Rule In Korea Research Articles

일제 강점기 한국 초기 재즈에 관한 연구 - 1927년부터 1940년 사이 신문·잡지의 텍스트를 중심으로

This study examines how jazz, first introduced to Korea in the 1920s, was received until it faced interruption by the music prohibition decree of 1940 during the Japanese colonial era. This study collected newspaper and magazine texts between 1927 and 1940. The texts were then sorted into three categories and examined based on previous studies regarding the amount of jazz record release: period of formation, development, and decay. During the formation period, “Korean Jazz Band” was notably active, which was also known as the very first jazz band in Korea. During the development period, various jazz bands were produced by record companies and they actively performed live. Lastly, during the decay period, jazz-related texts rapidly disappeared from the media due to the music prohibition decree. Although the characteristics of these three periods are less explicitly distinguished due to a brief prevalence of jazz at the time and limited available data, this study is significant in that it examines the chronology of jazz during the time of Japanese colonial rule in Korea.

Collective turnover and firm performance: the joint effects of working time-reducing human resource practices and human capital flow and composition under the 52-hour rule in South Korea

ABSTRACT This study examines whether the effect of collective turnover can be contingent upon working-time reducing human resource (HR) practices and human capital flow and composition (i.e. the hiring ratio of newcomers and the ratio of contingent workers) in the context of the 52-hour rule in South Korea (hereafter Korea). As the Korean government shifts from a 68-hour workweek to a 52-hour workweek system, firms are implementing various working-time reducing HR practices, potentially affecting collective turnover and human capital. Analysing 273 Korean firms, we find that higher collective turnover relates to lower firm performance, especially with increased working-time HR practices. However, employing more contingent workers mitigates this negative impact. Our study contributes to the literature on collective turnover and strategic human resource management by suggesting that working time-reducing HR practices should be carefully utilized in the context of the 52-hour rule in Korea.

How is the path produced and sustained? Path-dependent college education expansion and underlying liberal rule in Korea

Abstract The conventional policy analyses with a path-dependent framework are featured by sequential causation composed of analytically two distinct phases: path production that occurs through a significant policy change at critical junctures and the subsequent path reproduction. This paper explores one policy area where the two-phase framework falls short in explaining path-making and maintenance – college education expansion in Korea. We argue that the shortcomings of the two-phase model can potentially be overcome by incorporating the underlying rule of the countries into the model. We identify the underlying rule relying on Esping-Andersen’s welfare regimes to highlight the political underpinnings of the countries. We show that the underlying liberal rule is a fundamental causal force behind the production and reproduction of college education expansion in Korea, using qualitative comparative analysis. Our framework based on the underlying rule provides a richer understanding of path dependency.

Untangling the Security-Development Nexus of the US Military Camptowns in South Korea

ABSTRACT This study unravels how discourses and practices on national security and economic development were intertwined at different scales via the US military camptowns in South Korea. While the camptowns have been generally perceived as problematic spaces in socio-economic or ethical terms, memories of camptown residents tell a different and more nuanced story. Yongjugol in Paju, once the largest camptown in Korea, demonstrates how the dynamic nexus between security and development has been constructed and shifted through various spatial scales and how this effectively served to legitimise the exploitation of military prostitutes. However, it also notes that underlining these women’s contributions to national security and economic development leads to unwittingly legitimising the US’s imperial rule in Korea. In this regard, we argue that unravelling the inter-scalar dynamics of the security-development nexus in camptowns helps us de-fantasise the empire’s operation in Korea.

김중건의 사회개혁사상에 보이는 도가철학의 문제

Kim Jung-Geon (1889-1933), one of the Korean independence activists during the period of Japanese colonial rule in Korea, developed a social reform theory with his own ideology called “Wonjong (元宗)”. Wonjong was his compilation of philosophical ideologies of all ages and countries, mainly consisting of two thoughts: Geukwon (極元) and Daegonghwa Muguk (大共和無國, anarchic- republicanism) - the former refers to his cosmological worldview, and the latter is a social reform ideology. In particular, the concept of “Muguk (無國, no country)” has a key role in his ideology and is closely related to a conception of the ideal society in Taoism. In this context, we herein reviewed on distinguishable features of his “Muguk-ism (anarchism)” from the Taoism and thus obtained the following conclusions. First, the thought of Kim Jung-Geon took clear inspiration from Zhuangzi. Second, instead of merely accepting or referring to Taoist thought, he sharply criticized inherent fatalistic and passive attitudes in Taoism and built up active and practical ideology by himself. Third, as he developed the social reform ideology to save the people against the Japanese invasion in the late Joseon Dynasty, he rejected Wuwei (無為, inaction), the core concept of Taoism, but accepted Yuwei (有爲, action) to promote social reform in the real world. He did not remain as a hermit or view the world in the ideological context of Taoist philosophy; he defected to Manchuria and lead the resistance movements to achieve his ideal society and to free Korea from the Japanese military and political rule. It is concluded that Kim Jung-Geon is a very rare and creative thinker across East Asia at the time, who critically made a compilation of philosophical ideologies of all ages and countries in critical viewing and applied to the real world to establish a practical methodology. His Taoism-based social reform ideology was not limited to the Japanese rule; it is sufficiently convincing even today in light of views that point out the crisis of civilization and the need for new social reform theory in this highly industrialized modern society. Furthermore, the further studies are also needed on his position in the history of Korean Philosophy as a philosopher at the beginning of the introduction of Western philosophy.

The formation of policy on Hansen’s disease in Korea, and the history of patients’ self-expression

ABSTRACT Previous studies of Hansen’s disease policy in Korea and the lives of patients with the disease have mainly focused on the history of suffering, dealing with the double discrimination the patients suffered in the colony under Japanese colonial rule. As such, there has been a lack of studies on how the voices of leprosy patients in Korea have engaged in society. The fact that leprosy patients have long been the victims of discrimination and exclusion remains unchanged. But they have struggled for survival by internalizing the norms of socially constructed elimination, even before the policy of Japanese imperialists on Hansen’s disease was launched. In the modern era, Hansen’s disease patients cooperated more actively with influential non-patients and campaigned through various media for policies that would support their survival and the establishment of facilities. These demands were not fulfilled during the Japanese occupation of Korea, because the Japanese rulers turned it into a means to justify their colonial administration. Only after liberation from Japan was the framework of the policy on Hansen’s disease established in Korea. Today, Hansen’s disease policy is shifting from disease control to a cultural project. This study explores the history of self-expression of patients with Hansen’s disease in Korea through an examination of the activities of the patients before the modern era, the activities of patient organizations during the Japanese colonial rule of Korea, and Korea’s policy on the disease after independence from Japan.

Becoming Korean: Japanese wives in the boundary formation of a leftist zainichi community

ABSTRACT Korean–Japanese marriages were common during and after Japan’s imperial rule of Korea. Following the Japanese Empire’s demise, however, Japanese wives in Korean families faced new political dynamics and their ethnic belonging became an issue. This article introduces the experiences of some Japanese women who married leftist zainichi Korean men in the 1950s and 1960s, obtained through interviews and published memoirs. Their self-identification exclusively as members of the zainichi Korean community – or their experiences of “becoming Korean,” despite facing oppression in both the Korean community and Japanese society reflect the specific historical moment of Korean decolonization in post-imperial Japan. Their stories attest that Koreans’ efforts toward decolonization led to the establishment of an autonomous ethnic sphere and a new center of moral authority among zainichi Koreans. These women stood at the boundary between Korean and Japanese social spheres, which developed based on the malleability in women’s senses of ethnic and national belonging. Recovering their experiences can help us integrate post-imperial tensions and decolonization into the history of postwar Japanese society.

Case Report on Flood Disasters in 20th-Century Korea: Focusing on the Dongjin-River and Imjin-River Basins

(1) In the East Asian region, the monsoon season characterized by a long rainy spell (jangma 장마 in Korean; baiu 梅雨 in Japanese) from early summer, and followed by typhoon 颱風 (taepung in Korean; taifū in Japanese) has caused tremendous disasters. (2) In the same way as Japan and China, Korea has also suffered from recurring floods caused by a concentration of rainfall and flood inundation during the summer seasons. Remarkably, recent floods have tended to become more severe and long-term due to recent global climate changes. (3) Historically, flood disasters on the Korean Peninsula occurring principally around the lower reaches of the great rivers have frequented the richest rice cultivation areas (Honam Plain 湖南平野) of the southern part as well as the inland area of the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. (4) This study examines the first case of the lower Dongjin-river basin as an endemic flood area in the center of Honam Plain, and the second case of the Imjin & Hant’anriver basins in the middle of the Korean Peninsula. While the first case area has been affected by intensive agricultural and water-control projects since the early Japanese colonial rule in Korea, the second case area has remained a backwater region of dryfield agriculture, long isolated from local development projects. (5) This study aims to explain the vicious cycle of local development and natural disasters in the context of the growing population (urbanization) in the twentieth century through the cases culled from Korea.

Associations Between Compliance With Non-pharmaceutical Interventions and Social-distancing Policies in Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives:This study explored changes in individuals’ behavior in response to social distancing (SD) levels and the “no gatherings of more than 5 people” (NGM5) rule in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Methods:Using survey data from the COVID-19 Behavior Tracker, exploratory factor analysis extracted 3 preventive factors: maintenance of personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. Each factor was used as a dependent variable. The chi-square test was used to compare differences in distributions between categorical variables, while binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with high compliance with measures to prevent transmission.Results:In men, all 3 factors were significantly associated with lower compliance. Younger age groups were associated with lower compliance with maintenance of personal hygiene and avoiding meeting people. Employment status was significantly associated with avoiding going out and avoiding meeting people. Residence in the capital area was significantly associated with higher compliance with personal hygiene and avoiding venturing out. Increasing SD levels were associated with personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. The NGM5 policy was not significantly associated with compliance.Conclusions:SD levels, gender, age, employment status, and region had explanatory power for compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Strengthening social campaigns to inspire voluntary compliance with NPIs, especially focused on men, younger people, full-time workers, and residents of the capital area is recommended. Simultaneously, efforts need to be made to segment SD measures into substrategies with detailed guidance at each level.

International Impact of Colonial Rule in Korea, 1910-1945. Edited by Yong-Chool Ha

International Impact of Colonial Rule in Korea, 1910-1945. Edited by Yong-Chool Ha

A Historical- Structural Approach to ESL Ideology in Korea

Based on the socio-historical dynamics of English ideologies that percolated into Korean society, this paper explored the significant aspects of ESL ideology in the Korean context. Despite the generally accepted EFL context in Korea, the country is situated at the intersection between two categories: ESL from a perspective of English ideologies and EFL from a perspective of societal context. As a proto-ideology of English, ESL ideology, which dates back to the United States Military rule in Korea, was further theoretically developed by the Peabody/Korean team, and its implementation was attempted by the Peace Corps. Although activating ESL has failed in Korean society, its ideology per se remains unchanged, (re)generating other English ideologies including Spoken English First, Ten-year English Fiasco, and Earlier the Better English Education ideologies. This study found that the discrepancy between ESL as the ideological domain and EFL as the practical domain has brought about some confusion in English education policy and practices.

일제하 기독교계 학교의 항일민족주의 기원과 형성: 선교사 오리엔탈리즘의 근대주의적 전유와 변용

The study aims to examine the relevance of anti-Japanese nationalism in mission schools to missionary orientalism in the early stage of the Japanese colonial rule in Korea. It pays particular attention to Western orientalism invented by American missionaries to Korea in tracing an origin and formation of anti-Japanese nationalism by mission school students. The missionary orientalism as a Western epistemological framework was appropriated and transformed in educational sphere by a Korean reformist group seeking Western reformism who was inclined to be pro-American and interested in renovating old feudalism in traditional Korea. The missionaries’ education, policies, rules, and practices in the mission field were expected to motivate Korean students to produce not only a Christian human type but also a modernized human type which contributes to build their independent modern nation. In the colonial era, mission-educated Koreans began to recognize inherent contradictions of Japanese colonialism in light of their self-reliance and liberation education and to set the stage for resistance movements for national sovereignty. This article deals with three points. First, it clarifies the concept and nature of missionary orientalism and discusses the backgrounds of converting missionary orientalism to modernistic framework. Considering the conditions in which reform-minded Korean intellectuals encounter the missionary perceptions of the Orient, it explores how they attempted to accept and transform them. Second, the research examines how educational phenomena in mission schools provided a channel to interconnect premodern Korean situations with the Western modernity. It discusses characteristics of the modernity in the perspectives of self-reliance and liberating knowledge. Last, the paper looks at the historical development that Japanese colonial orientalism after the 1910 Japan-Korea Annexation was infiltrated in Korean education with an intention of creating a subordinate human type and investigates the missionaries’ responses on and conflicts with Japanese colonialists’ educational regulations and practices. Particularly, it discloses an orientalistic complicity between Japanese authorities and missionaries by comprehending the two powers’ delicate stances on the outbreak of the 1919 March First Movement in which mission-educated Koreans were involved.

Japan’s Education Policies in Korea in the 1910s: “Thankful and Obedient”

Abstract In the 1910s, Japanese colonial officials worked to legitimize their recently acquired rule of Korea by providing public elementary education, gradually expanding from an initially limited offering. Their public schools existed in tension with Korean-run private schools, which the Japanese barely tolerated. There was also a tension within the Japanese camp over the proper curriculum for the public elementary schools. The Korean Education Ordinance of August 1911 was a compromise between Japanese officials in Korea, who generally favored a gradual approach to colonial rule, and Japanese educators and officials in Japan, who generally were optimistic about Japan’s ability to assimilate the Koreans through education. This article expands our understanding of the process of drafting the ordinance. It examines the Japanese “national language” and “Korean and literary Sinitic” textbooks published during the 1910s, and finds that the compromise resulted in messages of thankfulness and obedience, stressing Japanese superiority and Korean backwardness. Finally, it reviews the Japanese attempts to control Korean-run private schools. This article explicates the creation and implementation of colonial education policy by examining internal and external documents published by the Government-General of Korea and its employees, the textbooks the government published, and Japanese education journals.

The Korean Evangelical Holiness Church and Japan’s Colonial Rule of Korea in the Era of the Late Japanese Colonialism

The Korean Evangelical Holiness Church and Japan’s Colonial Rule of Korea in the Era of the Late Japanese Colonialism

Relationship between Hearsay Rule and Trial by Jury in US Evidentiary Rules- Management and Improvement of Hearsay Rule in Korea’s Citizen Participation Trials -

Relationship between Hearsay Rule and Trial by Jury in US Evidentiary Rules- Management and Improvement of Hearsay Rule in Korea’s Citizen Participation Trials -

Military Rule in South Korea Revisited: Different Survival Strategies and Different Pathways

This paper revisits the military rule in Korea by paying attention, like Korean specialists, to the disconnection in dictatorship but like comparativists, using the tools in comparative studies of modern authoritarian regimes. This paper argues that the differences in the military leaders’ orientations (personalist vs. party-based type) and survival strategies to deal with potential threat sources (key insiders, political opponents, and economic elites) entailed different regime pathways. Examining (a) how to form a ruling group in terms of unity (competing factions vs. a single dominant faction), (b) how to control the legislative branch (directly controlled organization vs. opposition parties indirectly supported by the government), and (c) how to manage capital owners (tight constraints vs. financial liberalization with occasional punishments), this paper provides an explanation as to why only the second military regime was able to open the door to democratization instead of giving way to authoritarian replacement in Korea.

Introduction

Introduction Satoshi Mizutani (bio) This special issue of Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review examines the history of Japanese colonialism by exploring terrain that extends beyond the conventional territories of East Asian studies. The themes discussed in the issue's four articles include the nature of the colonial protectorate in the British and French empires, linguistic and education policies in the German Empire, French colonialism in Indochina during the Second World War, and the anti-British activities of Indian nationalists in exile. For an academic journal devoted to the study of the history and culture of East Asia, this is a rather unorthodox mix.1 The reader might easily expect this issue to be a collective comparative study of Japanese colonialism, identifying its distinctive traits by comparing it with its British, French, and German counterparts. However, this issue is not just another collection of comparative research.2 On the contrary, as the issue's title suggests, it aims to show why the very idea of comparing needs to be transcended. The question of comparison inevitably presents itself whenever we discuss more than one empire. The tide of globalization has affected academia, and we know that the historical study of colonialism cannot remain in the safety zone of one's own field of research narrowly defined. But many of us are also aware of how the comparative study of empires and colonialisms can be not only technically difficult but also ethically and politically problematic. Breaking from the conventional comparative study of colonialism but without escaping into the safety of area studies, we venture to suggest a new [End Page 427] way for specialists in colonial history to treat the Japanese and other colonial empires at once, rather than first studying them separately and giving them comparative treatment at a later stage. As a step in this direction, we propose historicizing the very act of comparing, rather than utilizing comparison as a historiographical method. Our focus is on the contemporary connections and interactions among and across different empires and their colonies and on how the various historical actors involved have made use of comparison. All of the articles in this issue tackle the history of Japanese colonialism from these historiographical premises. My own article, "Transimperial Genealogies of Korea as a Protectorate: The Egypt Model in Japan's Politics of Colonial Comparison," is not a piece of comparative history: in introducing the theme of British rule in Egypt, the article does not seek to characterize Japanese rule in Korea by comparing it with the British rule. Rather, the article shows how Japanese policymakers and intellectuals involved in the making of a protectorate in Korea used comparison with Egypt for their own purposes. Through analyzing relevant first-hand materials, the article not only describes the scope and limits of British rule in Egypt as a model but also aims to reveal the complex motives and agendas of those Japanese involved in the comparative debate. Nishiyama Akiyoshi's article, "School Politics in the Borderlands and Colonies of Imperial Germany: A Japanese Colonial Perspective, ca. 1900–1925," concerns both Japan and Germany as new imperial nations, focusing particularly on language education as a contested site of colonial governance. Again, this article is not a comparative study. Rather, by closely reading relevant primary sources, including administrative reports of the Governor-General's offices in Korea and Taiwan, Nishiyama shows how a host of Japanese administrators, educators, and linguists took a serious interest in educational developments in the German Empire for the purpose of envisioning a suitable education policy for Japan's colonial subjects. The article demonstrates how these Japanese contemplated and assessed the German experience of educating the ethnic and linguistic minority subjects in the border regions of Prussian Poland and Alsace-Lorraine as well as in the overseas colonies. In her article, "French Colonization and Japanese Occupation of Indochina during the Second World War: Encounters of the French, Japanese, and Vietnamese," Namba Chizuru discusses both French colonialism and [End Page 428] Japanese military rule as they unfolded in colonial Indochina. Rather than describing these two regimes of imperial rule through a comparative lens, Namba engages in a detailed examination of historical materials with a...

Fictions of Liberation: A Paradoxical “Palimpsest of Colonial Identity” of Chŏng (Jeong)

Within Asian/American feminist theology, this article addresses specifically Korean/American feminist theological discourse of chŏng. I argue that by employing racialized signifiers such as han and chŏng, we are marginalizing ourselves. Such discursive identity markers of Korean/American feminist theologians have been constructed by utilizing colonialist historiography and methods that the Japanese first used in their efforts to justify colonial rule of Korea (1910–1945), thereby reproducing and reinforcing the racialized discourses of the colonial era. This author implores Asian/American pastoral theologians to engage in a more critical, complex analysis of power during the period of Japanese colonial rule (1910–1945). I argue for the importance of historiographical analysis as being central to understanding how Korean/American theological identity came to embrace the cultural signifiers it does. Our task, then, as critical feminist liberation theologians is to engage in ongoing critiques and analyses of patri-kyriarchal power in colonialism(s) and imperialism(s) in order to dismantle its structures and influences.

Perception of Church Space in Newspapers under the U.S Military Rule of Korea - Based on Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis

Perception of Church Space in Newspapers under the U.S Military Rule of Korea - Based on Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis

Janus-Faced Colonial Policy: Making Sense of the Contradictions in Japanese Administrative Rhetoric and Practice in Korea

Studies on Japan’s assimilation policies in Korea (1910-1945) frequently criticize the contradiction between the rhetoric of inclusiveness Japan used to describe its administration and the policy of discrimination it advanced in the colony. This paper argues this contradiction is characteristic of other administrations that the colonizers employed in territories contiguous with the colonial homeland, including the French in Algeria and the Germans in Alsace and Lorraine. It contrasts this peripheral expansion with the intensive assimilation efforts found in internal nationbuilding expansion, and the less intrusive external expansion where colonizers built social walls to separate colonizer from colonized. In Korea, evidence of this contradiction between rhetoric and practice appeared in various social, economic, and political areas. This paper emphasizes the contradiction found in the education system established by the government general, which offered Koreans elementary schooling of a lesser quality than that provided Japanese both in Japan and in Korea. Over the decades of colonial rule in Korea the Japanese proposed a number of reforms that promised to close the gap between colonizer and colonized education, and scheduled others that due to Japan’s defeat in the Asian Pacific wars never materialized. Thus it remains an open question as to whether Japan’s assimilation policies would have succeeded in closing the rhetoric-practice gap had the colonizers had more time. Japanese relations with other minority peoples, including Okinawans and Ainu, suggest that, while one factor, time alone might not have narrowed this gap to sufficiently assimilate Koreans, both those residing on the peninsula and in the colonial homeland.