Rule Compliance Research Articles

Corrupted Votes and Rule Compliance

Allegations of voter fraud accompany many real-world elections. How does electoral malpractice affect the acceptance of elected institutions? Using an online experiment in which participants distribute income according to majority-elected rules, we show that those who experience vote buying or voter disenfranchisement during the election are subsequently less likely to voluntarily comply with a rule. On average, the detrimental impact of electoral malpractice on compliance is of the same magnitude as removing the election altogether and imposing a rule exogenously. Our experiment shows how corrupting democratic processes impacts economic behavior and sheds light on factors that may underlie “rule legitimacy.” (JEL C90, D63, D72, D73, D83)

“I probably feel slightly more invincible”: The impact of technology that discloses enforcement locations on drivers’ behaviours

There is a plethora of technology currently available that have the ability to notify individuals of traffic enforcement locations while they are driving. This technology has the potential to undermine legal deterrent efforts for preventing risky driving behaviours. However, drivers’ experiences using this technology and the trajectories through which this might interfere with deterrence for road rule violations are largely unexplored areas. As such, the present study aimed to explore two research questions: 1) what type of technology is used and how is it used, and 2) how does drivers’ use of this technology influence deterrence for road rule violations. In total, 58 Queensland licenced drivers who use technology that informs them of legal enforcement while driving participated in focus groups. To consider differences in use between ages, the sessions were conducted in three different age groups: 17–25 years, 26–49 years, and 50+ years. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to the data, resulting in eight recognised themes. The findings highlighted that for most drivers, the primary purpose of using the technology was for navigation, while being notified of enforcement locations was a secondary purpose. In addition, the use of this technology encouraged road rule compliance for some yet was used as a strategy to avoid being caught for road rule violations for others. The findings have a number of practical and theoretical implications, demonstrating the complex interplay between technology used for enforcement notifications, its role in deterring road rule violations, and the principles of responsible innovation.

Informal, Legal, or Illegal? Varieties of Artisanal Mining in the Global South

abstract: Artisanal mining in the Global South increased during the 2002–14 commodity boom, yet variation in the informal status of miners remains understudied. The authors define the status of artisanal mining based on the degree of rule compliance and the willingness of state actors to enforce such compliance: it is legal when the miners have formal permits to operate and follow state rules to mine, but it is illegal when the mining takes places in restricted natural reserves and noncompliance with state mining rules is extensive. The article explains transitions in the informal status of artisanal miners by examining the importance of mining to the local economy and the organizational asymmetries within the sector—that is, the differences in the associative strength of artisanal mining within a region. Where artisanal mining is central to the local economy, low asymmetries help miners transition to legality while high asymmetries, by contrast, push them toward illegality and criminality. The authors process trace these transitions in Peru’s most important gold-producing regions. The findings have broad implications for other small-scale producers and merchants whose activities are also known for widespread informality.

Slack resources, state rules, and local stability: evidence from New York school districts

ABSTRACT State-imposed rules often define an allowable level of local slack resources, presuming that states can guide towards an appropriate level. Some local governments, however, may circumvent rules, seeking to determine slack resources locally. These contrasting views remain underexplored in existing research. Using New York State’s school districts, we bridge this gap by examining the effect of slack resources on fiscal stability, taking districts’ rule compliance into consideration. Through the Heckman two-stage procedure, we find that compliant districts use slack resources counter-cyclically, while non-compliant ones do not. The results suggest that state guidance could bolster the slack resource-local stability link.

Delinquency During Puberty as a Biosocial Behavior: Time-Varying Effects of Social Contexts on Girls’ Delinquency in South Korea

Using Time-Varying Effect Model (TVEM) to analyze five waves of nationally representative South Korean panel data, from Grades 8 to 12, this study investigates how the effects of delinquent peers, parental care, and compliance with school rules on delinquency likelihood change across adolescence for girls with early versus late pubertal timing. The results reveal complex nonlinear trajectories that differ by puberty group: delinquent peer influence becomes more pronounced for late maturers after Grade 10, parental care consistently suppresses delinquency only for early maturers, and school rule compliance relates negatively to delinquency in late maturers but positively in early maturers. The findings challenge the partial application of the maturity gap hypothesis to early maturers only, highlighting how both early and late maturers experience strain from off-time development but negotiate it differently through shifting interactions with key social contexts over adolescence.

Subjective assessment of traffic rules compliance in Bulgaria: Role of personality and driving style

It is generally accepted that driving is safer when the rules are obeyed. Therefore, the pursuit of greater compliance with traffic rules is often seen as an intermediate goal in ensuring road safety. The article presents two studies that aim to investigate the subjective assessment of traffic rules compliance and the role of personality and behavioural factors such as anxiety, sensation seeking, driving anger, aggressive driving, and risky driving (Study 1; N=1433) on the one hand, and driving style (Study 2; N=456) on the other hand. The studies also examine the differences in traffic rules compliance by age, sex, driving experience, and negative driving outcomes such as registered violations, driving licence suspensions, and involvement traffic accidents. Self-report methods are used to assess personality factors, driving style, traffic rules compliance, and negative driving outcomes. The results show a generally positive assessment of compliance with traffic rules among the participants, with the majority reporting compliance in their daily driving behaviour. Study 1 indicates that all personality factors investigated are significant predictors of traffic rules compliance. Study 2 demonstrates that the risky style, the irrational style, the distress-reduction style, and the patient and careful style are significant predictors of traffic rule compliance. Demographic differences are also observed, with women being significantly more likely than men to perceive themselves as compliant drivers. In terms of negative driving outcomes, both studies demonstrate that individuals with a record of driving violations in the last three years, a suspended driving licence, and involvement in a traffic accident are significantly less likely to rate themselves as compliant. The results can contribute to the development of prevention programmes and road safety strategies to promote safer driving behaviour.

Visitor safety and security compliance as a key component of event planning and implementation? Findings from a German research project on COVID-19

Introduction: Event Safety and Security Production (ESSP) typically involves event organizers, private security firms, authorities, police, fire brigades, and others. Their joint responsibility is to ensure safety, decide on measures, communicate them, and enforce them when necessary. Effective ESSP relies on visitor cooperation and rule compliance. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of rule compliance in event safety and security. With the event industry’s standstill and subsequent reopening under strict conditions, organizers had to implement comprehensive safety and hygiene measures. Studies on crowd compliance under pandemic conditions identified influencing factors. These include perceived threats, sociodemographic characteristics, group behavior, trust in institutions, etc..Methods: Little research focuses on actively promoting rule compliance. Therefore, this paper addresses three research questions (RQ): (1) To what extent does the compliance of visitor safety measures play a role in the planning and implementation of events? (2) To what extent have visitor safety measures been complied with at events during the pandemic and did that change throughout the pandemic? And finally (3) How can the compliance of measures for visitor safety explicitly be taken into account in event planning and implementation? Qualitative data from 11 expert interviews and quantitative data from a representative population survey (N = 10,239) from a German research project on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for the safe reopening of events during the pandemic are used to answer the first two questions (RQ1; RQ2). Results of the data triangulation point to recommendations for practical application (RQ3).Results and Discussion: Findings suggest a high level of compliance with COVID-19 measures among the survey respondents, with expert consensus on the need for active and communicative visitor involvement in the implementation and enforcement of visitor safety measures. These insights extend beyond pandemic-specific events to traditional security and safety measures in crowd management. For event practice, this indicates the importance of consistent, transparent, and engaging communication strategies starting well before the event, with the customer journey approach as a potential solution. Suitable approaches to visitor safety by event organizers should be implementable and enforceable; this is the key to ensuring that event communication in relation to ESSP is effective.

Vision-Based Construction Safety Monitoring Utilizing Temporal Analysis to Reduce False Alarms

Construction safety requires real-time monitoring due to its hazardous nature. Existing vision-based monitoring systems classify each frame to identify safe or unsafe scenes, often triggering false alarms due to object misdetection or false detection, which reduces the overall monitoring system’s performance. To overcome this problem, this research introduces a safety monitoring system that leverages a novel temporal-analysis-based algorithm to reduce false alarms. The proposed system comprises three main modules: object detection, rule compliance, and temporal analysis. The system employs a coordination correlation technique to verify personal protective equipment (PPE), even with partially visible workers, overcoming a common monitoring challenge on job sites. The temporal-analysis module is the key component that evaluates multiple frames within a time window, triggering alarms when the hazard threshold is exceeded, thus reducing false alarms. The experimental results demonstrate 95% accuracy and an F1-score in scene classification, with a notable 2.03% average decrease in false alarms during real-time monitoring across five test videos. This study advances knowledge in safety monitoring by introducing and validating a temporal-analysis-based algorithm. This approach not only improves the reliability of safety-rule-compliance checks but also addresses challenges of misdetection and false alarms, thereby enhancing safety management protocols in hazardous environments.

Establishing Leadership and Authority Skills for Future Officers

Abstract To be, to know, to do - express clearly and concisely the features characteristic of a leader. Military leadership skills are manifested through high principles, professionalism, moral integrity, the ability to lead people, discipline and rule compliance. The quality of applied leadership is influenced by the leader’s ability to acquire the power associated with the formal position and the way he uses it in the process of influencing the behavior of subordinates. Leadership is an issue that is intensively studied, because the style of the leader determines the effectiveness of any organisation. One of the reasons why current scientific concerns are focused on the study of the leadership development methods and on the selection of leaders who have the skills and abilities to successfully perform such functions. In this article we have used reference works of the literature to carry out a study on the manifestation of leadership skills and leadership abilities amongst military students. In military organizations, authority is perceived as a right, a power to command, to issue orders or to command subordinates to obey, but also as a prestige reflected by the respect of those around the military leader, highlighting him as a person who imposes himself through knowledge and behavior. Authority is often accepted in two ways: either through coercion and the exercise of power, or on the basis of belief and influence.

Examining Inflation Expectations within Asian Economies: Application of Wavelet Quantile Analysis towards Assessing Monetary Policy Credibility

The relevance of rational expectations has generated a renewed interest in assessing the accuracy of monetary policy declarations. Despite the enduring principles of the rational expectations theory, a remarkably dependable central bank can alleviate inflation by skillfully managing inflation expectations, thus avoiding adverse effects on employment. This paper explores the complex relationship between inflation expectations, target inflation rates, and the credibility of monetary policy, emphasizing the importance of rule compliance and transparent communication for establishing public confidence in central banks. While the estimation processes the study utilizes wavelet-based quantile regression by investigating data from 1990q1 to 2021q4, with variations across selected countries. The credibility index (CI) is employed to instrument the dependability of monetary policies. Nevertheless, the results of this study indicate that Policy credibility has a significant impact on inflation expectations in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, underscoring the importance of clear communication and institutional reforms. Different outcomes in India and considerable effects in Pakistan underscore the necessity of customized policy measures and communication strategies to address inflation and promote economic stability in South Asia.

Implementation of a Web-Based e-Discipline System at Madrasah Aliyah

Schools play a pivotal role in fostering good character; however, issues concerning student discipline persistently challenge this educational objective. Traditional methods, such as physical logbooks for recording disciplinary infractions, have proven inefficient and ineffective. In response, this study examines a newly implemented web-based application designed to manage and disseminate information regarding disciplinary violations. Employing a descriptive qualitative research methodology, this investigation explores the functionality and impact of the web-based disciplinary system. Preliminary findings indicate that the application utilizes a points-based system to monitor and regulate student behavior, categorizing infractions and accumulating points which may result in sanctions. Additionally, the study highlights efforts by educational institutions to promote rule compliance through comprehensive engagement strategies involving students, parents, and the wider community. These strategies include extensive rule socialization and targeted individual counseling for students demonstrating challenging behaviors. This approach not only streamlines the disciplinary process but also enhances the overall educational environment by reinforcing behavioral standards and accountability.

Short waits, happy patients and expert care, moving basic musculoskeletal care from the emergency department to a physiotherapist-led diversion pathway.

Patients with musculoskeletal conditions (MSKCs) are highly prevalent in ED. This project explores the impact of the pilot phase of a 'diversion pathway', which directed patients with MSKCs from the ED waiting room to an outpatient clinic led by advanced-scope physiotherapists. A prospective intervention study comparing care outcomes between patients in the 'diversion pathway' with usual ED care. The characteristics of patients considered eligible and non-eligible are described. Between May and December 2022, 1099 patients were diverted. For diverted patients, mean length of stay (LOS) in ED was reduced by 110 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 99-120) min and 4 h rule compliance improved by 19.3% compared to usual ED care. There were fewer patients who 'did not wait' (DNW) with the diversion pathway. The diverted group was young (median age 22 years and 41% paediatric), mostly low urgency, self-referred and arrived by private transport with minor limb trauma. The diversion pathway triage process appropriately identified 182 patients ineligible for diversion. 96.7% of patients reported satisfaction with care received from the diversion pathway. There was no change in ED representation rates for diverted patients. A new pathway resulted in reduced LOS, reduced DNW, high patient satisfaction and more people being discharged within 4 h for diverted patients compared to usual ED care. The pathway increased ED capacity, improved key ED performance metrics and safely expedited care delivery for patients.

PRORETA 5 – building blocks for automated urban driving enhancing city road safety

Abstract In the joint research project PRORETA 5, building blocks for automated driving in urban areas have been developed, implemented, and tested. The developed blocks involve an object tracking for cars, bicycles, and pedestrians that feeds a multimodal object prediction which is able to predict the traffic participants’ most likely trajectories. Then, an anytime tree-based planning algorithm calculates the vehicle’s desired path. Finally, logic-based safety functions ensure a collision-free trajectory for the ego vehicle. The mentioned building blocks were integrated and tested in a prototype vehicle in urban scenarios. Furthermore, a novel general framework for specifying and testing traffic rule compliance has been developed. In this paper, the automated driving concept of PRORETA 5 is introduced and the developed methods are briefly explained.

The role of ethical leadership in resilient corporations

This paper suggests that to ensure resilient and sustainable organisations, ethical leadership needs to go beyond strict rule compliance, using a four-pronged approach: 1. Collect and monitor broad indicators, quantitative and qualitative, that may signal an increase in ethical risks; 2. Create an open and safe dialogue culture where voicing risks and concerns is actively encouraged. 3. Develop a values-based corporate culture where duty of care, in its widest conception, guides policies and decision making by all members of the organisation. This implies actively supporting those who (i) show genuine concern and care for the organisation; (ii) care for one another and for their staff; (iii) care for stakeholders, including clients and those that may be negatively affected by its operations; 4. Create trust in this values-based culture by ensuring a gradual, people-centred response to inappropriate conduct, away from the traditional rules-based legalistic approach that has fuelled distrust in the system's ability to heal internally.

Compliance and initiative: A discussion on the relationship between standards and activities in radiopharmaceutical production

This study investigated how a standard could become reality-based in a workplace where certain types of deviations are not permitted, such as a radiopharmaceutical production unit. Compliance with standards is necessary to ensure the safety of individuals who manufacture such substances as well as the security of patients receiving treatment. In this qualitative case study, an ergonomic analysis of work (also known as activity analysis) was performed, with noncompliance recorded in internal audits as a starting point: the lack of double-checking in radiopharmaceutical synthesis cassette assembly. Field observations and self-confrontation interviews with workers from a production unit were conducted to analyze the activities. Although a double-check did not occur, the radiopharmaceutical synthesis operator apparently developed another risk control strategy, focusing his attention to the equipment assembly details, which necessitated continuous control and verification actions to ensure that there were no problems at this stage of production. A multilevel approach was used to demonstrate how the safety and quality of production processes based on standard compliance only become effective and adherent to the activity after resolving various conflicts at work, including control systems (external and internal audits), work collectives, the contradiction of the activity itself, and the discussion of singular situations arising daily. This study contributes to the discussion on workplace safety considering standardization and advances the discussion on changing perspectives regarding rule compliance.

Leveraging Generative Design and Point Cloud Data to Improve Conformance to Passing Lane Layout.

Inadequate highway design is a leading cause of traffic accidents, underscoring the importance of adhering to guidelines and regulations for highway design. These standards exist to safeguard road users by addressing crucial factors, like road geometry, signage, and lane markings. Thus, emphasis is placed on computational methods that can optimize towards higher levels of safety, capacity, efficiency, and sustainability in highway designs. Building Information Modeling (BIM) enhances this process by creating a digital model with physical and operational attributes. In this study, a user-friendly, logic-based language is utilized to encode rules for designing highway passing lanes by which designs are automatically evaluated and generated in the BIM-kit software toolkit. This approach is applied to 16 real-world passing lanes in Alberta, showcasing its utility in transportation. The analysis reveals significant enhancements, with rule compliance increasing from 61.82% to 91.31% after employing generative design techniques. These findings underscore the significance of generative design in transportation, offering engineers an efficient tool to create innovative, compliant solutions for highway projects.

The Influence of Internal Control, Organizational Commitment, and Rule Compliance on Accounting Fraud Tendencies

This study examines the effect of internal control, organizational commitment, and rule compliance on accounting fraud tendencies. The sample used is the Local Government Organization (OPD) employees of Musi Rawas Regency using purposive sampling techniques. With respondent criteria, Commitment Officers, Financial Administration Officers, Expenditure/Revenue Treasurers (for OPDs where there is a revenue treasurer), Assistant Treasurers, and Finance Staff at Local Government Organizations. This study used primary data, namely in the form of responses from respondents obtained through the distribution of questionnaires. This research tested the relationship between variables quantitatively with Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using the SmartPLS v.4. The research results show that internal control does not affect accounting fraud tendencies. At the same time, organizational commitment and rule compliance have a negative effect on accounting fraud tendencies.

Provable Traffic Rule Compliance in Safe Reinforcement Learning on the Open Sea

Provable Traffic Rule Compliance in Safe Reinforcement Learning on the Open Sea

Automated detection of building rules compliance using building information modelling

Automated detection of building rules compliance using building information modelling

Automated Detection of Building Rules Compliance Using Building Information Modeling

Automated Detection of Building Rules Compliance Using Building Information Modeling