Rumination In Women Research Articles

Effectiveness of Self-compassion Therapy for Distress Tolerance and Rumination in Women with Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients face many challenges that significantly affect their daily lives. Multiple sclerosis symptoms are unpredictable and can disrupt work, relationships, and social interactions, leading to emotional consequences like anxiety and depression, as well as social stigma. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of self-compassion therapy for distress tolerance and rumination in women with MS. Methods: This quasi-experimental study adopted a pretest-posttest design with a control group and recruited women aged 18 - 55 diagnosed with MS by a neurologist who visited the MS Society of Ahvaz, Iran, in 2023. Forty participants diagnosed with MS were randomly assigned to two groups (control group: n = 20; experimental group: n = 20). The experimental group received self-compassion therapy delivered in eight 90-minute sessions. The control group did not receive the intervention and instead served as a waitlist control. The research instruments included the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in SPSS V.27. Results: Posttest results revealed significant between-group differences. The experimental group exhibited lower mean scores (mean ± SD = 46.13 ± 3.40 for distress tolerance, 35.41 ± 3.41 for rumination) compared to the control group (mean ± SD = 27.71 ± 4.27 for distress tolerance, 53.90 ± 5.83 for rumination). The results demonstrated that self-compassion therapy significantly diminished rumination and enhanced distress tolerance in the experimental group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that self-compassion therapy has the potential to be an effective intervention for reducing rumination and enhancing distress tolerance in women with MS. However, further research with more extensive and diverse samples is necessary before recommending widespread adoption within healthcare settings.

Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Emotional Eating Behavior, Emotion dysregulation, Perceived Stress, and Rumination in Women with Chronic Obesity

Objective: The present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on emotional eating behavior, emotion dysregulation, perceived stress, and rumination in women suffering from chronic obesity. Methods and Materials: This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases, including a control group. The research population consisted of all women suffering from chronic obesity and body mass index, visiting the Kian City Nutrition Counseling Clinic in Tehran between May and July 2022. For forming two groups, 30 women with chronic obesity and body mass index were initially selected through screening, and then randomly divided into 15 patients in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. The ACT treatment program was conducted over 8 sessions of 90 minutes each, based on the protocol by Neff and Germer (2013). The instruments included the Eating Behavior Questionnaire by van Strien et al. (1986), the Emotion dysregulation Questionnaire by Gratz and Roemer (2004), the Perceived Stress Questionnaire by Cohen et al. (1983), and the Rumination Questionnaire by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow (1991). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Findings: The results showed that ACT had a significant effect on improving emotional eating behavior (F=115.83, P<0.001), emotion dysregulation (F=98.10, P<0.001), perceived stress (F=101.53, P<0.001), and rumination (F=74.52, P<0.001) in women with chronic obesity and body mass index (P>0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy contributes to the improvement of emotional eating behavior, emotion dysregulation, perceived stress, and rumination in women with chronic obesity.

Predicting Sleep Quality Based on Migraine Headaches and Rumination in Women with Panic Attacks

Objective: The present study aimed to predict sleep quality based on migraine headaches and rumination in women with panic attacks. Methods: This applied and descriptive-correlational study included a sample of women who visited psychological clinics in the city of Isfahan. Using convenience sampling, 210 participants were selected. Data were collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (1989), Ahvaz Migraine Headache Symptoms Questionnaire (1997), and the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire by Trapnell and Campbell (1999). For data analysis, simultaneous multiple regression was performed using SPSS version 21. Findings: The findings indicated that migraine headaches and rumination could explain 30.5% of the variance in sleep quality among patients with panic attacks. Specifically, with each standard deviation increase in migraine headache and rumination scores, there was a corresponding increase of 0.532 and 0.371 standard deviations in sleep quality scores, respectively (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results, migraine headaches and rumination can predict sleep quality in patients with panic attacks.

The effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on emotional eating behavior, emotional dysregulation, perceived stress and rumination in women with chronic obesity

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on emotional eating behavior, emotional dysregulation, perceived stress, and rumination in women with chronic obesity. Method: The current research was part of the semi-experimental designs with pre-test-post-test-follow-up with control group. The statistical population of the current study included all women with chronic obesity and body mass index who referred to the Kian nutrition counseling clinic in Tehran between May and July 2022. In order to form two groups using the purposeful sampling method (taking into account the entry and exit criteria), first 30 women with chronic obesity and body mass index were selected by screening method and then randomly 15 patients in the experimental group and 15 patients in the group The witnesses were grouped. The program of compassion-focused treatment sessions during 8 90-minute sessions was formed for the experimental group based on the protocol of Neff and Germer (2013). Also, the follow-up phase was performed three months after the post-test on all three groups. The research tools included the emotional eating behavior questionnaire of van Strein et al. (2009), the emotional dysregulation questionnaire of Gratz and Romer (2004), the perceived stress questionnaire of Cohen et al. (1983) and the rumination questionnaire of Nolen Hoeksma and Marrow (1991). The data of the research were analyzed using repeated measurement analysis of variance test. Results: The results of data analysis showed that the treatment focused on compassion in the participants of the experimental groups compared to the control group had a significant effect on improving emotional eating behavior (F=115.83, P<0.001), emotional dysregulation (F=98.10, P<0.001), perceived stress (F= 101.53, P<0.001) and rumination (F= 74.52, P< 0.001) in women with chronic obesity and body mass index. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that compassion-focused therapy improves emotional eating behavior, emotional dysregulation, perceived stress, and rumination in women with chronic obesity.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Compassion-Focused Therapy in Improving Rumination and Enhancing Emotional Regulation in Women with the Experience of Marital Infidelity

Objective: One of the harms that put families at risk of disintegration is the phenomenon of marital infidelity. The present study compared the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and compassion-focused therapy in improving rumination and enhancing emotional regulation in women who have experienced marital infidelity. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design and a control group. The study population included women with experiences of marital infidelity, who sought help from counseling and psychotherapy centers and clinics in Tehran in the year 2021. From the mentioned population, 45 women with experiences of marital infidelity were selected based on the entry criteria of the study and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (each group consisting of 15 individuals). The first experimental group received cognitive behavioral therapy intervention, and the second group underwent compassion-based therapy. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data were collected using the Garnefski and Kraaij Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2006) and the Nolen-Hoeksema et al. Ruminative Responses Scale (1999). Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance with repeated measures and SPSS software version 22. Findings: The results showed that emotional regulation in both the cognitive-behavioral and compassion therapy groups was higher at the post-test stage than at the pre-test, and the scores of rumination in the two groups were lower at the post-test stage than at the pre-test (p < 0.01). Also, the comparison of the two experimental groups showed that the scores of emotional regulation and rumination variables in both cognitive-behavioral and compassion therapy groups significantly differed from each other (p < 0.01). Conclusion: It can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral therapy had a greater impact on improving emotional regulation and rumination in women compared to compassion-focused therapy.

The efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on depressive symptoms and rumination in women after infidelity

The efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on depressive symptoms and rumination in women after infidelity

Evaluation of the of Positive Psychology Training Effectiveness on Rumination and Depression in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: Preventing chronic diseases is important for public health. The aim of this study was evaluation the effectiveness of positive psychology (PP) training on rumination and depression in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental design and a pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of women with T2DM. By referring to the medical centers of regions 7, 4, 11, and 16 in Tehran, 30 people were selected by purposive sampling method. Data collection tools in this study were two standard questionnaires of Nolen-Hoeksema and Beck Depression (1978) and positive educational training and guidance protocol. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 21. Results: The results showed that PP training has a positive and significant effect on decrease rumination in women with T2DM (Pvalue= 0.001). Also, PP training has a positive and significant effect on reducing depression in women with T2DM (P-value= 0.002). The PP training had a greater effect on rumination in women with T2DM than depression. Conclusion: Positive training in psychology has an impact on rumination and depression in women with T2DM, according to the findings. The findings of the study show that therapeutic intervention for rumination and stress is subordinated to the health network's planned working processes.

Cortical midline structures associated with rumination in women with PTSD

Elevated rumination, characterized by repetitive, negative self-focused cognition, is common in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and has been shown to predict the onset and maintenance of the disorder. Neuroimaging research has implicated cortical midline brain structures, including the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and isthmus cingulate (IsthCing), in rumination in healthy and depressed populations. While past research has revealed dysfunction in cortical midline regions in PTSD, no studies have yet investigated the structural and functional neural mechanisms underlying rumination in women with PTSD. In the current study, we used structural MRI and resting-state fMRI to examine relationships between rumination and brain volume, as well as resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of cortical midline structures in women with PTSD due to interpersonal trauma (N = 71). We performed multiple linear regression analyses to relate brain volume in rACC, PCC, and IsthCing regions to self-reported rumination, after controlling for age and total intracranial volume. We also conducted standard seed-based voxelwise rsFC analyses for significant regions identified in the structural analysis. We found a significant relationship between greater rumination and volume in the left IsthCing (p = .025). Results from the rsFC analyses revealed a significant relationship between greater rumination and diminished rsFC between the left IsthCing and left precuneus (pFWE < .05). These findings provide novel support for alterations in the neural substrates of ruminative thought in women with PTSD. More broadly, we discuss clinical implications for targeted interventions to reduce rumination through psychotherapy or non-invasive brain stimulation.

The Role of Behavioral Activation Group Therapy on Ineffective Attitudes Rate and Rumination in Women with Insomnia Disorder

The Role of Behavioral Activation Group Therapy on Ineffective Attitudes Rate and Rumination in Women with Insomnia Disorder

Effectiveness of Group Reality Therapy in Rumination and Self-Esteem of Women with Experience of Betrayal from Their Husbands

Abstract Background: Betrayal inmarriage is amoving issue for couples and families. Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of group reality therapy in rumination and self-esteemof women with the experience of betrayal fromtheir husbands. Methods: Researchmethod was semi-experimental with a pre-test post-test design. The statistical population of the research con- sisted of women who had visited consultation centers in Tehran and had requested for consultation services. Using a convenience non-randomsamplingmethod, 30 individualswere selected and divided into two groups: experimental group (15 individuals) and control group (15 individuals). Data collectionwas done based on the rumination questionnaire designed by NolanHoksma aswell asMaro and Rozenberg’s self-esteemquestionnaire. Results: Findings showed the average of rumination in women with the experience of betrayal fromtheir husbands has changed, leading to a decrease in rumination. Moreover, teaching reality therapy helps increase in women’s self-esteem(P < 0.05). Conclusion: Basedonthefindingsof this research, it canbe concludedthatgroupreality therapyhas apositive effectonrumination and self-esteemin women with the experience of betrayal.

The rewarding nature of provocation-focused rumination in women with borderline personality disorder: a preliminary fMRI investigation

The rewarding nature of provocation-focused rumination in women with borderline personality disorder: a preliminary fMRI investigation

The rewarding nature of provocation-focused rumination in women with borderline personality disorder: a preliminary fMRI investigation

BackgroundUnderstanding why individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) ruminate on prior provocations, despite its negative outcomes, is crucial to improving interventions. Provocation-focused rumination may be rewarding in the short term by amplifying anger and producing feelings of justification, validation, and increased energy, while reducing self-directed negative affect. If provocation-focused rumination is utilized regularly as a rewarding emotion regulation strategy, it could result in increased activation in reward-related neural regions. The present pilot study examined neural correlates of provocation-focused rumination, relative to other forms of thought, in BPD.MethodFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was utilized to examine this theory in a pilot study of women diagnosed with BPD (n = 13) and healthy controls (n = 16). All participants received highly critical feedback on a previously written essay in the scanner, followed by prompts to engage in provocation-focused, self-focused, and neutral thought.ResultsWhole-brain analyses showed that in response to the provocation, participants with BPD (compared to controls) demonstrated increased activation in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). BPD participants also showed greater activation in the dorsomedial PFC during provocation-focused rumination (relative to neutral-focus). Subsequent ROI analyses revealed that provocation-focused rumination (compared to neutral-focus) increased activation in the nucleus accumbens for the BPD group only.ConclusionsThese findings, while preliminary due to the small sample size and limitations of the protocol, provide initial data consistent with the proposed neurobiological mechanism promoting provocation-focused rumination in BPD. Directions for further research are discussed.

Brief psychological intervention in patients with cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial.

The diagnosis and treatment of cancer is considered a major life stress that has potential effects on one's psychological well-being. This study investigated the possible benefits of a brief psychological intervention based on gratitude and mindfulness for positive and negative affect in patients with cervical cancer and explored the potentially mediating role of rumination and reappraisal. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 3 public hospitals in China between April 2014 and December 2014. One-hundred twenty postoperative cervical cancer patients were randomly assigned into an intervention group or a wait-list control group. Participants completed self-report measures of positive and negative affect, rumination, and reappraisal before and after the 4-week intervention or waiting period. The outcome effects of the intervention were analyzed by generalized estimating equations (GEE). Mediation analyses were performed using a nonparametric bootstrapping procedure. GEE results indicated significant Time × Group interaction effects on positive affect (B = 1.60, χ2 = 25.90, p < .001), negative affect (B = -2.13, χ2 = 28.02, p < .001), rumination (B = -2.48, χ2 = 6.48, p = .011), and reappraisal (B = 3.28, χ2 = 41.17, p < .001) for the intervention. The effect of the intervention on positive and negative affect was mediated by changes in rumination and reappraisal respectively. The brief psychological intervention improved positive affect and reappraisal and reduced negative affect and rumination in women with cervical cancer. Findings support the beneficial effects for implementing this brief psychological intervention in oncology. (PsycINFO Database Record

Neural Correlates of Trait Rumination During an Emotion Interference Task in Women With PTSD.

Rumination, defined as repetitive, negative, self-focused thinking, is hypothesized to be a transdiagnostic factor that is associated with depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Theory has suggested that in individuals with PTSD, rumination serves as a cognitive avoidance factor that contributes to the maintenance of symptoms by inhibiting the cognitive and emotional processing of the traumatic event, subsequently interfering with treatment engagement and outcome. Little is known about the neural correlates of rumination in women with PTSD. The current study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine neural correlates during an emotion interference task of self-reported rumination in women with PTSD. Women with PTSD (39 participants) were recruited at a university-based trauma clinic and completed a clinical evaluation that included measures of PTSD symptoms, rumination, and depressive symptoms, as well as a neuroimaging session in which the participants were administered an emotion interference task. There was a significant relationship between self-reported rumination and activity in the right orbital frontal cortex, BA 11; t(37) = 5.62, p = .004, k = 46 during the task. This finding suggested that women with PTSD, who had higher levels of rumination, may experience greater difficulty inhibiting negative emotional stimuli compared to women with lower levels of rumination.

Rumination modulates stress and other psychological processes in fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread pain and high levels of sleep disturbance, fatigue, and altered cognition. Psychological stress can modulate these features. In this study, we examined the thinking style of rumination in women with FM to assess the effect of rumination on stress levels and other psychological variables in FM. Ninety-eight women with FM completed questionnaires to assess levels of rumination, stress, anxiety, depression, optimism, control, and coping. T-tests and bivariate (Pearson) analysis was performed to assess relationships between rumination and other psychological factors. We found that those with higher levels of rumination had increased the use of negative coping techniques (p<0.001), higher anxiety (p<0.001), depression (p<0.001), and poor sleep levels (p<0.05). Higher rumination correlated with lower optimism (p<0.001) and control (Mastery) (p<0.001). High rumination correlated strongest with stress (p<0.001). Rumination predicted 26% of variance for perceived stress. Rumination influenced several psychological processes deemed important in FM and was an important contributor to stress in FM. Specific interventions targeting rumination in FM may improve FM symptoms and outcomes.

Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: The Role of Gender

This review addresses three questions regarding the relationships among gender, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: (a) are there gender differences in emotion regulation strategies, (b) are emotion regulation strategies similarly related to psychopathology in men and women, and (c) do gender differences in emotion regulation strategies account for gender differences in psychopathology? Women report using most emotion regulation strategies more than men do, and emotion regulation strategies are similarly related to psychopathology in women and men. More rumination in women compared to men partially accounts for greater depression and anxiety in women compared to men, while a greater tendency to use alcohol to cope partially accounts for more alcohol misuse in men compared to women. The literature on emotion regulation is likely missing vital information on how men regulate their emotions. I discuss lessons learned and questions raised about the relationships between gender differences in emotion regulation and gender differences in psychopathology.

Impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on attention, rumination and resting blood pressure in women with cancer: A waitlist-controlled study

The present study is a waitlist-controlled investigation of the impact of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on mindful attentiveness, rumination and blood pressure (BP) in women with cancer. Female post-treatment cancer patients were recruited from the MBSR program waitlist. Participants completed self-report measures of mindfulness and rumination and measured casual BP at home before and after the 8-week MBSR program or waiting period. MBSR group participants demonstrated higher levels of mindful attentiveness and decreased ruminative thinking following the intervention but no difference in BP, when compared to controls. In the MBSR group, decreases in rumination correlated with decreases in SBP and increases in mindful attention. When participants were assigned to "Higher BP" and "Lower BP" conditions based on mean BP values at week 1, "Higher BP" participants in the MBSR group (n=19) had lower SBP at week 8 relative to the control group (n=16). A MBSR program may be efficacious in increasing mindful attention and decreasing rumination in women with cancer. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate an impact on clinically elevated BP.