Rules Of Growth Research Articles

Study on the anti-frosting performance of hydrophobic fin with non-toxic for the R600a frost-free refrigerator

The finned-tube evaporator (FTE) is widely used for the freeze and cold storage (FCS) system, such as R600a frost-free refrigerator, R290 household air-conditioning, and R717 walk-in cold stores, but it has problems of low defrosting efficiency and high electric heater consumption at the low evaporating temperature. The traditional super-hydrophobic aluminum-based fin (SAF) has a good the frost retarded performance. However, the SAF is usually fabricated by the wet chemical etching, and is not suitable for FTE with non-toxic of the R600a frost-free refrigerator in the future. Meanwhile, the traditional SAF tested and fabricated has the high-cost and complicated manufacturing method. To address these issues, a novel SAF with non-toxic (surface contact angle is 151.8°) is fabricated in this paper, by the stearic acid solution on the aluminum square laser engraved, and used to improve the anti-frosting performance of the FTE for the R600a frost-free refrigerator under low temperature conditions. The anti-frosting performance should be assessed before applying the non-toxic super-hydrophobic to the FCS system. Meanwhile, there are few theoretical and experimental studies about the SAF on restraining frost formation for the FCS system, especially in the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) currently. Thus, a three-dimensional frosting numerical model based on the Euler multiphase flow is developed to analyze the frost formation and distribution characteristics on the SAF with non-toxic, and the numerical model has been validated by experimental date. The experimental and numerical analysis methods are used to evaluate anti-frosting performance of FTE and comparisons with the hydrophilic aluminum-based fin (surface contact angle is 8.6°) and bare aluminum-based fin (surface contact angle is 92.4°) are also discussed. The experimental results indicate that the frosting time of 240 min, and the frost thickness of the FAS with non-toxic is reduced by 41.56% and 38.25% compared to BAS and HAS, respectively. The FAS with non-toxic has a more significant effect on frost formation retarded on the cold surface compared to the HAS. In addition, the proposed frosting model predicts frost growth process, the frost temperature distribution, the moist air velocity distribution, and the frost density distribution on the SAF cold surface. This study, not only reaffirms the benefit of using the SAF with non-toxic on restraining frost formation for the FCS system, but also provides some rules of the frost growth and distribution characteristics with different factors.

Phase-field simulation of the dendrite growth in aluminum alloy AA5754 during alternating current electromagnetic stirring laser beam welding

Electromagnetic stirring is known to promote material flow, reduce porosity, uniform elements distribution, and refine grain in laser beam welding (LBW), which enhances the applicability of LBW in various industries. In this study, a phase-field model of dendrite growth in AA5754 Al alloy electromagnetic stirring laser beam welding was established. The model considered the thermal electromagnetic Lorentz force resulting from the interaction between the electric field generated by the Seebeck effect and the magnetic field, as well as the temperature gradient and solidification rate of the solidification interface obtained from the computational fluid dynamics electromagnetic stirring LBW model. The variation rules of dendrite growth with different magnetic parameters and effects are analyzed. Comprehensively, the magnetic field promotes the solidification rate, thus promoting interfacial instability and a large magnetic flux density leads to a faster interface instability. The solidification rate as well as the temperature gradient affect the growth rate, and the accelerated growth caused by the solidification rate with a high frequency and a large magnetic flux density effectively inhibits the slow growth caused by the temperature gradient. The thermal electromagnetic Lorentz force is the main factor for the branch increment at low frequencies, while both thermal electromagnetic Lorentz force and temperature gradient increase the number of branches at high frequencies. The calculated average branch numbers considering various factors in the stable stage under different magnetic parameters were consistent with the results of the scanning electron microscope tests.

Bio-inspired design of a fence-type triangular flow channel for ammonia-hydrogen fuel cells

Appropriate channel design can improve the volume utilization and power density of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with ammonia decomposition gas as fuel (Ammonia-Hydrogen fuel cell, AHFC), and accelerate its application in commercial field. Aiming at the problem of low volumetric power density of AHFC, a triangular flow channel in the shape of a fence is designed based on the general rules of plant growth and simple structure of triangle. The influence of the cross-section size and length of triangular flow channel on gas-water-heat distribution of AHFC is analyzed by using a three-dimensional two-phase numerical model. The results show that the triangular flow channel improves the volume utilization and increases the volumetric power density greatly, and the increase amplitude is related to the load output. With the increase of the load output, the reactive gas gradually appeared starvation phenomenon, the longer the flow channel is, the more obvious starvation phenomenon is, which is opposite to the change trend of the water content in the membrane, and the hot spot value increases significantly. In addition, the maximum volumetric power density of a stack which includes 20-layer triangular channel fuel cells increased by 45% compared to the conventional square channel.

General behavior and mechanisms of dendritic crystal formation in evaporated biological solutions and their significance for solution analysis

By studying the evaporated crystallization of 1640 solutions and some protein + salt solutions, we revealed for the first time the onset and dynamic process, the behavior, and general rules of the dendritic crystal growth as a function of temperature, pH value, and the concentrations of their major components (NaCl, KCl, NaHCO₃, and d-glucose). We proposed the crystallization mechanism for each of them at various conditions and indicated the factors that control the formation of dendritic crystals. We showed that at a temperature ranging from 20 to 40 °C, only the solution mixed with crystalline and amorphous substances could form dendritic crystals. The rise in temperature and decreasing pH from the neutral value would reduce the pattern divergence induced by different components and concentrations. Increasing the content of the crystalline substances would make the dendritic crystals thicker and have less branching. The dendritic crystals are mainly composed of the salt with the highest ratio R of concentration/solubility. The crystal structure of the salt also determines the shape of the dendrites. The amorphous substances mainly distribute at the edge of the dried spot to form a ring and deposit in the gaps between the dendritic crystals or the growing tips of the dendrites. This study suggests that based on the behavior of the dendrite growth, it is possible to use the methods of dendrite formation and pattern analysis to replace analytical instruments for some solution physicochemical tests or grow dendritic crystals with desired patterns for various applications.

Stateless Money? Cryptocurrency and Digital Banking in Brazil

The world financial crisis of the late 2000s was for some the dawn of a new era in which state currency monopolies would be replaced by privately-issued digital currencies following strict rules of supply growth. Rather than trust big government and big banks with our money, cryptocurrencies would allow us to “trust the code” and the “mathematical structure” of blockchain technologies. In Brazil, as elsewhere, this neoliberal techno-utopia has not arisen. Though their use as speculative assets has increased, cryptocurrencies have not become a popular means of payment. The use of electronic money, on the other hand, issued by novel corporate entities called payment institutions, is now commonplace. Unlike cryptocurrencies, digital banking and electronic money in Brazil rest on a solid legal and institutional framework designed to incorporate them into the payments system. Digital banks enjoy most of the privileges bestowed upon traditional banks, making it possible for customers to use digital accounts in the same manner as a traditional checking account. In short, digital banks have become privileged members of Brazil’s state-led “pay community” and this is why they have flourished. Even in the digital era, money is a creature of the state.

Physicochemical Characteristics and the Scale Inhibition Effect of Air Nanobubbles (A-NBs) in a Circulating Cooling Water System

Air nanobubbles (A-NBs) in a circulating cooling water system have not been investigated, although their role is significant. In this paper, the influences of the contents of main salts and other parameters on the physicochemical characteristics and scale inhibition performance of A-NBs in circulating cooling water were investigated and the scale inhibition mechanism of A-NBs in a simulated circulating cooling water system was explored. A-NBs realized a higher scale inhibition rate of 90%, which was higher than that of 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (40%), and A-NBs stably existed for more than 5 days in the complex water environment. Four interface functions were proposed to interpret the scale inhibition effect of A-NBs in circulating cooling water as follows. First, the negatively charged surface of A-NBs adsorbed cations (Ca2+) reduced the concentration of scaling ions. Second, the negatively charged surface of A-NBs could also adsorb microcrystals, and their crystal-like seed action was conducive to the formation of large-size crystals, broke the rules of crystal growth, and reduced the adhesion of scales to the pipe wall. Third, A-NBs could also form a bubble layer after they were adsorbed on the inner surface of pipes, thereby preventing the deposition of scales on the surface. Fourth, A-NB burst caused local turbulence, increased the shear force onto the pipe surface, and reduced the scales adhering to the pipe surface. The interface effect of A-NBs in metal pipes is important in many industrial applications. This study laid the basis for the development of a new green A-NB scale-inhibiting technology.

Environmental taxation as a boost mechanism for European Union green growth: The Greek response

Before the early negative effects of human activity on the environment and nature became apparent, there was no particular concern. The consequences of exponential population growth over the years brought a negative impact, increasing the risk and concern for the future. In recent decades, there has been an admittedly large, joint, and ambitious effort at the international and European levels to promote and implement the values and rules of green development and growth. Green growth is crucial regarding the policy implemented by the European Union (EU). Therefore, it calls on all its member states to participate in this effort concerning the environment and natural resources, having as its main tool environmental taxation. This paper primarily aims in proving that environmental taxation facilitates, through the proper implementation of European Union rules, the achievement of green growth. The research methodology followed, was the study of the environmental indexes of the European Union countries from 2002 to 2020, including Greece. They were analyzed and compared to the European Union average indexes (Eurostat, 2020). The study results highlighted that environmental taxation is crucial in enhancing green growth by increasing the revenues of state funds and reducing environmental problems at European and international levels.

Weaning period and growth patterns of captive Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) cubs.

This study tracked and recorded the weight changes of 13 captive Sunda pangolin cubs from lactation to maturity to explored the appropriate weaning time and reveal the rules of its weight growth. SPSS 25.0 was used to build a cubic equation model to fit the body weight change rules of 4 individuals who nonvoluntarily ingested artificial feed (NIAF) at 127 days after birth and 5 individuals who voluntarily ingested artificial feed (VIAF) at 86-108 days after birth. The body weight of NIAF cubs aged 0-120 days and VIAF cubs aged 0-150 days were estimated according to the fitting model. An independent sample T-test was performed on the mean body weight of the two groups during the late lactation period. The results showed that at 105 days after birth, the body weight of the VIAF group was significantly higher than that of the NIAF group (P = 0.049), and the body weight of the VIAF group was extremely significantly higher than that of the NIAF group at 114 days (P = 0.008); The peak cumulative body weight of the NIAF cubs during lactation appeared around 130 days of age (n = 3); The mortality rate was 66.7% (n = 3) after about 150 days if the feed was continuously consumed nonvoluntarily. It was concluded that the milk secretion period of the mother is about 0-5 months after giving birth; the weaning period of the cubs should be 4-5 months after birth. If the cubs don't follow the mother to eat artificial feed for 3 months after birth, it can start be induced with artificial diet which adds termites, and the time point cannot be later than 130 days, otherwise it is not conducive to the survival of the cubs; When sexually mature, the body length and body weight of female cubs account for about 84% and 60% of the adult, respectively; the body maturity and body weight of female cubs tend to be stable about 15.3 months and 16.4 months, respectively. Finally, a special needle-shaped nipples and nursing patterns of female Sunda pangolins were also recorded in this study. These findings play an important role in guiding the nursing of captive Sunda pangolin cubs and other pangolin cubs. It is expected to improve the survival rate of the cubs by exploring the appropriate weaning time and the rules of weight growth. By scientifically planning the reproductive cycle of the female Sunda pangolins, our goal is to expand the population size and eventually release to the wild, meanwhile improving knowledge of this critically endangered species.

Changes in Leaf and Growth of Pak Choi in a Semi-closed Greenhouse in Eastern China

To study and model changes in the development of pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis Makino), three pak choi cultivars—Xinxiaqing No. 5 (Xinxiaqing 5), Haiqing, and Huawang—were grown in a modern greenhouse. Four structural parameters, including leaf length, leaf width, and plant height and width, were measured regularly every 3 days. The results showed that the changes in plant height and width, and leaf length and width of the three cultivars followed sigmoidal trends. Logistical regression models {Y = K/[1 + (K – L0)/L0 × exp(–r × t)]; Y = K/[1 + (K – L0)/L0 × exp(−r × rad)]} of the leaf length and width accumulated with growth days and with accumulated radiation fit the actual data very well, with the correlation coefficient R2 all greater than 0.98. The R2 values of the plant width accumulation models were all greater than 0.93, whereas the R2 values of the plant height regression models were not robust. In this study, the regression models of changes in plant height and width, and leaf length and width of pak choi were used to study the changes of morphological characteristics and analyze the change rules of pak choi growth and development.

Nghiên cứu sự thay đổi hình thái tuổi dậy thì làm cơ sở xây dựng các hình thức giáo dục giới tính phù hợp cho học sinh trung học cơ sở Hà Nội 1

Research on 1926 pupils (942 schoolboys and 984 schoolgirls) at the average age of 12 -15, they are from 3 Secondary schools of 3 districs in Hanoi. The results had shown that, the order of appearance of secondary sexual characteristics of secondary pupils follow the rules of growth and normal development of age. However, the time appear the secondary sexual characteristics of secondary school students in Hanoi earlier the same age in some other localities. There are differences in age and percentage of pupils appearing for the secondary sexual signs in boys and girls, in which these signs of girls appear earlier than boys.

Mobility driven coexistence of living organisms

We propose a minimal off-lattice model of living organisms where just a very few dynamical rules of growth are assumed. The stable coexistence of many clusters is detected when we replace the global restriction rule by a locally applied one. A rich variety of evolving patterns is revealed where players movement has a decisive role on the evolutionary outcome. For example, intensive individual mobility may jeopardize the survival of the population, but if we increase players movement further then it can save the population. Notably, the collective drive of population members is capable to compensate the negative consequence of intensive movement and keeps the system alive. When the drive becomes biased then the resulting unidirectional flow alters the stable pattern and produce a stripe-like state instead of the previously observed hexagonal arrangement of clusters. Interestingly, the rotation of stripes can be flipped if the individual movement exceeds a threshold value.

Study of Population Growth Impact on Economic Growth during (2003-2017) in Afghanistan

Achieving high economic growth is one of the significant purposes, which all countries seek to achieve, and achieving it requires a realistic analysis of country’s economy and a better understanding of the principles and rules of economic growth. Meanwhile, demographic changes over time, as one of the most important issues impacting different parts of societies gaining special importance so that demographic changes can be tangible in investment, saving, and overly in economic growth. The relationship between population growth and economic development has been analyzed theoretically and empirically over time by different economists. Some economists believe which fast population growth prevents economic growth; while others believe, that population growth leads to economic growth due to increased demand, level of production and national income. The aim of this study was to investigate impact of population growth on economic growth during (2003-2017) in Afghanistan. In this study, it has been used the data which provided by World Development Index (WDI) Central statistics, books, journals, scientific and research journals and other related articles. For measuring the GDP growth and simple model squares estimation method from programs such as Excel, Eviews and Pass have been used indeed. Economic growth as a dependent variable, population growth, unemployment average, and foreign direct investment as an explanatory (independent) have been implemented.
 The outcomes showcase that population growth has a positive effect on economic growth (1%) increase in population growth which causes economic development in order to increase 2.4%. On the other hand, according to obtained results from model summary; gained determination is 0.921. It means the dependent variable of economic growth is elaborated almost 92% by independent variables of population growth, unemployment, and foreign direct investment. This demonstrates strong population growth impact on economic growth and its correlation intensity is almost 1.

Woody Plant Evolution: Exceptional Lianas Reveal Rules of Woody Growth.

Sometimes the exceptions prove the rule, and lianas show some of the most exceptional stem anatomical variation in plants. New research describes the evolution and development of liana stem anatomical variants, and reveals new rules of woody growth.

Development of a Tree Growth Difference Equation and Its Application in Forecasting the Biomass Carbon Stocks of Chinese Forests in 2050

Global climate change has raised concerns about the relationship between ecosystems and forests, which is a core component of the carbon cycle and a critical factor in understanding and mitigating the effects of climate change. Forest models and sufficient information for predictions are important for ensuring efficient afforestation activities and sustainable forest development. Based on the theory of difference equations and the general rules of tree growth, this study established a difference equation for the relationship between the ratio of tree diameter at breast height (DBH) to the tree height and age of age of China’s main arbor species. A comparison with equations that represent the traditional tree growth models, i.e., Logistic and Richards equations, showed that the difference equations exhibited higher precision for both fitting and verification data. Moreover, the biomass carbon stocks (BCS) of Chinese forests from 2013 to 2050 were predicted by combining the 8th Chinese Ministry of Forestry and partial continuous forest inventory (CFI) data sets. The results showed that the BCS of Chinese forests would increase from 7342 to 11,030 terra grams of carbon (Tg C) in 2013–2050, with an annual biomass C (carbon) sink of 99.68 Tg C year−1, and they indicated that the Chinese land-surface forest vegetation has an important carbon sequestration capability.

Solid electrolyte interphase: Can faster formation at lower potentials yield better performance?

To make a Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) reliably rechargeable over many cycles, its graphite-based negative electrode requires the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as a protection layer. The SEI is formed through chemical and particularly electrochemical side reactions of electrolyte components in the first charging cycle(s) after manufacturing of a LIB. The SEI ideally serves two purposes: (i) act as a sieve permeable to Li ions but not to other electrolyte components and (ii) passivate the electrode against further electrolyte decomposition. Core element of conventional SEI formation is a lengthy, low-current galvanostatic charging step, which due to its time consumption contributes heavily to cell manufacturing costs. Here, we report on some non-conventional SEI formation protocols for composite carbon electrodes, inspired by recent experimental findings at smooth model electrodes. Acknowledging that the SEI forms in two main steps, taking place in a high-potential and a low-potential region, respectively, we demonstrate that less time spent in the high-potential region not only makes the process faster but even yields SEIs with superior kinetic properties. We tentatively explain this via basic rules of thin film growth and the role of grain boundaries for ion transport. We also report on the positive influence of multi-frequency potential modulations applied between high-potential and low-potential formation. Given that any new cell chemistry in principle requires its own tailor-made formation process, technologic success of future LIB cells will benefit from a systematic, well-understood toolbox of formation protocols. This paper is meant as a first step, highlighting potentially low-hanging fruits, but also flagging the demand for further systematic studies on model systems and on commercially manufactured cells.

浅析基于工作过程的针推职业教育课程设计

本文从高职教育的内涵为出发点，根据目前高等职业教育的教学理念—基于工作过程的教育课程理念，对针灸推拿课程的设计方法做了一些总结。根据专业对应的岗位及岗位群实施典型工作任务分析，立足于工作过程，按照认知学习规律和职业成长规律来实施基于工作过程的学习情境设计。 This article starts from the connotation of higher vocational education. According to the current higher vocational education teaching philosophy—Education Curriculum Concept which is based on work process, we have made some conclusions about the design method of acupuncture and massage course. Based on the analysis of the typical job tasks of the corresponding positions and post groups, based on the working process, the learning situation design based on the working process is implemented according to the rules of cognitive learning and career growth.

Establishment of kinetics digital model for hyaluronate lyase production based on fermentation optimization of Arthrobacter globiformis A152

In order to produce hyaluronate lyase of high yield, we optimized the fermentation Arthrobacter globiformis A152 in quadruple fermentation of 5 L, and studied the kinetics of fermentation. Both the highest biomass and enzyme activity could be achieved when the rotation speed was 400 r/min and the ventilation volume was 3.5 L/min. In addition, digital models of cell growth, product synthesis and substrate consumption were built by equation of logistic, luedeking-piret, product synthesis and substrate consumption. Nonlinear fitting and estimation of optimal parameters were obtained by MATLAB. The model correlated well between prediction and experimental data, and reflected the change rules of cell growth, hyaluronidase synthesis and substrate consumption during the process of producing hyaluronate lyase. The establishment of fermentation kinetics digital models could provide basis for controlling and prediction of the production process.

CA method with machine learning for simulating the grain and pore growth of aluminum alloys

A cellular automata (CA) method assisted by a back-propagation neural network (BPNN), named CA-BPNN, is proposed to simulate grain and pore growth. First, CA-BPNN uses the BPNN to detect the relations between porosity and solidification parameters and then uses the relations to establish extra transformation rules of pore growth, which are finally implemented on A356 alloy directly. Compared with the computational results, the shapes and volume fraction of pores from experimental observation are consistent. CA-BPNN can reduce the difficulty of simulating the whole solidification process of casting without solving the high-dimensional continuous governing equations of porosity. This work can be further extended to other useful industrial alloys, such as aluminum alloys and various grades of industrial steels, if the experimental data sets are improved and other machine learning algorithms are introduced.

The essential role of time in network-based recommendation

Random walks on bipartite networks have been used extensively to design personalized recommendation methods. While aging has been identified as a key component in the growth of information networks, most research has focused on the networks' structural properties and neglected the often available time information. Time has been largely ignored both by the investigated recommendation methods as well as by the methodology used to evaluate them. We show that this time-unaware approach overestimates the methods' recommendation performance. Motivated by microscopic rules of network growth, we propose a time-aware modification of an existing recommendation method and show that by combining the temporal and structural aspects, it outperforms the existing methods. The performance improvements are particularly striking in systems with fast aging.

Some Anthropometric Indices of Vietnamese People in the Central Northern of Vietnam

Research was carried out involving 2256 students aged 16 to 18. They were enrolled in 2 provinces: Thuathien- Hue and Thanhhoa in the central northern of Vietnam. The indices evaluate anthropometric parameters for age (including: weight, height, head circumference, neck circumference, mid-upper arm circumference, chest circumference, abdomen circumference, and hip circumference). Results showed that: The basic anthropometric indexes of central northern people development follow rules of body growth of Vietnamese people. However, weight and height of students in this study were relatively low due to a high malnutrition rate, psychological influences, physical activitity and economic and natural conditions are important factors which have an effect on the health, morphology and physical status of students.