Rule Statement Research Articles

RATIONAL CONTROL BY TEMPERATURE IN VORTEX ENERGY SEPARATOR UNDER DESTABILIZING EFFECTS

The focus of this study is the arrangement of a rational control technique used to maintain the airflow temperature in a vortex energy separator (VES) under destabilizing effects. The objectives include the development of tools for the rational control of temperature in the cold and hot air flows of a VES. Methods used: Discrete state space, production rule statement, resolution of two-valued predicate equations, dichotomous trees, diagnosis, and recovery of dynamic objects. Problems settled: the studied features of the vortex energy separation process, architecture, and operation links of the rational control system were considered, mathematical models were deduced, and tools for diagnosing and recovering the efficiency of the vortex energy separator as a rational control object were developed. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the formation of instrumental tools to provide rational control of the airflow condition in the VES, where the control object is subjected to the substantial influence of various destabilizing effects.

The Semantic of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules: An Automatic Generation From Textual Statements

In the early phases of the software development process, specifications are mostly written in a natural language rather than formal models, which is not supported by the Model Driven Architecture (MDA). For this reason, the Semantic of Business Vocabulary and Rules (SBVR) is proposed by the Object Management Group to represent the textual specifications in a language comprehensible by both of humans and machines, to facilitate its integration in the MDA lifecycle. However, businesspeople are usually not familiar with SBVR standard. In this paper we present an approach to automatically transform textual business rules to an SBVR model, to facilitate its integration in nowadays information technology infrastructures. Our approach is distinguished from existing works in that it uses an in-depth Natural Language Processing to extract a more comprehensible SBVR model that includes the semantic formulation of each business rule statement, coupled with a Terminological Dictionary of extracted concepts, to which we have added further specifications such as definitions and synonyms. The evaluation of our approach shows that for three sets of business rules statements taken from different domains, we could generate the correct meaning with an average of F1-score exceeding 87%.

Functional analysis of maladaptive behaviors: Rule as a transitive conditioned motivating operation

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of a staff-delivered rule on the occurrence of challenging behavior (stereotypic touching) of an adult with severe intellectual disabilities. Four experimental functional analysis conditions were developed: (a) attention, (b) rule+attention, (c) rule only, and (d) control. Results showed that the percentage of intervals in which stereotypic touching responses (STR) occurred was greater within the experimental condition where a rule statement was embedded with contingent attention. Results are discussed in light of the plasticity of functional analysis technology to allow for stimulus variation within the typical social attention condition, and the suggestion that the rule statement, in this study, may function as a Transitive Conditioned Establishing Operation (CEO-T), asserting that the provision of attention is more valued in the presence of the stated rule.

Hearsay Rule and Prior Inconsistent Statement

Hearsay Rule and Prior Inconsistent Statement

Delayed rule following

Although the elements of a fully stated rule (discriminative stimulus [S(D)], some behavior, and a consequence) can occur nearly contemporaneously with the statement of the rule, there is often a delay between the rule statement and the S(D). The effects of this delay on rule following have not been studied in behavior analysis, but they have been investigated in rule-like settings in the areas of prospective memory (remembering to do something in the future) and goal pursuit. Discriminative events for some behavior can be event based (a specific setting stimulus) or time based. The latter are more demanding with respect to intention following and show age-related deficits. Studies suggest that the specificity with which the components of a rule (termed intention) are stated has a substantial effect on intention following, with more detailed specifications increasing following. Reminders of an intention, too, are most effective when they refer specifically to both the behavior and its occasion. Covert review and written notes are two effective strategies for remembering everyday intentions, but people who use notes appear not to be able to switch quickly to covert review. By focusing on aspects of the setting and rule structure, research on prospective memory and goal pursuit expands the agenda for a more complete explanation of rule effects.

Expressing business rules

Business rules are formal statements about the data and processes of an enterprise. My overall approach to business rules is described in [1, 2]. Here, I will briefly discuss things we have learned about the expression of business rules in the last several years. This will shed light on where we stand in understanding business rules today. First, it is clearly important to separate analysis-level expression of business rules from their design-level expression. Most of what I will say here is aimed toward the design level, but let me start with the analysis level. Effective expression of business rules at the analysis level requires formative guidelines or Business Rule Statement Templates. Such language templates are now offered commercially (by my company and others). Think of these language templates as text or sentence patterns, to ensure higher clarity and consistency. These templates are important for making the business rule approach practical. At the design level, how business rules are expressed to users must be cleanly separated from how they are represented inside the system. What is good for one is not good for the other.

The KTH speech database

In current speech research, there is a need for large databases to be able to test production and perception models at different linguistic levels. There are considerable problems in administering databases, both to label the speech and to easily access stored material. In order to alleviate some of the problems we have created a speech analysis system. Speech data are stored in sentence-sized files. These files are segmented and transcribed semi-automatically given a phonetic transcription of the utterance. This transcription is generated by the letter-to-sound rules of our text-to-speech system. The emphasis on the database is the use for acoustic-phonetic research rather than the use in e.g. evaluation of speech recognizers. This makes demands on flexible and linguistically specified retrieval patterns. Our unorthodox solution to this is to use the synthesis rule structure, similar to the notation used in generative phonology, for accessing the data. By a brief rule statement, speech segments meeting the specified contextual conditions can be identified. Durational data can be collected directly during the database search. Spectral analysis programs operating with a variety of spectral representations have also been created that display the result, typically as a mean/standard deviation spectrum or as a contour histogram spectrum.

Rule‐controlled data base search

In current acoustic‐phonetic research, there is a need for huge speech data bases. There are considerable problems in administering such data bases, both to transcribe and segment the speech and to easily access stored material. We have created a speech analysis system to attempt to alleviate these problems. Speech data are stored in sentence‐sized files. These files are segmented and transcribed semiautomatically [M. Blomberg and K. Elenius, STL/QPSR 1/(1985)] given a phonetic transcription of the utterance. This transcription is generated by the text‐to‐phonetic component of our synthesis by rule system [R. Carlson and B. Granstrom, IEEE‐ICASSP (1976)]. The same rule structure, similar to the notation used in generative phonology, is used for accessing the data. By a brief rule statement, speech segments meeting the specified contextual conditions can be identified. Durational data can be collected directly during the data base search. Spectral analysis programs, operating with a variety of spectral representations [R. Carlson and B. Granstrom, Eds., The Representation of Speech in the Peripheral Auditory System (Elsevier/North Holland)] have also been created that display the result, typically as a mean/ s.d. spectrum or contour histogram spectrum.

Comparisons of Sample Stimuli in Delayed Symbolic Matching-to-Sample: Some Results and Implications

The relationship between properties of sample stimuli and matching accuracy was examined in four delayed symbolic matching-to-sample problems with pigeons. A peck on the center key of a three-key chamber presented one of two samples. Following one sample a response on the red side key was correct, and following the other sample a response on the green key was correct. In the first problem the temporal properties of a stimulus served as a sample. The correct side key response depended upon whether a yellow sample was “short” (.5 sec) or “long” (4 sec). The second problem compared food and blackout samples, and the third problem compared color and form samples. The fourth problem combined stimulus type and duration by examining.3- and 3-sec color and form samples. The main results were that (a) these sample stimuli produced retention curves that resembled those reported in previous research, and (b) no differences in matching accuracy were observed between.5 and 4-sec stimulus-duration samples, food and blackout, and color and form samples. These data can best be described by the rule statement “If sample A is presented, then peck one side key” and “If sample A is not presented, then peck the other side key.” This analysis suggests that some matching problems may be solved by considering the presence and absence of only one of the two sample types, and that the characteristics of the other sample become irrelevant.

Structuring Bureaucratic Rules to Enhance Compliance

To test the hypothesis that certain structural characteristics of bureaucratic rules affect their ability to control participants' behavior, two experiments were conducted to measure compliance with rules of different structural types. In both experiments the rule types were the simple rule statement, statement plus designation of an enforcing agent, plus sanctions for compliance, plus sanctions for enforcement. In the first experiment faculty and administrators reported the probability of compliance expected for university rules appearing in the different statement types. The second experiment measured the frequency of compliance with a rule governing participation in small group discussions when the rule was structured in the different ways. In both experiments the probability of compliance was increased when the rule designated an enforcing agent and specified sanctions for compliance and sanctions for enforcement. The results of the two experiments converge on the interpretation that bureaucratic rules can be structured to ensure compliance at levels over and above that which would be expected on the basis of the social and psychological commitment of participants in a group or organization.

Effects of Black or White Adult Modeling with Rule Structure on Adopting a Standard for Self-Control in Black Boys

AbstractThe effects of modeling, modeling with rule structure, and race of model on adopting standards for self-control were measured by exposing black boys to a black or a white adult male model who consistently chose a self-control response as a reaction to an intentional act of transgression combined with either a rule statement (rule-structure group) or a summary of the story (no-rule-structure group). Subjects in a control group were not exposed to a model. Treatment consisted of exposure to modeling procedures and testing over a three-week period. Results indicated that modeling is an effective means of modifying verbal responses in black boys (p .05). A significant interaction of race of model with repeated sessions indicated that from baseline to treatment sessions, black boys exposed to a black model increased in the number of self-control responses to a greater degree than did black boys exposed to a white model ip .05). There were no significant differences between the self-control scores and r...

Rule-governed imitative verbal behavior as a function of modeling procedures

The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of modelling procedures alone and modeling procedures complemented by the appropriate rule statement on the production of plurals. Twenty normal and 20 retarded children were randomly assigned to one of two learning conditions and to either affective or informative social reinforcement. It was necessary for the child to generate and use a rule in the production of his respones since he was unable to directly copy the model's verbal behavior. Normal and retarded children emitted more plurals during the experimental phase when observing a model who complemented his responses by the underlying rule.