Roy's Model Research Articles

The impact of formal and informal credit institutions on entrepreneurship

Purpose How do informal lending institutions affect entrepreneurship? This paper aims to investigates the role of formal and informal credit market institutions in the decision to become an entrepreneur over the life cycle. Design/methodology/approach The author developed a dynamic Roy model in which a decision to become an entrepreneur depends on the access to formal and informal credit markets, nonpecuniary benefits of entrepreneurship, career-specific entry costs, prior work experience, education, unobserved abilities and other labor market opportunities (salaried employment and nonemployment). Using detailed Russian panel microdata (the Russia longitudinal monitoring survey) and estimating a structural model of labor market decisions and borrowing options, the author assesses the impact of the development of informal and formal credit institutions. Findings The expansion of traditional (formal) credit market institutions positively impacts all workers’ categories, reduces the share of entrepreneurs who borrow from informal sources and incentivizes low-type entrepreneurs to switch to salaried employment. The development of the informal credit market reduces the percentage of high-type entrepreneurs who borrow from formal sources. In the case of default, a higher value of the social network or higher costs of losing social ties demotivate low-type entrepreneurs to borrow from informal sources. The author highlights the practical implications of estimates by evaluating policies designed to promote entrepreneurship, such as subsidies and accessibility regulations in credit market institutions. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature in several ways. Unlike other studies that focus on individual characteristics in the selection for self-employment [Humphries (2017), Hincapíe (2020), Gendron-Carrier (2021), Dillon and Stanton (2017)], the paper models labor and borrowing decisions jointly. Previous studies discuss transitions between salaried employment and self-employment, taking into account entrepreneurial earnings, wealth, education and age, but do not consider the availability of financial institutions as a driving factor for the selection into self-employment. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper shows for the first time that the transition from salaried employment to self-employment is standard and consistent with changes in access to financial institutions. Another feature of this study is incorporating both types of credit markets – formal and informal. The survey by the European Central Bank on the Access to Finance of Enterprises (2018) shows 18% of small and medium enterprise in EU pointed funds from family or friends. Therefore, the exclusion from consideration of informal credit markets may distort the understanding of the role of the accessibility of credit markets.

Informing the clinical reasoning of advanced practice students with nursing theories

This article examines the integration of a Clinical Nurse Reasoning (CNR) model into advanced nursing practice training to develop the clinical reasoning skills of advanced practice nurses. The article explores the contribution of Callista Roy's conceptual model of adaptation and presents a global analysis of a complex care situation that justifies the introduction of an CNR model paired with nursing knowledge to ensure comprehensive, quality nursing care.

Allocation of Female Talent and Cross-Country Productivity Differences

Abstract Cross-country disparities in labour productivity are more pronounced in agriculture than other sectors. I posit that the misallocation of female talent between sectors distorts productivity and formalise a general equilibrium Roy model with gender-specific frictions. If female workers encounter greater barriers in non-agricultural sectors, female workers who are better skilled at non-agricultural jobs may select into the agricultural sector. Analysis of data from sixty-six countries reveals that low-income countries have higher frictions against female workers in non-agricultural sectors. By aligning these frictions with those of the United States, agricultural labour productivity sees gains of 2.5%–7.6%, with GDP per capita rising by 0.5%–1.5% on average.

Falling and rising in the vortex of cancer: children’s adaptation with cancer: a qualitative study

BackgroundCancer is a considerable health problem worldwide and the second leading cause of death in children. It has many physical, psychological, and social consequences for children and their families. The ability to adapt to cancer plays a vital role in the recovery and quality of life of affected children. This study aimed to explain the adaptation of children with cancer to their disease.MethodsThis qualitative study adopted the directed content analysis approach based on the Roy nursing model. The participants were nine children with cancer aged 6–18 years old, five family members, four nurses, one doctor, one teacher, and two charity association members, recruited by purposive sampling method. The information was collected via individual semi-structured interviews, a focus group discussion, and field notes. The data were analyzed simultaneously with data collection using the Elo and Kyngäs method. The study rigor was ensured based on the Guba and Lincoln criteria.FindingsOf the four categories of physical challenges, fragile self-concept, the difficulty of role transition, and disruption of the path to independence, the theme of Falling and rising in the cancer vortex was abstracted.ConclusionBased on the Roy model, the children in the present study were at the compensatory level of adaptation. This research demonstrates that the adaptation of children being treated for cancer is fragile and not constant. With each hospitalization and exacerbation of the disease, they made efforts to adapt to their disease using regulatory and cognitive subsystems. Paying attention to different stimulants and the effects of support systems on physical challenges, fragile self-concept, difficult role transition, and disruption of the path to independence for each child, as well as providing individualized care for these children, can help their adaptation to and healthy transition from the vortex of cancer. The Roy adaptation model was helpful and efficient for elucidating the adaptation of children with cancer. Providing care for children by healthcare specialists, especially nurses, should be theory-based and individualized.

The effect of malnutrition on students' academic performance: Roy’s model application

Purpose This study aims to enhance understanding of malnutrition's effect on academic achievement of primary school students. Design/methodology/approach This is a descriptive, cross-sectional design built on Roy's adaptation model (RAM). This study uses a random cluster sample, consisting of 453 primary school students. Contextual stimuli (mother's educational level, income and child’s breakfast eating) and focal stimuli (wasting, thinness, body mass index and stunting) were examined regarding adaptive responses to student’s academic achievement. Findings The investigation revealed that Model 1, which took into account factors of age, gender, the frequency of breakfast, income, the number of family members and the education of mothers, explained 12% (R2 = 0.12) of the variance in academic achievement. Stuntedness (β = −3.2 and p < 0.01), BMI (β = 0.94 and p < 0.001), family income per month (β = 5.60 and p < 0.001) and mother's education (β = 2.79 and p < 0.001) were the significant predictors in Model 2. Practical implications This study provides evidence that malnutrition is associated with ineffective academic achievement. Moreover, variables such as the mother's level of education, family income and the child’s breakfast consumption have a significant impact on academic achievements. Originality/value RAM is a useful framework for determining factors affecting people's reactions to difficult circumstances.

Void nucleation and growth behavior of TIG welded AA2219 deformed at cryogenic temperatures

This work investigates the failure behaviour of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded 2219 aluminum alloy butt welds deformed over a range of cryogenic temperatures relevant to liquid hydrogen/oxygen propellent storage tanks. A novel in situ tensile testing machine, able to deform samples at temperatures down to 83 K, was designed to be accommodated on synchrotron computed tomography beamlines. In this way we were able to observe the accumulation of damage from void nucleation through growth to coalescence and ultimate failure by time-lapse X-ray microtomography during tensile straining at 293 K and 123 K. The results reveal that micro-void nucleation is triggered by θ (Al2Cu) precipitates and α-Al + θ (Al2Cu) eutectics in the form of particle fracture and interface decohesion. After nucleation, these freshly nucleated voids, along with pre-existing welding defects, extend with straining along the loading direction. This leads to void linkage, a very short void coalescence stage and subsequent catastrophic failure. The probability distribution function that describes the rate at which voids nucleate by interface decohesion considering the particle orientation was determined through the Eshelby inclusion theory. The evolution of void aspect ratio and void growth were modelled using the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman model and Le Roy model, respectively. This suggests that pre-existing defects grow faster, but that the numerous closely spaced nucleated voids play a significant role in failure.

Risk and the allocation of talent in the Roy model

With risk-averse workers and uninsurable earnings shocks, competitive markets allocate too few workers to risky jobs. Using an equilibrium Roy model with incomplete markets, we show that in competitive equilibrium, risky occupations are inefficiently small and hence talent is misallocated.

Wage and earnings inequality between and within occupations: The role of labor supply

We document systematic differences in wage and earnings inequality both between and within occupations and show that these differences are intimately related to systematic differences in labor supply across occupations. We then develop a variant of a Roy model in which earnings are a non-linear function of hours, with the extent of this non-linearity differing across occupations. In our theory, the interplay between heterogeneity in tastes for leisure and occupational differences in non-linearities affects the sorting of workers. Moreover, this interplay is crucial to account for the facts on the distributions of hours, wages, and earnings within and across occupations.

A comparative analysis of dorothy orem's self-care deficit theory and sister callista roy's adaptation model

This paper provides a comparative analysis of Dorothy Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model in the context of nursing practice. Orem's theory underscores the importance of self-care and the nursing role in addressing self-care deficits, focusing on concepts like self-care agency and deficit. Conversely, Roy's model views individuals as adaptive systems, highlighting the role of nursing in facilitating adaptive responses to environmental stimuli. Through a detailed examination of their theoretical perspectives, assumptions, and key concepts, this analysis elucidates the similarities and differences between the two theories. While Orem's theory concentrates on self-care deficits and the nurse's supportive role, Roy's model takes a broader view, emphasizing adaptation and holistic well- being. Understanding these theories' distinct perspectives can empower nurses to tailor interventions effectively, promoting better patient outcomes across diverse healthcare settings.

Language diversity, gender inequality, and aggregate productivity in Canada

AbstractIdentifying sources of barriers to occupational mobility is central to evaluating the efficiency of the labor market. In this paper, we present an augmented Roy model in which workers self‐select into occupations, subject to labor market barriers that are specific to their socio‐linguistic group. Our findings provide evidence of differences in labor market outcomes across gender and linguistic groups in Canada. We argue that these differences could be attributed to barriers to labor mobility and that the reduction of these disparities would result in higher aggregate productivity in the country. In the augmented Roy model, the frictions result in inefficient allocation of labor across occupations. The study quantifies the change in aggregate productivity that would result from reducing the friction. The elimination of the frictions increased aggregate output on average by 6.2% and 4.4% in 1991 and 2011, respectively. This finding highlights the importance of reducing language barriers and gender inequality in the labor market. We provide policy recommendations for mitigating the disparities in socioeconomic outcomes between gender and linguistic groups.

Role models and revealed gender-specific costs of STEM in an extended Roy model of major choice

We derive sharp bounds on the non consumption utility component in an extended Roy model of sector selection. We interpret this non consumption utility component as a compensating wage differential. The bounds are derived under the assumption that potential utilities in each sector are (jointly) stochastically monotone with respect to an observed selection shifter. The research is motivated by the analysis of women’s choice of university major, their under representation in mathematics intensive fields, and the impact of role models on choices and outcomes. To illustrate our methodology, we investigate the cost of STEM fields with data from a German graduate survey, and using the mother’s education level and the proportion of women on the STEM faculty at the time of major choice as selection shifters.

Endogeneity in weakly separable models without monotonicity

We identify and estimate treatment effects when potential outcomes are weakly separable with a binary endogenous treatment. Vytlacil and Yildiz (2007) proposed an identification strategy that exploits the mean of observed outcomes, but their approach requires a monotonicity condition. In comparison, we exploit full information in the entire outcome distribution, instead of just its mean. As a result, our method does not require monotonicity and is also applicable to general settings with multiple indices. We provide examples where our approach can identify treatment effect parameters of interest whereas existing methods would fail. These include models where potential outcomes depend on multiple unobserved disturbance terms, such as a Roy model, a multinomial choice model, as well as a model with endogenous random coefficients. We establish consistency and asymptotic normality of our estimators.

Industry selection of regional migrants in China: The role of urban industry structures of home and destination

AbstractRegional migrants constitute a large share of the labour market in China and therefore have important implications for welfare, resource reallocation and economic development. However, few works exist in studying how regional migrants select industries in destination cities. This study examines the role of urban industry structures of migrants' origin and destination locations in determining the industry selection of regional migrant workers in China. We apply a variant of the Roy model to guide the empirical analysis and generate the following predictions: the industry selection of a cross‐province migrant is negatively affected by the industry strength of her home province and positively affected by that of her destination. Using data from a nationwide migrant survey in China, we verify the patterns of migrants' industry selection consistent with the predictions of the model. We also find that regional migration is more likely to occur between the origin and destination with more dissimilar industry structures.

Misallocation of talent, teachers’ human capital, and development in Brazil

In this study, we investigate the allocation of talent in an economy where teachers play a critical role in developing the human capital of the workforce. To this end, we formulate a Roy model with externality in the occupational choice, as the quantity and quality of teachers are key determinants of workers’ human capital. Our analysis suggests that when individuals with greater abilities opt for teaching careers, the entire workforce benefits. However, frictions in the labor and educational goods markets may lead to a suboptimal allocation of talent and hinder economic growth and development. Our model is calibrated to the Brazilian economy, and our findings reveal a negative correlation between frictions in the teacher’s occupation and per capita output in the Brazilian states. Our results indicate that eliminating friction in the labor market could result in a 16.94% increase in Brazilian income.

Are political and economic integration intertwined?

AbstractEconomic incentives play a key role in the decision to run for office, but little is known on how they shape immigrants' self‐selection into candidacy. We study this question using a two‐period Roy model, and show that if returns to labour market experience differ between migrants and natives, then this will affect the relative likelihood to run for office for the two groups. We assess this prediction empirically using administrative data from Norway, a country with a very liberal regime for participation in local elections. Our results strongly support our theoretical model and indicate that immigrants' political and economic integration are closely intertwined.

Selection and the Roy Model in the Neolithic Transition

Selection and the Roy Model in the Neolithic Transition

Air Temperature Sensor Estimation on Automatic Weather Station Using ARIMA and MLP

Surface meteorological quantities are now measured by Automatic Weather Station (AWS). AWS Serang records weather parameters minutely in Banten Province of Indonesia. Air temperature sensor is one instrument of this system. This study aims to design an air temperature sensor estimator model using ARIMA and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as solution for avoiding loss data. Air temperature sensor on AWS Serang data in August of 2022 period is segmented into training, validating and testing sections. Based on criterion calculation, ARIMA (1,1,5) is simulated. It obtains not more than 0.12 of RMSE, 0.0520C of MAE, 0.193% of MAPE and 0.194% of SMAPE. Meanwhile, three different models of MLP ANN for air temperature estimator is also simulated. Input variables include air temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation intensity. Roy model has highest accuracy level for MLP ANN algorithm with 0.048 of RMSE, 0.0260C for MAE, 5% of MAPE and 4.83% of SMAPE. Overall, ARIMA (1,1,5) is better than Roy MLP ANN model in estimating air temperature sensor data on AWS Serang. Nonetheless, both models are properly fulfilling WMO (World Meteorological Organization) accuracy requirements for air temperature measurement.

Nonparametric identification and estimation of the extended Roy model

We propose a new identification method for the extended Roy model, in which the agents maximize their utility rather than just their outcome. We nonparametrically identify the joint distribution of potential outcomes, which is of great importance in causal inference. We exploit the extended Roy model structure and the monotonicity assumption but do not require any functional form assumption nor any support assumption. The identification is achieved by matching the indifferent agents across choices, who are identified by the local instrumental variable method. Based on the identification result, we propose an easy-to-implement nonparametric simulation-based estimator and derive its convergence rate. An empirical illustration on Malawian farmers’ hybrid maize adoption is provided.

Adaptive modes of adult men during COVID-19: qualitative analysis under Roy's model.

This study aims to understand how adult men adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative study involving 45 adult men residing in Brazil in 2020. Data were obtained from a Web Survey and treated using Reflective Thematic Analysis and interpreted in the light of Callista Roy's Adaptation Model. The COVID-19 pandemic mobilized in men the ways of adaptation that are configured in: mobilization of the physiological-physical and regulatory dimension: adjustments in the sleep pattern, dietary pattern, and maintenance of physical activity; group self-concept identity: managing emotions; role function: self-knowledge and self-care; interdependence: adjustments in the marital relationship, family ties and paternity, investment in training and studies and control of excessive consumption of content on cell phones. The perception of the own vulnerability favored the entry of men into ways of adaptation in search of balance during the pandemic, motivating them to move through practices of taking care of themselves and taking care of others. Markers of psycho-emotional distress alert to adherence to new modes of care capable of promoting healthy transitions in the face of disruptions and uncertainties generated by the pandemic. This evidence can support the establishment of goals for nursing care aimed at men.

Multi-Dimensional Skills and Gender Differences in STEM Majors

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between pre-college skills and gender differences in STEM majors. I use longitudinal data to estimate a generalised Roy model of initial major choices and subsequent graduation outcomes. I recover students’ latent math ability, non-cognitive skills and math self-efficacy. High–math-ability women have lower math self-efficacy than men. Mathematical ability and self-efficacy shape the likelihood of STEM enrolment. A lack of math self-efficacy drives women’s drop out from STEM majors. I find large returns to STEM enrolment for high–math-ability women. Well-focused math self-efficacy interventions could improve women’s STEM graduation rates and labour market outcomes.