Congress Rule Research Articles

THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT AND FEDERALISM

The careful reading of the history of Pakistan movement tells us the movement rose in response to the fear of the imposition of majoritarian- unitary democracy model in British India following the West Minister model. After 1857 war of independence, Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan had advised Muslims not to take part in politics and focus their energies on acquiring modern education and hence securing their due share in bureaucratic positions under the British rule. But when Congress was formed in 1885 and gradually democratic reforms were introduced, the fear of majoritarian-unitary model started creeping in among the Muslim elite. The leaders of Muslim League felt if the Westminster style majoritarian- unitary democracy model is introduced in British India that will ultimately bring over the centralized Congress rule in British India which they equated as the Hindu raj. The debate around the federal question remained on top of the agenda in British India since the announcement of the Nehru report in 1928. The failure of the Congress in addressing Muslim concerns regarding majoritarian- unitary democracy model ultimately led to the partition of India in 1947. In this paper the debate around the federal question and the demands for consociational democracy in Pakistan movement would be studied in detail and it will be analysed how far the failure of addressing the federal question was responsible for the partition of India. Keywords: Majoritarian Democracy, Indo-Pak History, Consociationalism, All India Muslim League, Muslim Separatism

Regulating Campaign Finance through Legislative Recusal Rules

Regulating Campaign Finance through Legislative Recusal Rules

Library Instruction for Romanized Hebrew

University students, looking for records in Hebrew language in the library catalog, often face difficulties finding material due to the unfamiliarity with the Library of Congress rules for romanization. These difficulties may hinder their research results. This paper will present the findings of a study conducted at McGill University that investigated students' abilities to romanize Hebrew titles so they can consequently search these in the library catalog, and will show how library instruction can be a very successful tool for providing students with the knowledge they require in order to retrieve these titles.Objective — This study examined the impact on students who attended a library workshop on the Library of Congress (LC) rules of Hebrew romanization. Although this group of users had knowledge of the Hebrew language, most of the bibliographic records on McGill University's online catalog are romanized. A lack of understanding of the rules involved in romanizing makes the retrieval of records more difficult due to the inexactitudes of the spelling.Methods — The students enrolled in the course Advanced Hebrew at McGill University where selected for this study due to their knowledge of the Hebrew language. Students were asked to spell six Hebrew titles in romanized characters, a task that it is necessary to do in order to search for these titles in the catalog. This was followed by a presentation on the LC rules on romanizing the Hebrew language. Each student received a copy of the LC romanization table (see Appendix A) and with the table in hand and the explanation on how to apply it, students were asked to spell six different Hebrew titles.Results — There was an 81% improvement in the accuracy of spelling six new Hebrew titles once the students were familiar with the romanization rules. We can consider this gain a very successful outcome that would benefit these students in their academic endeavors.Limitations — One of the main limitations for this research was the small number of students (68.7% of the total enrolment for that course) that was present in the class on the day of the study. Another important limitation was the time allotted for this study. The students did not have time to practice the methodology for romanization. Right after the presentation of the LC rules, they were asked to answer the second questionnaire.Conclusions — Spelling mistakes when searching for romanized Hebrew titles in the catalog can be diminished through a targeted library instruction workshop. This research demonstrated that being familiar with the romanization rules is an effective tool for increasing students' abilities to spell correctly and thus retrieve Hebrew bibliographic records.

LA DISPERSIÓN DE LOS REGÍMENES LABORALES EN EL SECTOR PÚBLICO LIMITAN LA REMUNERACIÓN HOMOLOGADA Y LOS BENEFICIOS DE LOS DOCENTES DE LA UNMSM

El problema es el incumplimiento reiterado del gobierno peruano de sus propias disposiciones legales sobre montos remunerativos de los magistrados del Poder Judicial y, especialmente, de los docentes de las universidades públicas, lo que genera malestar, más aún por la aplicación paralela de los regímenes laborales en el sector privado que se administra como público pero cuesta como privado. La remuneración mensual de libre disposición de los congresistas en los últimos 15 años fue mayor a S/. 23 000.00; la remuneración de los jueces superiores y de primera instancia es menor de lo que dispone el artículo 186° de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial; la remuneración homologada de los docentes de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - UNMSM representa menos de la tercera parte de los ingresos de los magistrados de los niveles con los cuales se homologó. Los montos de beneficios sociales calculados con las normas del Reglamento del Congreso contrastan con los montos calculados con las normas del Decreto Legislativo 276; las diferencias son abismales, la CTS de los jueces supremos es 396 veces más con respecto a la CTS de los docentes principales, porque no existe una política de recursos humanos clara y acorde con los objetivos de desarrollo económico y social nacional.

Parties, Median Legislators, and Agenda Setting: How Legislative Institutions Matter

A large literature in American politics argues that the procedural rules in Congress allow the majority party to block bills that are opposed by the majority of its members yet supported by the majority of the chamber. However, majority-party agenda-setting influence is rarely absolute. In this article, I use new data on the rules in the U.S. state legislative chambers to show that majoritarian rules (i.e., procedures that allow the chamber majority to circumvent majority-party gatekeeping) are not only common but also consequential for policy. That is, the presence of majoritarian rules significantly reduces the majority party’s advantage in obtaining its preferred legislative outcomes, particularly as the preferences of the floor and majority-party medians diverge. These results demonstrate that the distribution of power in a legislature is a function of its full configuration of agenda-setting rules and thus provide an important qualification to theories of legislation organization.

PCC Practice for Assigning Uniform Titles for Television Programs: Principle versus Practice

Library of Congress Rule Interpretation (LCRI) 25.5B, Appendix I contains Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) principles for constructing uniform titles for motion pictures, television, and radio programs. Originally designed for PCC libraries in providing uniform title access for these materials, it has also been adopted by non-PCC institutions. Focusing on uniform title access for television programs, this article will show that these PCC principles have largely been unapplied; and, when they are applied, it is principally by non-PCC institutions. The article concludes with a discussion on the future application of these principles for preferred access points in Resource Description and Access (RDA).

PCC Practice for Assigning Uniform Titles for Motion Pictures: Principle versus Practice

Library of Congress Rule Interpretation (LCRI) 25.5B, Appendix I contains Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) principles for constructing uniform titles for motion pictures, television, and radio programs, and functions as a rule interpretation to Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd ed. (AACR2) 25.5B. It was originally designed for PCC Libraries in providing uniform title access for these materials. Focusing specifically on uniform title access for motion pictures, this article will show that these PCC principles have largely been unapplied. The article concludes with a discussion on the future application of these principles for preferred access points in Resource Description and Access (RDA).

The DeathFlip Project: Automating Death Date Revisions to Name Headings in Bibliographic Records

The 2005 revision of Library Congress Rule Interpretation 22.17, allowing the addition of death dates to personal name headings with open dates, had a significant impact on the maintenance of bibliographic records. The decision not to include open date forms as “see from” fields in revised authority records destined catalog maintenance staff to higher levels of manual review and editing. At Kent State University this prompted a search for better options and resulted in the creation of a shadow authority file intended solely for automated “flipping” of open date headings to the new forms. The file is available to other libraries for use and experimentation.

The progress of social development in South Africa

In 1998, James Midgley issued a challenge for scholars to provide a systematic description and examination of the South African experience in implementing social development. This article attempts to meet this challenge by examining the progress of developmental welfare or social development in the first ten years of South Africa's transition to democracy under African National Congress (ANC) rule. In this article it is argued that because social development marries social and economic goals, one cannot evaluate developmental welfare or social development without examining shifts in economic policy. Thus, it also examines economic policy transitions from development, to growth, to black economic empowerment. It shows how social security has become the major poverty alleviation measure within the developmental welfare system. It acknowledges that it is tough for developmental welfare to succeed in an economic system that promotes gross income disparities and a widening gap between rich and poor. Social development needs widespread institutional support to succeed and this is unlikely to be forthcoming while there is high unemployment, low economic growth and insufficient foreign investment. However, this state of affairs is unlikely to change as long as the government intervenes in the economy, promotes black economic empowerment and centralises decision‐making.

The Very Model of a Minor/Major Change: A Current Look at Serials Cataloging Title Change Rules

This article provides serials professionals with explanations and examples of rules for minor and major changes in the 2002 revision of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd ed. (AACR2), as applied to serials. The authors outline minor/major rules and Library of Congress Rule Interpretations (LCRIs) and give examples for each rule. They also discuss initiatives and meetings leading up to these changes and provide key definitions as well as explore various problems with AACR2 and the intended goals for the revision. Additional discussion focuses on the impact of the minor/major changes on areas such as workflow in technical services, shelving, binding, and training.

The Very Model of a Minor/Major Change: A Current Look at Serials Cataloging Title Change Rules

This article provides serials professionals with explanations and examples of rules for minor and major changes in the 2002 revision of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd ed. (AACR2), as applied to serials. The authors outline minor/major rules and Library of Congress Rule Interpretations (LCRIs) and give examples for each rule. They also discuss initiatives and meetings leading up to these changes and provide key definitions as well as explore various problems with AACR2 and the intended goals for the revision. Additional discussion focuses on the impact of the minor/major changes on areas such as workflow in technical services, shelving, binding, and training.

Program for Cooperative Cataloging Tools Related to the 2002 Revision of AACR2

The Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) is working to make tools available to catalogers of electronic serials and integrating resources. These resources are being developed to help catalogers understand and implement the 2002 revision of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d ed. (AACR2), related Library of Congress Rule Interpretations, and new MARC 21 coding. This column focuses on the revision plans for documentation of the program components of the PCC and new workshops from the Serials Cataloging Cooperative Training Program. Serials Review 2003; 29:40–42.

Program for Cooperative Cataloging Tools Related to the 2002 Revision of AACR2

The Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) is working to make tools available to catalogers of electronic serials and integrating resources. These resources are being developed to help catalogers understand and implement the 2002 revision of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d ed. (AACR2), related Library of Congress Rule Interpretations, and new MARC 21 coding. This column focuses on the revision plans for documentation of the program components of the PCC and new workshops from the Serials Cataloging Cooperative Training Program. Serials Review 2003; 29:40–42.

E-serial Titles That Disappear

CONSER (Cooperative Online Serials Program) members are currently dealing with the problem of how to catalog electronic journals that over time do not retain their titles on earlier issues. The dilemma for catalogers is whether to use the successive entry rules of AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloging Rules) for serials or to apply the latest entry approach used for integrating resources. CONSER members are currently working on a discussion paper that will weigh the pros and cons of successive and latest entry to be presented at the CONSER Operations Committee meeting in May 2002. Discussion of the issues will provide the background for a Library of Congress Rule Interpretation. Serials Review 2002; 28:222–224.

E-serial Titles That Disappear

CONSER (Cooperative Online Serials Program) members are currently dealing with the problem of how to catalog electronic journals that over time do not retain their titles on earlier issues. The dilemma for catalogers is whether to use the successive entry rules of AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloging Rules) for serials or to apply the latest entry approach used for integrating resources. CONSER members are currently working on a discussion paper that will weigh the pros and cons of successive and latest entry to be presented at the CONSER Operations Committee meeting in May 2002. Discussion of the issues will provide the background for a Library of Congress Rule Interpretation. Serials Review 2002; 28:222–224.

Works and Digital Resources in the Catalog: Electronic Versions of Book of Urizen, The Kelmscott Chaucer and Robinson Crusoe

SUMMARY The author addresses issues regarding the cataloging of digital manifestations of works. The problem of how to catalog digitized rare books and electronic texts to facilitate access to works while distinguishing editions is discussed. Using digital versions of Blake's Book of Urizen, The Kelmscott Chaucer and Robinson Crusoe as examples, the article focuses on the way current cataloging aids or hinders access to works. Specific problems include: the non-uniform use of uniform titles; varying application of the Library of Congress Rule Interpretation (1.11A) concerning electronic reproductions; and the lack of analysis at the work level in digital projects.

Explaining the Role of Restrictive Rules in the Postreform House

Abstract Four competing explanations have emerged regarding restrictive rules in Congress. Informational theory claims that rules reduce information costs and facilitate committee specialization. The distributional perspective suggests that rules enforce legislative bargains and help members achieve gains‐from‐trade. Another claim is that rules increase the Rules Committee's independent influence over policy. Lastly, partisan theory asserts that rules are used to increase the majority party's influence over policy.Abstract This analysis tests these claims during the 97th, 98th, 104th, and 105th Congresses. The findings demonstrate that theoretical constructs developed in earlier analyses of special rules are not robust over time and across legislative contexts. The results refute majoritarian assertions that rules are used as informational devices. Similarly, little evidence supports the claim that Rules Committee preferences independently affect rule assignment. Instead, a partisan principal‐agent framework emerges as the most useful construct to explain procedural choice in the postreform House.

Serials Cataloging, 1991-1996

Summary The published literature specific to serials cataloging for 1991-1996 and the work of the ALA ALCTS Serials Section's Committee to Study Serials Cataloging were reviewed to identify trends and developments. The cataloging of electronic journals emerged as a new topic during this period. A major examination of the Library of Congress rule interpretations, undertaken for the purposes of greater clarity and cataloging simplification, brought improvements to the LCRIs for serials. The CONSER Cataloging Manual was published, providing serials catalogers with a new and very important resource. The merger of CONSER with the newly established Program for Cooperative Cataloging was announced. Format integration advanced, with a combined volume replacing the several format-specific volumes. Diverse topics were explored in the literature.

Labor is prior to capital

In those words to the U.S. Congress in 1861, Abraham Lincoln summed up the common sense of American populism. The failures of that populism are quite well known: the Constitution was not founded on an equal vote for all citizens, nor were women and slaves truly counted as persons among The People. Popular movements for social change, including labor unionism, have often been riven by racism and prejudice. But Lincoln's moral and political perspective remains far ahead of the bipartisan barbarism that rules in Congress at the end of the 20th century.

Revisions to Library of Congress Rule Interpretations for Serials and Series

A systematic review of the LCRIs for serials and series revealed not only a need for a number of changes, but also the fact that many of the LCRIs themselves are very much needed. Significant changes of policy are explained along with background on the original LCRl and the reason for the change. Also explained are more general changes in the LCRIs themselves including heir format. Anticipated benefits of the revision are also addressed.