RPM Values Research Articles

The effects of sequencing strategies on Metagenomic pathogen detection using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples

ObjectivesMetagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a powerful tool for pathogen detection. The accuracy depends on both wet lab and dry lab procedures. The objective of our study was to assess the influence of read length and dataset size on pathogen detection. MethodsIn this study, 43 clinical BALF samples, which tested positive via clinical mNGS and were consistent with the diagnosis, were subjected to re-sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The raw re-sequencing data, consisting of 100 million (M) paired-end 150 bp (PE150) reads, were divided into simulated datasets with eight different data sizes (5 M, 10 M, 15 M, 20 M, 30 M, 50 M, 75 M, 100 M) and five different read lengths (single-end 50 bp (SE50), SE75, SE100, PE100, and PE150). Both Kraken2 and IDseq bioinformatics pipelines were employed to analyze the previously diagnosed pathogens in the simulated data. Detection of pathogens was based on read counts ranging from 1 to 10 and RPM values ranging from 0.2 to 2. ResultsOur results revealed that increasing dataset sizes and read lengths can enhance the performance of mNGS in pathogen detection. However, a larger data sizes for mNGS require higher economic costs and longer turnaround time for data analysis. Our findings indicate 20 M reads being sufficient for SE75 mode to achieve high recall rates. Additionally, high nucleic acid loads in samples can lead to increased stability in pathogen detection efficiency, reducing the impact of sequencing strategies. The choice of bioinformatics pipelines had a significant impact on recall rates achieved in pathogen detection. ConclusionsIncreasing dataset sizes and read lengths can enhance the performance of mNGS in pathogen detection but increase the economic and time costs of sequencing and data analysis. Currently, the 20 M reads in SE75 mode may be the best sequencing option.

Peripheral Blood miRNA Expression in Patients with Essential Hypertension in the Han Chinese Population in Hefei, China.

Primary hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, the pathogenesis of primary hypertension involves multiple biological processes, including the nervous system, circulatory system, endocrine system, and more. Despite extensive research, there is no clear understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying its pathogenesis. In recent years, miRNAs have gained attention as a regulatory factor capable of modulating the expression of related molecules through gene silencing. Therefore, exploring differentially expressed miRNAs in patients with essential hypertension (EH) may offer a novel approach for future diagnosis and treatment of EH. This study included a total of twenty Han Chinese population samples from Hefei, China. The samples consisted of 10 healthy individuals and 10 patients with EH. Statistical analysis was conducted to analyze the general information of the two-sample groups. High-throughput sequencing and base identification were performed to obtain the original sequencing sequences. These sequences were then annotated using various databases including Rfam, cDNA sequences, species repetitive sequences library, and miRBase database. The number of miRNA species contained in the samples was measured. Next, TPM values were calculated to determine the expression level of each miRNA. The bioinformatics of the differentiated miRNAs were analyzed using the OECloud tool, and RPM values were calculated. Furthermore, the reliability of the expression was analyzed by calculating the area under the Roc curve using the OECloud tools. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the two samples in terms of age distribution, gender composition, smoking history, and alcohol consumption history (P > 0.05). However, there was a notable presence of family genetic history and high BMI in the EH population (P < 0.05). The sequencing results identified a total of 245 miRNAs, out of which 16 miRNAs exhibited differential expression. Among the highly expressed miRNAs were let-7d-5p, miR-101-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-122b-3p, miR-192-5p, and miR-6722-3p. On the other hand, the lowly expressed miRNAs included miR-103a-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-181a-2-3p, miR-200a-3p, miR-200b-3p, miR-200c-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-30d-5p, miR-342-5p, and miR-543. This study initially identified 16 miRNAs that are aberrantly expressed and function in various processes associated with the onset and progression of essential hypertension. These miRNAs have the potential to be targeted for future diagnosis and treatment of EH. However, further samples are required to provide additional support for this study.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Controlling Rpm Pada Main Engine Berbasis Arduino Uno Guna Mencegah Terjadinya Overspeed

As an important means of sea transportation for the distribution of goods and human mobility between islands, ships require a reliable prime mover to avoid wear or damage, especially when overspeeding occurs which can result in fire. Therefore, a prototype was created that uses an IR Obstacle sensor to monitor the RPM speed of the rotating engine. By using Arduino Uno as a processor, this prototype is able to display the RPM value on the LCD and provide a signal in the form of a green light if the speed is below 4000 Rpm, as well as a red light and buzzer sound if overspeed occurs above 4000 Rpm, followed by the engine turning off after 15 seconds. Testing shows that this prototype has a high level of accuracy, with a difference between 0.08% to 2.73% and an average difference of 1.003%.

Влияние геометрии наконечника сварочного инструмента на характеристики растяжения соединений сплава АА8011, полученных сваркой трением с перемешиванием

Introduction. Aluminum alloys are in abundant demand of shipbuilding and aircraft industries. This study emphasizes on the effects of two different tool pin profiles on the tensile characteristics of welded joints made of AA8011 aluminum alloy welded joints. The joining technique used is friction stir welding (FSW) due to its unique characteristics such as very low heat affected zone when joining in a solid state. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joint are influenced by the geometry of the tool and such parameters as rotational speed and traverse speed of the tool. The methods of investigation. The experiments on FSW were performed on universal milling machine with taper cylindrical and cylindrical threaded tool pin profiles using the three different combination of tool rotational and traverse speed (a) 320 rpm, 45 mm/min; b) 400 rpm, 50 mm/min; c) 575 rpm, 60 mm/min.). To analyze the joint characteristics, tensile tests were conducted and ultimate tensile strength as well as joint efficiency was calculated for individual joint. Results and Discussion. Based on the revised results, it is evident that higher RPM values have a positive impact on joint efficiency and tensile strength for both the taper cylindrical pin profile and the threaded cylindrical pin profile. The findings show that the joint efficiency and tensile strength are consistently higher for the threaded cylindrical pin profile compared to the taper cylindrical pin profile, regardless of the RPM and feed rate. From the results, it was found that joint efficiency and tensile strength is maximum at higher RPM irrespective of the tool pin profile i.e. 73.6 % and 123 MPa for taper cylindrical pin profile and 85 % and 142 MPa for threaded cylindrical pin profile at 575 rpm, 60 mm/min. These are the highest in comparison to 72.5 % and 119 MPa at 320 rpm, 45 mm/min and 70.1 % and 115 MPa at 400 rpm, 50 mm/min for taper pin profile tool and 82.6 % and 138 MPa at 320 rpm, 45 mm/min and 77.8 % and 130 MPa at 400 rpm, 50 mm/min for threaded cylindrical pin profile. Overall, the study demonstrates that joints obtained using the threaded cylindrical pin profile demonstrate higher joint efficiency and tensile strength than those prepared using the taper cylindrical pin profile. The highest joint efficiency and tensile strength of 84.5 % and 142 MPa, respectively, were achieved using the threaded cylindrical pin profile at 575 rpm and 60 mm/min.

Experimental Investigation on Noise and Vibration of an Internal Combustion Engine with Oxyhydrogen Decarbonization

&lt;div&gt;Internal combustion engines are prone to get carbon deposits or residue which accumulate due to incomplete fuel combustion. This can have adverse effects on engine efficiency and performance. Engine decarbonization is one of the recent technologies in automobile maintenance, which involves the removal of carbon deposits or residue from various components within the internal combustion engine, including valves, pistons, cylinder heads, and combustion chambers. Decarbonization methods typically utilize specialized cleaning agents or additives to dissolve and eliminate these carbon deposits claiming to enhance engine performance and restoring optimal functionality. This article focuses to study the effects of engine decarbonization on noise and vibration of an IC engine. Oxyhydrogen (HHO) carbon cleaning machine has been used for decarbonization of the engine. This research addresses a contemporary concern in automotive maintenance by investigating the potential benefits of decarbonization in reducing noise and vibration levels. The results obtained from the data analysis provide insights into the effectiveness of the HHO carbon cleaning in improving engine performance. After decarbonization, the average noise levels have been observed to be decreased by an average of 3.28%, with a maximum reduction of 8.42% at a specific location and RPM value. Additionally, the vibration levels decreased by an average of 3.44%, with a maximum reduction of 16.38% at a particular location and RPM value.&lt;/div&gt;

Optimasi Sudut Baji, Kecepatan Pemakanan &amp; Rpm Terhadap Kekasaran Permukaan Material SCM 440 Dengan Metode Respon Surface (RSM)

The development of manufacturing technology has developed so rapidly. In this study, SCM 440 steel material was used, which is an alloy steel of chromium molybdenum. This steel has the advantages of stable composition,low harmful elements,high steel purity. Surface roughness is important, surface roughness is defined as the irregularity of surface configuration in an object resulting from a finishing process. This study aims to determine the influence of process variables on the surface roughness rate of SCM 440 material by varying the total cutting angles of 700,750 and 800 then variations in feeding speed of 0.08mm, 0.09mm, and 0.10mm and spindle speed or RPM, namely 160,220, and 280 puts / min in the RSM method. The Rspon Surface method is a set of mathematical and statistical techniques that are useful for analyzing problems where several independent variables affect the response variable and determine the optimal value of the process variable. From the results of the study, the value of the Second order yˆ = + 0.092224 X1² + 0.208515 X2² - 0.03661 X3² was obtained. With stationary point value X0 = ( total Cut angle ) = - 0.382409, X0 = (feeding) = 0.161715, X0 = (RPM) = 0.578250. and found the optimal values of Wedge Angle (78.212), Feeding Speed (0.095 mm) and RPM (278.29 put/min). Then it can be analyzed the optimal value that is different from the value of the RSM method framework and if the values are the same then the research fails.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pencacah Tembakau Otomatis Berbasis Plc Dan Scada

Tobacco leaf chopping still uses the traditional method which is assisted by a motor that drives the blade to rotate, but the speed that cannot be adjusted. Therefore, an automatic tobacco chopper based on PLC and SCADA was created. This machine uses a blade that is driven by a 3 phase 0.5 PK AC motor which can be controlled manually using VSD and automatically using PLC and is also capable of monitoring and controlling using SCADA. In this chopping process using tobacco leaves that are still wet. This machine is equipped with an inverter whose acceleration can be adjusted so that the starting of the motor can be done in a soft start and braking can work optimally and efficiently. The results within one hour using a frequency setting between 15 to 35 Hz, a maximum of 116 kg of chopped tobacco leaves is produced with a thickness of 1 to 2 mm. The higher the frequency setting, the higher the RPM value where this RPM will determine the total capacity of the chopped tobacco

Dealing with Aspects of Performance and Environmental Impact of Aircraft Engine with Thermodynamic Metrics

The limited energy source indicates the necessity of efficient energy consumption in every field of life. Especially, the prompt growth in aviation sector makes this issue more important. In this study, effects of power settings on several thermodynamic indicators regarding low by-pass turbofan engine (LBP-TFE) are investigated. For this aim, the energy and exergy analyses are implemented to the system of turbofan engine for eighteen operating points. According to performance analysis, thrust value of the LBP-TFE changes from 10.77 kN to 71.8 kN throughout RPM values. According to exergetic findings, relative exergy losses from Fan outlet decreases from 52.34 % to 30.58 % whereas exergy efficiency of the LBP-TFE increases from 10.9 % to 30.1 %. Considering improved exergy efficiency, it changes 25.03 % and 41.03 % at the same RPM intervals. As for environmental assessments, environmental effect factor (EEF) of LBP-TFE diminishes from 5.8 to 1.32 while ecological effect factor decreases from 9.16 to 3.31. Finally, specific irreversibility production of LBP-TFE decreases from 0.4811 MW/kN and 0.2716 MW/kN. Considering these outcomes, behaviour of the investigated metrics regarding main components is different from each other. Therefore, the results of these parameters calculated for the whole engine could help understanding optimum running point in terms of exergetic and environmental sustainability.

Aerodynamic Efficiency and Performance Development in an Electric Powered Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have an important place in today’s technologies because of the solutions they bring to many critical problems in military and civilian application around the world. One of the important advantages of UAVs in aviation, particularly in the military field, is high observation, reconnaissance and pursuit activities. Fixed-wing UAVs, which have many configurations, stand out with their electric motor models owing to their efficiency and flight cost advantages. However, for reconnaissance and pursuit activities, this must be supported by a low cruise flight speed and high aerodynamic efficiency. In this study, it is aimed to reduce flight speed, to increase flight duration and aerodynamic efficiency by designing new modular wing based on flow analysis. Test flights are performed at different angles of attack and new parameters are determined. As a result of experimental studies, cruise flight speed is significantly reduced and pursuit capabilities of UAV is improved. This development has a positive effect on power consumption of electric motor by reducing current drawn by motor and its RPM value. Due to the reduction of power consumption, flight time increased by 36% and the average current drawn decreased by 45% which makes aerodynamic efficiency to be increased.

Anomaly Detection and Inter-Sensor Transfer Learning on Smart Manufacturing Datasets.

Smart manufacturing systems are considered the next generation of manufacturing applications. One important goal of the smart manufacturing system is to rapidly detect and anticipate failures to reduce maintenance cost and minimize machine downtime. This often boils down to detecting anomalies within the sensor data acquired from the system which has different characteristics with respect to the operating point of the environment or machines, such as, the RPM of the motor. In this paper, we analyze four datasets from sensors deployed in manufacturing testbeds. We detect the level of defect for each sensor data leveraging deep learning techniques. We also evaluate the performance of several traditional and ML-based forecasting models for predicting the time series of sensor data. We show that careful selection of training data by aggregating multiple predictive RPM values is beneficial. Then, considering the sparse data from one kind of sensor, we perform transfer learning from a high data rate sensor to perform defect type classification. We release our manufacturing database corpus (4 datasets) and codes for anomaly detection and defect type classification for the community to build on it. Taken together, we show that predictive failure classification can be achieved, paving the way for predictive maintenance.

Production of quality NiAl granules: examining process features

This paper looks at a number of different methods for producing nickel aluminide (NiAl) granules. It also examines certain factors hindering a wider application of the above material by current aircraft and engine makers. The key hindering factors that were established include an almost zero plasticity of the material under pressure forming and a poor machinability of parts made of it. Application of precise metallurgy techniques, which help obtain almost finished parts requiring minimum machining, can help eliminate the above factors. Another difficulty is related to the fact that there are no techniques that can help obtain quality ball-shaped granules using the material in view. The conducted study helped define some quality criteria applicable to the resulting granules. They include sphericity, size consistency, absence of defects such as pores or surface satellites, presence of fine-dispersed dendritic structure, etc. A number of methods was considered that enable to produce high-quality nickel aluminide granules, such as high-temperature inert gas jet atomization; Plasma Rotary Electrode Process (or, PREP); meltspinning with the help of perforated crucible. It was established that PREP delivers the optimum technique for obtaining quality NiAl granules. In the course of the study it was established that it is not that much the current I but rather the velocity of the melted electrode n that serves as the key characteristic of the process that determines the quality and diameter of granules, as well as the dendritic parameter of their microstructure. Optimal electrode RPM values were determined. They are n &asymp; 15 000&ndash;16 000 min&ndash;1 at the current I &asymp; 1.000&ndash;1.500 A. A process has been developed for producing quality NiAl granules, which involves the following stages: self-propagating high-temperature synthesis to make initial NiAl ingots followed by remelting, heat treatment, granule separation and PREP.

아두이노를 이용한 마이크로 가스터빈 엔진 시동 구간의 제어 로직 구현 연구

In this study, the starting sequence of the commercial micro gas turbine engine was analyzed and the control logic was developed and implemented using Arduino. The starting sequence the engine is composed of five steps: engine cranking, fuel supply, ignition, acceleration, and stabilization. The control logic of the starting sequence is to get the engine to reach a target(Idle) RPM by controlling the sub-components of the engine such as the start motor, fuel pump, glow plug, start valve, and the main valve. And these sub-components are controlled based on measured values of RPM and EGT(Exhaust Gas Temperature) at the start region. The start sequence of the micro turbine engine was analyzed by conducting a set of experiments using a commercial engine, Jetcat P300-RX and its ECU (Jettronics V10). Then the control logic was developed using Arduino and Arduino MEGA-based ECU was implemented onto the micro turbine engine system. MOSFET modules and motor drivers were used to control the sub-components and Hall sensor and K-type thermocouple were applied to RPM and EGT measurements, respectively. Effects of three parameters, fuel flow rate at ignition step, start motor acceleration rate, and fuel flow rate at acceleration step on engine behavior was investigated and optimal values for those parameters were obtained and applied to the control logic. The results showed that a successful starting sequence is achieved with a maximum EGT of less than 700℃ and a start time within 60 seconds using the developed control logic, which is quite similar to the commercial micro turbine behavior.

Remote Run-Time Failure Detection and Recovery Control For Quadcopters

We propose an adaptive run-time failure recovery control system for quadcopter drones, based on remote real-time processing of measurement data streams. Particularly, the measured RPM values of the quadcopter motors are transmitted to a remote machine which hosts failure detection algorithms and performs recovery procedure. The proposed control system consists of three distinct parts: (1) A set of computationally simple PID controllers locally onboard the drone, (2) a set of computationally more demanding remotely hosted algorithms for real-time drone state detection, and (3) a digital twin co-execution software platform — the ModelConductor-eXtended — for two-way signal data exchange between the former two. The local on-board control system is responsible for maneuvering the drone in all conditions: path tracking under normal operation and safe landing in a failure state. The remote control system, on the other hand, is responsible for detecting the state of the drone and communicating the corresponding control commands and controller parameters to the drone in real time. The proposed control system concept is demonstrated via simulations in which a drone is represented by the widely studied Quad-Sim six degrees-of-freedom Simulink model. Results show that the trained failure detection binary classifier achieves a high level of performance with F1-score of 96.03%. Additionally, time analysis shows that the proposed remote control system, with average execution time of 0.49 milliseconds and total latency of 6.92 milliseconds in two-way data communication link, meets the real-time constraints of the problem. The potential practical applications for the presented approach are in drone operation in complex environments such as factories (indoor) or forests (outdoor).

3D Low-Cost Equipment for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Therapy.

A breakthrough in peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy occurred in 1977 with the development of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Its simplicity, low cost, and ease with which CAPD could be performed on patients at home contributed to the popularity of this procedure. However, there is a need for continuous improvement in building optimal systems for incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This research showed the design and construction of a simplified prototype of low-cost automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) equipment that meets international standards to automatically regulate infusion and fluid drainage in and out of a patient with low margins of error. Experimental tests allowed the adjustment of the RPM values concerning the flow rate provided. In addition, thanks to the pressure sensor, it was possible to observe a fluctuation ranging from 9 to 13 kPa, which is within the permissible average specified in the catalogs of medical instruments and equipment. Furthermore, a turbidity sensor was added to decrease the possibility of presenting peritonitis. The results showed absolute values of flow, angular velocity, and pressure that it could deliver for use in APD therapies. Finally, the construction of the APD equipment is presented generally, showing the electronic and mechanical components that constitute it.

PENGARUH KEMIRINGAN STRAIGHT BLADE TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN SELF-STARTING TURBIN HIDROKINETIK ARTICULATING H-ROTOR

&lt;em&gt;The Articulating of H-Rotor is a development of the turbine from H-Darrieus which has a straight blade tilted with the aim of correcting poor self-starting due to the dominance of lift force. How likely is the influence of straight blade slope on turbine performance and it is important to be examined. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of the straight blade slope of the Articulating H-Rotor turbine to increase the self-starting ability. Hydrokinetic turbine experimental test method was carried out in a water channel (flume) using 3 NACA 0018 profile blades with varying inclination angles of 0&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; (vertical blade), 30&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; (inflated blade) and -30&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; (cupped blade). The result indicated that the Articulating H-Rotor hydrokinetic turbine with a blade slope of 0&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; had a larger RPM value and it was more dominant in working with lift force. The Articulating H-Rotor hydrokinetic turbine with a blade tilted of 30&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; provides higher torque and increases drag, increasing self-starting for rotation. The shape of the turbine frontal area with a blade slope of 30&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt; was better able to respond the kinetic energy that raised from the flow velocity distribution profile of the water flow. The results of this study can contribute to the design of the tilted blade H-Darrieus turbine.&lt;/em&gt;

The Effect of the Shape of a Laboratory Scale Wind Power Generator in Generating Energy

In this study, the influence of the shape of the propellers of a laboratory-scale wind power plant on the energy produced will be measured. It is known that the number of propellers and wind speed greatly affect the energy produced. With this, researchers will conduct research on the influence of the shape of the propeller on the energy produced. with the aim of knowing the effect of the shape of the propeller on the energy produced. The methods used are literature studies and experiments where literature studies are carried out to find references to the problems raised, experimental research is to design tools and try out to find causal data. The results of this study indicate that flat-shaped propellers get or produce higher energy compared to thin and curved propellers. By experimenting on the fan in "LOW" mode with the RPM value of 461.7, the voltage value is 5.32 Volts, Ampere 0.552 and power (Watt) 2.937. in "MEDIUM" mode the RPM value is 461.7, the voltage value is 5.44 Volts, the Ampere value is 0.556 and the power value (Watt) is 3.025, in the "HIGH" mode the RPM value is 366.4 With the highest voltage is 5.49 Volts, Ampere 0.558 and power (watts) 3,063. The conclusion obtained shows that the shape of the propeller affects the energy produced.

Remote Run-Time Failure Detection and Recovery Control For Quadcopters

We propose an adaptive run-time failure recovery control system for quadcopter drones, based on remote real-time processing of measurement data streams. Particularly, the measured RPM values of the quadcopter motors are transmitted to a remote machine which hosts failure detection algorithms and performs recovery procedure. The proposed control system consists of three distinct parts: (1) A set of computationally simple PID controllers locally onboard the drone, (2) a set of computationally more demanding remotely hosted algorithms for real-time drone state detection, and (3) a digital twin co-execution software platform — the ModelConductor-eXtended — for two-way signal data exchange between the former two. The local on-board control system is responsible for maneuvering the drone in all conditions: path tracking under normal operation and safe landing in a failure state. The remote control system, on the other hand, is responsible for detecting the state of the drone and communicating the corresponding control commands and controller parameters to the drone in real time. The proposed control system concept is demonstrated via simulations in which a drone is represented by the widely studied Quad-Sim six degrees-of-freedom Simulink model. Results show that the trained failure detection binary classifier achieves a high level of performance with F1-score of 96.03%. Additionally, time analysis shows that the proposed remote control system, with average execution time of 0.49 milliseconds and total latency of 6.92 milliseconds in two-way data communication link, meets the real-time constraints of the problem. The potential practical applications for the presented approach are in drone operation in complex environments such as factories (indoor) or forests (outdoor).

Investigation of engine performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine fueled with Foeniculum vulgare oil biodiesel – ammonia mixtures

Past studies revealed that Foeniculum vulgare oil biodiesel (FVB) can be used as a good candidate for diesel fuels. Ammonia (NH3) as a fuel additive can be mixed with other fuels to eliminate some disadvantages of the fuels in engine performance and emission. In view of such information, this study aims to investigate the effects of FVB with NH3 additive on engine performance and emission parameters in Diesel-RK Programme. In this study, FVB was mixed with NH3 additive in different proportions (FVB100, FVB95A5, FVB90A10, FVB85A15 and FVB80A20). The exhaust emissions (Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Particulate Matter (PM) and Smoke Opacity) and engine performance (Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), Power, Torque and Volumetric Efficiency) parameters were evaluated according to the combustion simulations in different RPM values. As a result of this study, some obtained results were revealed that the NH3 additive in FVB significantly decreased the NOx parameter. However, when the NH3 content in FVB was increased, PM and smoke opacity parameters increased. For the engine performance parameters, the NH3 additive in FVB adversely affected the engine power and torque parameters. On the other hand, specific fuel consumption and volumetric efficiency showed an increment trend as the NH3 content in FVB was increased.

Perancangan Simulator Differential Konvensional Menggunakan Penggerak Motor Listrik

Design and manufacture of this simulator aims to explain how the movement of the differential components. The components of this differential simulation consist of a differential case, pinion gear or spider gear, side gear, spider shaft, electric motor, pulley, v-belt and dimmer (motor speed controller). The method used in making this simulator is to start by first making a simulator design and then continuing with the collection of tools and materials needed. From testing the components of the simulator tool which was carried out for 50 minutes, it was found that every 10 minutes the temperature increased due to the lubrication system that was not maximized. Tests to determine the correlation between the dimmer and the RPM of the electric motor, it was found that any decrease in the resistance value will result in an increase in the RPM value of the electric motor. These results also show that the maximum value of the motor RPM after being assembled is 1435 RPM. Then the test when given a load found that the shaft axle rotation speed of the differential will change if there is a load on one side. From this test, it can be seen that there is an increase in the RPM value on the side of the shaft axle which rotates freely when the other shaft is given a load. With this simulator, it can also provide an overview of how the movement of the differential gears contained in the axle of a unit vehicle so that you can understand how it works

Studi Eksperimental Sistem Pengarah Aliran Pada Turbin Hidrokinetik Archimedes Spiral

Archimedes Spiral Turbine has characteristic of blade which can catch water flow well. It uses two force concepts, i.e. drag and lift forces. Flow direction change greatly influences Archimedes Spiral turbine performance. Therefore, it needs flow direction system in form of truncated cone and tail vane. Archimedes Spiral turbine with flow direction system generated Cp value of 0,19–0,22 and TSR value between 1,76–1,85. Torque value obtained is between 0,013–0,017 Nm on RPM value range of 28,64–33,60. Limitation between truncated cone with Archimedes Spiral turbine blade causes vortex flow at the back of blade to decrease. Truncated cone addition can enlarge flow catchment force. When flow speed captured by Archimedes Spiral turbine increase, resulting in a compressive force on enlarged. The addition of tail vane capable of passing the flow vortex is elongated to downstream. The flow of vortex which is passed on inhibits the rotation of the turbine blades and result in a compressive force on the turbine is enlarged. Compressive force on blade which grows bigger causes torque value to increase as well. The increasing torque value causes drag force concept used in Archimedes Spiral turbine with flow direction system higher than lift force concept.