Row Interval Research Articles

Effects of plant density on growth, yield and seed quality of quinoa genotypes under rain-fed conditions on red basalt soil regions

Because of rainfall shortage, quinoa has the potential to supersede traditional crops that contribute to agricultural production less effectively. The current study determined the quinoa genotypes and plant density suitable for production under rain-fed conditions in red basalt soil regions. The experiments were conducted in the rainy and dry seasons of 2018/2019 using split-plot designs with three replications. In these, the main factor consisted of four quinoa genotypes and the subfactor four plant densities (13.3, 10.0, 8.0 and 6.6 plants m-2) with a row interval of 50cm and a plant interval of 15, 20, 25 and 30cm, respectively. The current study’s results showed that plant density significantly affected polynomial trends on panicle length, panicle number/plant, seed number/panicle, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, protein content, and ash content. The plant density of 8.0 plants m-2 seems to be the optimal density for quinoa under the studied conditions. Results here also indicate significant differences among quinoa genotypes for agronomical and seed quality performance. Better performances of quinoa occurred in the dry season compared to the rainy season. Atlas and Cahuil were the best adaptive quinoa genotypes in the red basalt soil regions

Changes in yields and volatile oil composition of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) in high plant populations

This research was managed to identify the effects of the different seed quantity (5, 10, 15 and 20 kg.ha–1) and row interval (15 and 30 cm) on the yields and the volatile oil components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under the Harran Plain conditions, during 2013 and 2014 years. The study was established according to the split plot in randomised complete block design. Seed and volatile oil yields, volatile oil ratio and volatile oil components were importantly affected seed quantity and row interval. The transaction of 15 cm × 10 kg.ha–1, the highest seed and volatile oil yield were taken, was determined to be the most suitable. The trans-anethole was taken the primary component under all transactions and it was changed to depend on the row interval and seed quantities.

A large depth of field frontal multi-projection three-dimensional display with uniform light field distribution

To achieve an immersive three-dimensional (3D) experience, a frontal multi-projection (FMP) 3D display with a large screen is presented. In order to increase the angular resolution and the depth of field of the 3D display, a configuration method of the projector array is presented to arrange more projectors within a limited space. The projectors are arranged at different periods of the light field with the rows repeatedly changed according to a predetermined row interval. The luminance characteristics are analyzed and the projector array is optimized to minimize the brightness fluctuation of the reproduced light field. Different configurations of the array for the 3D display are experimentally investigated. The demonstrated 85-in. frontal multi-projection 3D display can provide a good 3D visual experience with the displayed clear depth of field of 1.18m and uniform brightness. The view angle along the optimal viewing distance of 4m is 48°.

The Effect of Planting Row Interval and Plant Density on the Phonological Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Dryland Conditions

Planting arrangement through the plant's phonological traits affect on plant yield. In order to the experiment was done in factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2010 in Kermanshah Mahidasht. In this experiment the three row intervals of 25, 35 and 45 cm plant intervals and three rows 10, 15 and 20 cm were compared. The results showed that the effect of row interval and plant interval on the row on the number of days to heading, the number of days to flowering, the number of days to maturation and the number of days to economic yield was significant. By reducing the row intervals, plant interval on the row, the number of days to flowering decreased,. The grain yield decreased by increasing the planting row interval from 25 cm to 45 cm. The row intervals and plant intervals on fewer rows by the reason of homogeneous plant distribution; vegetation has been completed faster and used of maximum sunlight and environmental factors. The maximum grain yield in per unit area was of 30 cm row interval and 10 cm plant interval on row, respectively. The increasing grain yield relates to the shortening days to maturate, does not encounter the plant with water stress and better use of environmental factors.

Optimal projector configuration design for 300-Mpixel multi-projection 3D display

To achieve an immersive natural 3D experience on a large screen, a 300-Mpixel multi-projection 3D display that has a 100-inch screen and a 40° viewing angle has been developed. To increase the number of rays emanating from each pixel to 300 in the horizontal direction, three hundred projectors were used. The projector configuration is an important issue in generating a high-quality 3D image, the luminance characteristics were analyzed and the design was optimized to minimize the variation in the brightness of projected images. The rows of the projector arrays were repeatedly changed according to a predetermined row interval and the projectors were arranged in an equi-angular pitch toward the constant central point. As a result, we acquired very smooth motion parallax images without discontinuity. There is no limit of viewing distance, so natural 3D images can be viewed from 2 m to over 20 m.

Thick Board Theory on the Bolting Support of the Ribs in Coal Mine Roadway

According to the character that broken rock mass still has higher compressive strength with appropriate support action though it can not bear tensile stress and deformation character of board with different width-thickness ratios, an idea of keeping the stability of both sides of roadway with anchorage body was put forward, namely, the width(height)-thickness ratio of the anchorage body should be higher than that of the sheet. Thus the higher compression and shear strength can play the main role in keeping the roadway stable. A clear and definite theory for bolting support has been put forward, and the determination methods of geometrical and mechanical parameters of bolting support such as bolting strength, bolt length, spacing, interval of row and bolted length etc. have been deduced.

Study on the law of radiant directionality of row crops

The style of crops planting is frequently in row-structure, the row-structure style may result in big difference among the sunlit, shaded soil surface and foliage temperatures and cause pixel component to vary in azimuth orientation, these further lead to the change of radiant directionlity of row crops in the zenith and azimuth orientations. Since the row crops are often tackled as isotropic in the azimuth orientation based on continuous vegetation assumption, big errors will be brought about. In order to eliminate the errors, it is necessary to study the law of radiant directionality of the row crops. In this paper, Monte Carlo method has been employed to simulate the angular effects on radiation caused by row architecture parameters. The simulated results show that the parameters, for example, row height, row width, row interval between the neighbor rows and the leaf area index have significant influences on the radiant directionality, but the azimuth orientation ranks the first among the parameters.

Soil heat and water flow with a partial surface mulch

A computer model using the alternating direction implicit (ADI) finite difference method to study two‐dimensional coupled soil heat and water flow with a partial surface mulch cover is developed. A new, simplified computational procedure, which has only tridiagonal matrix problems, for the ADI method is introduced. The model uses a soil surface energy balance equation to determine soil surface boundary conditions for both heat and water flow. The inputs required for the computer simulations are weather data, soil thermal and hydraulic properties, and mulch data. Numerical experiments are performed to examine the effects of soil type, mulch width, and weather conditions on soil heat and water movement. For continuous evaporation and drainage, 10‐day simulations were performed for each combination of clay, loam, and sand soil and fractions of mulch cover of 0, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 of the row interval width. For repetitive evaporation and infiltration, 15‐day simulations were performed. The mulch cover greatly reduces evaporation loss and the amplitude of daily soil temperature, water content, and pressure head variations. Large spatial variations in temperature and soil water content are predicted near the interface of mulch and bare soil surface. The soil hydraulic properties have important roles in controlling soil surface water content. The present model reasonably describes the soil thermal and hydrologic environments and thus can be applied successfully in soil science and groundwater hydrology and can be extended to related disciplines.

Cotton Row Spacing as It Affects Soil Water Utilization and Yield1

SynopsisSoil water as measured between July 20 and August 6 was rather uniformly removed by cotton planted with a 40‐inch row interval. In a plant‐2‐skip‐1 row pattern, which may be described as an alternate 40‐ and 80‐inch row spacing, there was 1.5 to 2.2 inches more water in the skipped row position than in the row. The yield per unit length of row from cotton planted in rows having an alternate 40‐ and 80‐inch interval was very significantly higher than that having a uniform 40‐inch row interval.