Rubus Phoenicolasius Research Articles

Citizen science and land use data provide insight into the invasive riparian plant composition of the Hudson River Valley watershed

AbstractInvasive plants in the riparian zone can negatively affect the characteristics and quality of a watershed. To support the development of a watershed management plan and foster public appreciation of the value of the riparian zone, Mohonk Preserve established a volunteer monitoring program surveying sites for invasive species. Between 2017 and 2019, citizen scientists repeatedly surveyed 20 sites in the Hudson River Valley in New York for 10 invasive plant species: purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.), common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud], multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande], dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis L.), Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc.), wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.), barberry (Berberis spp.), Japanese stiltgrass [Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus], and Asiatic bittersweet (oriental bittersweet, Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.). We found that the number of target species detected was higher on sites closer to paved roads and with increasing drainage area size, while lower with higher percentages of forested land in the basin. Our analysis results highlight variation in the presence of target invasive species across the Hudson River Valley region, highlighting sites and areas to monitor for future introductions and take action to prevent species’ invasions. Our results highlight differences in the most relevant abiotic factors for hydrophytes and non-hydrophyte species, underscoring the importance of considering species’ life-history traits before the development of management plans for invasive plant species in the riparian zone. Our case study of community-collected data in the Hudson River Valley region using a relatively simple monitoring protocol can provide a road map for other regions fostering volunteer engagement with invasive plants.

Surviving or thriving? Trade-offs between growth, defense, and reproduction in a native versus an invasive Rubus

Little is known about limits to reproduction in plants, especially as to how their other life history functions (growth and defense) may constrain reproductive investment. Understanding these constraints can help researchers refine best practices for cultivating species like Rubus (Rosaceae) that produce nutritious fruits as well as for controlling invasive species. Here, we sought to elucidate potential trade-offs between growth, defense, and reproduction in native Rubus allegheniensis Porter (common blackberry) and invasive Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. (wineberry) while accounting for the effects of varying insect herbivory and resource availability levels. We observed traits related to physical defense (e.g., prickle intensity), growth (e.g., cane length), and floral reproduction (e.g., ripe fruits), as well as carbon availability (e.g., canopy cover). We then used multiple regressions to characterize relationships between these variables for both species. We found potential evidence for 2 induced defenses in the invasive wineberry. Also, 5 models returned significant results indicative of trade-offs between reproduction and growth, reproduction and defense, and defense and growth in a single or both species. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the defensive strategies utilized by these species because inducible defenses may result in trade-offs that could reduce yields and (or) increase the invasive potential of Rubus species.

The complete chloroplast genome of Tibetan medicinal plant Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim

Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. is a traditional Tibetan medicine and widely used in the clinical pharmacology. In current study, the complete chloroplast genome of R. phoenicolasius was reported. The total length of the genome was 155,144 bp with the GC content of 37.9%. We predicted 130 genes in the genome including 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes and 1 pseudogene. 17 genes were duplicated in the IR regions including 7 tRNA, 4 rRNA and 6 protein-coding genes. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that R. phoenicolasius forms a strong supported branch with R. amabilis and R. coreanus under the Rosaceae clade.

Long‐term trends indicate that invasive plants are pervasive and increasing in eastern national parks

While invasive plant distributions are relatively well known in the eastern United States, temporal changes in species distributions and interactions among species have received little attention. Managers are therefore left to make management decisions without knowing which species pose the greatest threats based on their ability to spread, persist and outcompete other invasive species. To fill this gap, we used the U.S. National Park Service's Inventory and Monitoring Program data collected from over 1,400 permanent forest plots spanning 12yr and covering 39 eastern national parks to analyze invasive plant trends. We analyzed trends in abundance at multiple scales, including plot frequency, quadrat frequency, and average quadrat cover. We examined trends overall, by functional group, and by species. We detected considerably more increasing than decreasing trends in invasive plant abundance. In fact, 80% of the parks in our study had at least one significant increasing trend in invasive abundance over time. Where detected, significant negative trends tended to be herbaceous or graminoid species. However, these declines were often countered by roughly equivalent increases in invasive shrubs over the same time period, and we only detected overall declines in invasive abundance in two parks in our study. Present in over 30% of plots and responsible for the steepest and greatest number of significant increases, Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) was the most aggressive invader in our study and is a high management priority. Invasive shrubs, especially Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), and wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius), also increased across multiple parks, and sometimes at the expense of Japanese stiltgrass. Given the added risks to human health from tick-borne diseases, invasive shrubs are a high management priority. While these findings provide critical information to managers for species prioritization, they also demonstrate the incredible management challenge that invasive plants pose in protected areas, particularly since we documented few overall declines in invasive abundance. As parks work to overcome deferred maintenance of infrastructure, our findings suggest that deferred management of natural resources, particularly invasive species, requires similar attention and long-term commitment to reverse these widespread increasing invasive trends.

Morphological Characterization of Prickled and Prickle-free Rubus Using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Caneberry crops (raspberry and blackberry) are globally commercialized specialty crops with a high fresh market value. Field management of canes and harvesting of fruits can be complicated by the presence of prickles (the botanically accurate term rather than spines or thorns) on the stems, petioles, and underside of the leaves. Both field management and fruit harvesting could be simplified by the development of cultivars with prickle-free canes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze and compare prickle development in different Rubus species. Comparisons were made between prickled vs. prickle-free red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.), blackberry (Rubus hybrid), complex hybrid with purple fruit (R. occidentalis × R. idaeus), and the hairy and prickled wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim). Samples from stems and leaves with petioles attached were used for imaging. There were distinct differences between prickled vs. prickle-free phenotypes in each species. The images of prickle development suggest that prickles either develop directly from glandular trichomes (in red raspberry and wineberry) or that the signal originates from glandular trichomes (in blackberry). Black raspberry prickle development was similar to that of blackberry, suggesting that prickles developed after a developmental signal from glandular trichomes rather than as a direct development from glandular trichomes. The prickle development in the purple hybrid was unique in the presence of one-sided lumps in the trichomes, which has not been seen in any other Rubus species to date; however, both prickled and prickle-free plants exhibited simple nonglandular trichomes. Unlike previous studies, an increase in the number of simple trichomes was not specific to prickle-free plants, but rather variability among the different genotypes was observed. This study adds to the basic understanding of prickle development in the genus Rubus as a first step in the development of prickle-free versions of important cultivars through gene-editing procedures for improving the ease of field management and harvesting.

Beneath it all: Size, not origin, predicts belowground competitive ability in exotic and native shrubs1,2

Abstract Traits associated with root morphology and nutrient uptake rate may contribute to the competitive ability of invasive species by determining their access to soil nutrients and their ability to extract those resources. Here, we tested the hypotheses that (a) exotic woody shrubs would be superior belowground competitors for nitrogen in heterogeneous soil resulting from key aspects of root architecture and (b) larger plants would be superior belowground competitors. We tested these hypotheses using two native shrubs, Rubus allegheniensis and Viburnum dentatum, and two invasive exotic shrubs, Rubus phoenicolasius and Berberis thunbergii, all four of which can become abundant in plant communities in the eastern United States. We grew replicate plants from each species with interspecific competitors, with intraspecific competitors, and individually in a randomized layout in a greenhouse in two temporal blocks. Each experimental container had a central soil patch amended with 15N-labeled litter. We meas...

The effect of treefall gaps on the spatial distribution of three invasive plants in a mature upland forest in Maryland1,2

Invasive plants impact native plant and animal species, communities, and ecosystems. We explore the role of treefall gaps in facilitating invasive species growth. We measured the frequency and density of different life stages of three invasive species: Rubus phoenicolasius, Berberis thunbergii, and Rosa multiflora in an eastern deciduous mature forest. Gaps were important for the establishment, growth, and reproduction of R. phoenicolasius, growth of R. multiflora and reproduction of B. thunbergii. We present several hypotheses as to why we observed a species-specific response of invasive plants to treefall gaps, including propagule rain as a driver of invasive plant establishment.

A Comparison of Herbivore Damage on Three Invasive Plants and Their Native Congeners: Implications for the Enemy Release Hypothesis

ABSTRACT One explanation for the success of exotic plants in their introduced habitats is that, upon arriving to a new continent, plants escaped their native herbivores or pathogens, resulting in less damage and lower abundance of enemies than closely related native species (enemy release hypothesis). We tested whether the three exotic plant species, Rubus phoenicolasius (wineberry), Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed), and Persicaria perfoliata (mile-a-minute weed), suffered less herbivory or pathogen attack than native species by comparing leaf damage and invertebrate herbivore abundance and diversity on the invasive species and their native congeners. Fallopia japonica and R. phoenicolasius received less leaf damage than their native congeners, and F. japonica also contained a lower diversity and abundance of invertebrate herbivores. If the observed decrease in damage experienced by these two plant species contributes to increased fitness, then escape from enemies may provide at least a partial expl...

Long-Term Effects of White-Tailed Deer Exclusion on the Invasion of Exotic Plants: A Case Study in a Mid-Atlantic Temperate Forest.

Exotic plant invasions and chronic high levels of herbivory are two of the major biotic stressors impacting temperate forest ecosystems in eastern North America, and the two problems are often linked. We used a 4-ha deer exclosure maintained since 1991 to examine the influence of a generalist herbivore, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), on the abundance of four exotic invasive (Rosa multiflora, Berberis thunbergii, Rubus phoenicolasius and Microstegium vimineum) and one native (Cynoglossum virginianum) plant species, within a 25.6-ha mature temperate forest dynamics plot in Virginia, USA. We identified significant predictors of the abundance of each focal species using generalized linear models incorporating 10 environmental and landscape variables. After controlling for those predictors, we applied our models to a 4-ha deer exclusion site and a 4-ha reference site, both embedded within the larger plot, to test the role of deer on the abundance of the focal species. Slope, edge effects and soil pH were the most frequent predictors of the abundance of the focal species on the larger plot. The abundance of C. virginianum, known to be deer-dispersed, was significantly lower in the exclosure. Similar patterns were detected for B. thunbergii, R. phoenicolasius and M. vimineum, whereas R. multiflora was more abundant within the exclosure. Our results indicate that chronic high deer density facilitates increased abundances of several exotic invasive plant species, with the notable exception of R. multiflora. We infer that the invasion of many exotic plant species that are browse-tolerant to white-tailed deer could be limited by reducing deer populations.

First Report of a Leaf Spot Caused by Sphaerulina tirolensis on Rubus phoenicolasius

First Report of a Leaf Spot Caused by <i>Sphaerulina tirolensis</i> on <i>Rubus phoenicolasius</i>

A new pregnane glycoside from Rubus phoenicolasius and its antiproliferative activity

Chemical investigations of the whole plant ethanol extract of Rubus phoenicolasius led to the isolation and identification of a new pregnane glycoside, 3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-3β,15β-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (1), along with other nine known compounds (2–10). All the isolates were reported from this plant for the first time. The structure of compound 1 was determined by detailed analysis of its spectral data including 1D and 2D NMR. In vitro anti-proliferative activities of compounds 1–3 on MCF-7 and NCI-H460 tumour cell lines were evaluated, and compound 1 was active against the two cell lines with IC50 values of 15.6 and 13.5 μM, respectively.

Genetic diversity in the invasive Rubus phoenicolasius as compared to the native Rubus argutus using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers

Invasive species are one of most significant factors in human-influenced global change. Management actions that prevent the spread and impacts of invasive species require knowledge of their ecological and genetic characteristics. The genetic characteristics of the invasive wine raspberry, Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. (Rosaceae) and the native sawtooth blackberry, Rubus argutus Link, were examined in two forest habitats on the Maryland Coastal Plain. Using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers we quantified the genetic diversity of both species. We analyzed genetic diversity using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and found less genetic diversity in the invasive species, R. phoenicolasius, with variation between sites was 0.418 between sites and 0.075 within sites as compared to the native, R. argutus, where the variation between sites was 1.538 and 0.370 within sites. The lower genetic diversity in the invasive may be due to a history of limited introductions or frequent self-fertilization and clonal reproduction.

Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive Rubus phoenicolasius in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA

AbstractAlthough plant invasions are often associated with disturbance, localized disturbances can promote invasion either by: (i) creating sites where individuals establish; or (ii) enabling an invader to colonize the entire stand. The former is expected when both establishment and survival to reproductive age require disturbed conditions, whereas the latter should occur in systems when either establishment or survival are limited to disturbed sites. We investigated the role of localized disturbance, specifically treefalls, in the invasion of the Asian Rubus phoenicolasius in a deciduous forest in Maryland, USA. We investigated the density and demography of R. phoenicolasius in treefall gaps of various sizes, but identical age to non‐gap areas, using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses to identify the most important predictors. To explore how the demography of established individuals responds to disturbed versus undisturbed conditions, we carried out a garden experiment with three different levels of shade (5, 12 and 22% full sun). We found vegetative and sexual reproduction, and seedling establishment, to be limited to large gaps in an old stand, but not in a stand in an earlier age of succession. However, in the garden experiment, established plants were able to survive and grow under all shade treatments. These findings indicate that R. phoenicolasius requires disturbances such as treefalls to establish in forests, but established plants will survive canopy closure, leading to stand‐wide invasion. Managers should be able to prevent invasion, however, by inspecting large gaps for new recruits every 3 years.

자생 및 약용 식물의 Streptococcus mutans항균 활성의 검색

식용 및 약용 식물 215 종의 천연물로부터 추출부위를 달리한 메탄올 추출물 309 종을 조제하였으며, 안전성이 우수한 천연물 충치예방 및 치료제 개발을 목표로 309종의 추출물의 S. mutans JC-2에 대한 항균 활성을 평가하였다. 항균활성은 96 well microtiter method에 의한 생육저해능 측정 및 disk paper method에 의한 생육저지환 크기를 측정하여 평가하였으며, 그 결과 가죽나무(가지), 곰딸기(열매), 독활(잎), 상수리나무(잎), 여뀌(전초), 작약(종자), 짚신나물(뿌리) 추출물에서 강한 활성을 확인하였다. 상기 7종 천연물의 최소 생육저지농도(MIC)를 측정하여 항균 활성을 비교한 결과, 여뀌, 상수리나무, 가죽나무 추출물이 <TEX>$25\∼30{\mu}g/ml $</TEX>의 농도에서 생육을 완전히 억제하였다 이러한 결과는 항균력이 우수한 천연물로부터 새로운 충치 예방 및 치료제 개발이 가능함을 제시한다 Oral streptococci are major constituents of dental plaques, and their prevalence is closely linked with various pathologic symptoms, such as dental caries. To develop natural anticaries agent, we prepared 309 kinds of plant extracts from 215 species of edible or medical plants, and antibacterial activity of the extracts against Streptococcus mutans JC-2 were evaluated based on 96 well microtiter plate assay and disk paper method, subsequently. Among the tested plant extracts, Ailanthus altissima, Paeonia lactiflora, Rubus phoenicolasius, Aralia continentalis, Quercus acutissima, Persicaria hydropiper and Agrimonia pilosa extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the selected seven plant extracts showed that Ailanthus altissima, Persicaria hydropiper and Quercus acutissima extracts (<TEX>$MIC=25\∼30[\mu}g/ml$</TEX>) has potential as a source of natural anticaries agents.

Evolution of endemic vascular plants of Ulleungdo and Dokdo in Korea - floristic and cytotaxonomic characteristics of vascular flora of Dokdo -

A total of 48 vascular plant taxa belonging to 27 families, 46 genera, 41 species, and 7 varieties are recognized in Island Dokdo. Five species of Plantago asiatica, Schizophragma hydrangeoides, Rubus phoenicolasius, Viola kusanoana, and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata are regarded as already extinct and previously reported 21 species cannot be reconfirmed in the island. Most Plants are dry and salt tolerant species and no taxon confined to this island is found. In terms of species composition, Dokdo is most closely related to Ulleungdo. Only limited number of plant taxa can inhabit by the lack of diverse environments and dry and salty conditions, however, more recently, frequent visit of people and transplantation of alien species cause to introduction of weeds to the island. The results of examining chromosomes of 16 taxa indicate that no alteration of chromosome numbers in the island has been occurred. The triploid level of Cyrtomium falcatum is the first report for the species

Flavonoid-Aglyka als Drüsenprodukte der Moosrose (Rosa centifolica cv. muscosa) und der Japanischen Weinbeere (Rubus phoenicolasius) / Flavonoid Aglycones as Glandular Products in Rosa centifolia cv. muscosa and in Rubus phoenicolasius

The sticky lipophilic exudates produced by glands on inflorescences of Rosa centifolia cv. muscosa and Rubus phoenicolasius contain flavonoid aglycones. Ten different flavonoids were identified from Rosa centifolia cv. muscosa, including several flavones with 6,8 -methoxy substitution. In Rubus phoenicolasius, the major flavonoids are methyl ethers of quercetin.

New records of alien weeds in the eastern Cape

The distributions of three exotic weed species in southern Africa are discussed. One species, Solanum sarra-choides Sendtner has never before been recorded in southern Africa, but is now known to occur in two localities, one in the eastern Cape and the other in the Transkei. The other two species, Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. and Salvia reflexa Hornem. are known to be problem plants in some parts of southern Africa. Both species have recently been discovered in the eastern Cape, a long way from previously recorded localities. These new records show that the three species are more widely distributed than was believed, and suggest that S. reflexa , at least, may be spreading rapidly in suitable habitats.

Partial purification and some properties of wineberry latent, a virus obtained from Rubus phoenicolasius

SUMMARYWineberry latent virus (WLV) was obtained from a single symptomless plant of American wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius) originally imported from the United States of America. On graft inoculation, WLV infected but induced no distinctive symptoms in several Rubus species including those used as indicators for known Rubus viruses. It was not seed‐borne in wineberry.WLV was mechanically transmitted to several herbaceous species but induced local lesions in only a few; it was weakly systemic in some Chenopodium species. Infective C. quinoa sap lost infectivity after diluting to 10‐4, heating for 10 min at 70°C, and storage either for 8 days at 18°C or for 32 days at 4°C. Sap from infected plants contained flexuous filamentous particles c. 510°12 nm. WLV was partially purified by extracting infected C. quinoa leaves in 0·05 M tris‐HCl buffer (pH 7) containing 0·2% thio‐glycerol and 10% (v/v) chloroform and concentrating virus by precipitation with 7% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG, mol. wt 6000) and 0·1 NaCl. The virus was then pelleted through a 30% (w/v) sucrose pad containing 7% PEG+0·1 M NaCl and finally sedimented through a sucrose density‐gradient. These preparations had A260/280 ratios of 1·26, contained end to end aggregates of WLV particles and formed a partly polydispersed peak in the analytical ultracentrifuge. WLV did not react with antisera to four potex‐viruses, or to apple chlorotic leaf spot or apple stem grooving viruses.

An Isolate of Cucumber Mosaic Virus from Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.

SUMMARYCucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was obtained from five stunted American wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.) plants with leaves showing yellow blotching and line pattern symptoms but not from seven symptomless plants. The virus was readily transmitted to other wineberry plants by grafting, but not to several cultivars of R. idaeus L. either by grafting, mechanical inoculation with, purified preparations, or by aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.)). The isolate was indistinguishable serologically and in its behaviour in vitro from strain W, originally obtained from lettuce in England.

STUDIES ON RUBUS VIRUS DISEASES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: VIII. RASPBERRY LEAF CURL

A virus disease that occurs on red raspberry in the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia was identified as raspberry leaf curl. Under experimental conditions the virus was transmitted by the aphid Aphis idaci V. d.G. Test plants included red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L.; black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis L.; wineberry, Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.; Rubus henryi Hemsl. &amp; Kuntse; and the Alpine strawberry, Fragaria vesca L. The virus did not infect black raspberry and caused only transitory symptoms on Alpine strawberry. Root cuttings of red raspberry, leaf-bud cuttings of R. henryi, and seedlings of wineberry provided satisfactory indicator plants. Wineberry and R. henryi were more readily inoculated by aphids than red raspberry. Non-viruliferous aphids required a feed of at least 1 day on the virus source to acquire an infective charge. When viruliferous aphids were transferred to a series of healthy indicator plants, some plants became infected after a test access time of 20 minutes, although transmissions were increased if the time was increased to 1 hour. The virus was found to persist in viruliferous aphids for at least 11 days. Leaf curl virus was not eliminated from infected plants held at an air temperature of 37 °C for periods up to 4 weeks.