why were coins with runic inscriptions minted during Sven Estridsen’s time as king? Who manufactured coins in Lund during the second half of the 11th century? Where in Lund did the production take place during this period? To answer these questions, I will compile findings from various articles and sources. In this way, I will also be able to follow how the state of knowledge has changed over time.

Bauprinzipen runischer Formeln

Abstract This study offers a new typology of runic formulas in the corpus of the older runic inscriptions (up to AD 700). Its basis as defined in this paper is the minimal ›one-word formula‹ along with its diverse morpho-syntactical extensions. The approach taken in this study identifies ›one-word-formulas‹ such as alu or laukaR as the basic building blocks of runic formulaicity which can be extended in various ways. The typology thus established comprises 1. monolexemes consisting of isolated charm words, e. g., alu, 2. reduplication formulas, e. g., salu-salu, 3. twin formulas, e. g., līna laukaR, 4. alliterative non-twin formulas, e. g., rūnō raginakundō, 5. tandem formulas and further combinations of formulas, e. g., laukaR alu, and 6. disguised and distorted formulas, e. g., tua , which probably can stand for alu. The methodological foundation of this overall classification lies in the linguistic and rhythmic-metrical principles that these formulas obey, not least Behaghel’s Fourth Law.

Homeland :: hostland – An 11th century micro geography southeast of Arlanda Airport.

This case study is a dolly shot that eventually stops and zooms in on the small settlement area defined by the adjacent settlements Torsholma and Rolsta in the 11th century. It starts with an overview of the larger string of settlements of which Torsholma-Rolsta represents the eastern end. Secondly, it discusses the entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (E-version) for the year 1025 and this analysis corroborates Bo Gräslund’s 1986 identification of Helgå in Frösunda as the sacred river referred to in medieval sources on the war between Olav den helige (Saint Olaf), Anund Jakob and Knut den store (Canute the Great). However, in this micro-geography case study, only the possible bridgehead is in focus. The relation between Knut’s army and the local families is understood to reflect an interaction between a homeland and a hostland. Originally, Frösunda and Orkesta made up the homeland. Finally, the post-1025 runic inscriptions related to this interaction are seen as fragments of a rhetorical historiography of a near past.

Скандинавские рунические надписи из раскопок Немецкого двора в Великом Новгороде в 2022 г. (предварительное сообще-ние)

During archaeological excavations of the Teutonic merchant court in Novgorod five objects with Scandinavian runic inscriptions were found, two wooden tags (No. 1 and 2), two frag-ments of animal bones (No. 3 and 5) and a wooden object of unknown purpose (No. 4). Objects No. 1, 3, and 5 come from the layer of the late 12th century, but they are to be dated to the time a little later than the oldest buildings of the Teutonic court which started, according to dendrochronology, to the 1160s – 1170s. The object No. 4 was found in a pit with mixed filling but it can belong to the same time. The tag 1 has the form of a sword and bears the personal name hæiluatr (Hæil(h)vatr), an exclusively Gotlandic name. The tag 2 (stratigrafically dated to the first half of the 14th century) is a typical for the Bergen collection rectangular plate with a jag on one side. It has two runes ba carved on the plate which is the beginning of a personal name like Ba[gge], Ba[lli], Ba[rðr] or the like. Bone 3 bears the first ætt of the runic alphabet fuþork which is repeated further but the second row was partially cut off. A part of fuþork is also carved on the object No. 4. Вone 5 is badly damaged, so that only several runes are partially visible.

Þrymskviða, Þrymlur, and Tord af Havsgaard—a Case of Early Antiquarianism?

<i>Þrymskviða</i>, <i>Þrymlur</i>, and <i>Tord af Havsgaard</i>—a Case of Early Antiquarianism?

LANGUAGE MATERIALS OF THE CENTRAL ASIA AND SIBERIA COLLECTİON OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MANUSCRIPTS AND DOCUMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

For more than 100 years, the Department of Manuscripts and Documents of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly the Asiatic Museum, the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) has been collecting materials on linguistic monuments of Central Asia and Siberia (mainly Turkic). However, there was no description and cataloguing of these materials. Since January 2010, the author of the present article has carried out an inventory and identification of these materials. As a result of this work, it was found that the collection contains a large number of unique linguistic materials, mainly rubbings of Turkic runic inscriptions, which significantly expand the possibilities of linguistic and historical study of the written heritage of the ancient Turks. The rubbings are copies of texts of both well-known and unknown monuments, as well as inscriptions that were considered lost. In the course of work with the collection, materials stored in the State Hermitage Museum, the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), the Russian Museum of Ethnography, the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Archives of the Orientalists of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the RAS were involved. In parallel, work was carried out on the conservation of storage units. Some materials were included from other collections.

Review of Barnes, Page, Knirk, Nordby, Williams &amp; Wilson (2019): The Runic Inscriptions of the Isle of Man

Review of Barnes, Page, Knirk, Nordby, Williams &amp; Wilson (2019): The Runic Inscriptions of the Isle of Man

LIEZĒRE RUNESTONE

A stone with runic inscriptions was discovered in Liezēre in Madona Region in 2012. This is a granite stone with runic signs carved in a snake-like pattern (0.7 m long and 0.5 m broad) on one side of the stone that has been previously flattened. Carvings are inscribed in accordance with the classical principles of making runestones. The Swedish runologist Dr. Magnus Källström has established that the stone contains runes from two runic writing systems that are not related to each other and also differ chronologically. Hence the runes cannot be original: they represent an imitation of a later period. If the runes are read in a sequence as a text (ailssaidlr ˚ assmadë ˚ s ˚ ld(r) ˚ mass ˚ ëbë(r)t), it makes no sense in Old Scandinavian languages. Next to the Liezēre runestone a trial excavation was made within an area of 1 x 1.5 m. Up to the depth of 0.55 m, there was a cultural layer of the period of the manor and later, but deeper – a cultural layer of a settlement dating back to the middle of the 1st millennium AD. No evidence was found that this could have been the original place of the stone. The cultural layer of the settlement could be related to the Lake Settlement Liezēre. The Liezēre runestone is of a later period, probably an imitation of the 19th century; it could have been carved as a park decoration of Liezēre manor house (owned by Schoultz von Ascheraden). The stone bears no archaeological value; however, it is significant from the cultural, historical and artistic points of view. This is the only professionally carved imitation of this type of runestones in Latvia.

Nye fund af runer i Ribe

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The article deals with the excavated finds of runic inscriptions in Ribe, during the campaigns in 2017–18. The fragment of a supposed bone plate is carved with runes on one side, whereas a fragmented antler comb is carved with runes on both sides. The bone plate dates to the mid- or late nineth century, whereas the comb has a slightly earlier date to the first half of the nineth century. Suggestions for readings and interpretations of the inscriptions are put forward as well as discussions of the linguistic stage of the texts. Of special interest is the word kąbaʀ, Old Danish kambr, which includes either an epenthetic vowel or a preserved stem vowel. On the basis of linguistic analyses and contemporary Danish finds, it is argued that the inscription contains an epenthetic vowel. Finally, the inscriptions are discussed in relation to the distribution of runic inscriptions in early town environments.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;