Routing Protocol For Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

A new priority aware routing protocol for efficient emergency data transmissions in MANETs

This paper introduces a new priority-aware routing protocol for mobile Ad-hoc networks to be utilized in emergencies, which is based on AODV. Mobile Ad-hoc networks find extensive use in various domains including military operations, environmental monitoring, healthcare, disaster response, smart transportation systems, unmanned aerial vehicles, and smart homes. During emergencies, communication can be severely restricted or even impossible due to the congestion of physical communication channels and unexpected technical failures in the infrastructure. Mobile Ad-hoc networks offer a solution to maintain continuous and reliable communication under such challenging conditions. In emergency scenarios, it is crucial for any node in the network to promptly deliver urgent messages to the intended destination, especially when certain nodes require ongoing active communication. The proposed routing protocol effectively addresses this requirement through its priority-aware mechanisms. The protocol ensures that nodes not involved in emergency tasks select the least congested route to prevent any delays or disruptions in the transmission of critical emergency data. This approach guarantees seamless communication for emergency nodes while allowing non-emergency nodes to communicate with each other as well. The study proposed in this paper introduces a new priority-aware routing protocol based on AODV for mobile Ad-hoc networks in emergencies. The packet transmission ratio of emergency nodes within the network is improved while maintaining the overall network performance unaffected. The adoption of proposed mechanisms to enhance performance does not necessitate an expansion in the size of data and control packets. These mechanisms do not inflict any supplementary latency or incur packet loss expenses on the network. The proposed protocol has been implemented and evaluated using ns-3 simulation software across various emergency scenarios. The results show that emergency nodes using the proposed protocol, achieve better packet delivery ratios compared to the original AODV, DSR, P-AODV, and AOMDV protocols, with improvements of 10.8%, 15.9%, 6.2%, and 5.9% respectively. This improvement in the packet delivery ratio for emergency data traffic is achieved without causing any disruptions in the overall network communication flow.

A comprehensive review on vehicular ad-hoc networks routing protocols for urban and highway scenarios, research gaps and future enhancements

A comprehensive review on vehicular ad-hoc networks routing protocols for urban and highway scenarios, research gaps and future enhancements

A novel TT-SHO QoS aware and secured Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) routing protocol for smart intelligent transportation

A novel TT-SHO QoS aware and secured Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) routing protocol for smart intelligent transportation

Comparative study of proactive and reactive routing protocols in vehicular ad-hoc network

<p>In recent years, the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), which is an ad-hoc network used by connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) for information processing, has attracted the interest of researchers in order to meet the needs created by the accelerating development of autonomous vehicle technology. The enormous amount of information and the high speed of the vehicles require us to have a very reliable communication protocol. The objective of this paper is to determine a topology-based routing protocol that improves network performance and guarantees information traffic over VANET. This comparative study was carried out using the simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator (NS-3). Through the results obtained, we will show that the choice of the type of protocol to use depends on the size of the network and also on the metrics to be optimized.</p>

Mobile wireless ad-hoc network routing protocols comparison for real-time military application

Mobile wireless Ad-hoc has become more popular because it forms quickly, has an easy setup, and has easy extensibility. The mobile ad-hoc wireless networks can be further classified according to their applications as follows: Regular user ad-hoc networks are commercial communication that applies to vehicles to help avoid collisions and accidents and live connections to transfer data from car to car. Another application is disaster rescue ad-hoc networking, usually used when a normal infrastructure network is destroyed by storms, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. Nowadays, a lot of applications, particularly those related to the military and emergency situations, rely on mobile ad hoc wireless networks, where security needs are more challenging to provide than in regular networks. We present the tactical network needs for the military. This platform attempts to assess the possible advantages of mobile ad hoc networks in tactical military applications. This work proposes route discovery using reactive (on-demand) routing protocols where nodes need to just transfer data. This eliminates the requirement for each node to store and maintain any routing tables. This study presents and contrasts the benefits and drawbacks of two fundamental mobile ad hoc routing systems (AODV and DSR). Both protocols are On-Demand routing techniques, and when data needs to be sent, the discovery phase begins. The results of the simulation, the AODV routing approach outperforms the DSV routing method under identical simulated conditions.

An energy efficient clustering with enhanced chicken swarm optimization algorithm with adaptive position routing protocol in mobile adhoc network

An energy efficient clustering with enhanced chicken swarm optimization algorithm with adaptive position routing protocol in mobile adhoc network

Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols Performance Evaluation under Security Attack

Abstract: A mobile ad hoc network is made up of portable wireless nodes (MANET). The communication between these mobile nodes is not managed centralized. A self-organizing, self-configuring network known as MANET allows mobile nodes to roam around at whim. The mobile nodes can act as a router by receiving and sending packets. Due to the significance of routing in MANET, this thesis also evaluates several routing systems' efficacy. We compared the three routing protocols AODV, DSR, OLSR, and DSDV. Throughput, network load, and latency are the three metrics used to gauge how well-performing different routing systems are. The three routing techniques are well described using metrics. Information is transmitted end-to-end and hop-by-hop over the connections to the destination nodes using the proactive and reactive protocols of MANET. In multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks, energy consumption at the mobile nodes' end and its effective use are crucial factors. Nodes and other routing resources in MANETs cannot afford to run out of battery power while carrying out mission-critical operations like military or rescue missions. The effectiveness of MANET protocols such AODV, DSDV, OLSR, and DSR is studied in this study. Throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy use are included while computing the Mobile Ad-hoc Networks' performance parameters. The circumstances that were simulated using various simulators are included in the research. The related research compared the performance of several protocols in MANETs with varying node mobility, stop length, and node density while examining the NS-2 scenario. The optimum routing system for mobile ad hoc networks will be identified after a comparison and analysis of these protocols.

Energy Saving Optimization Technique-Based Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network with IoT Environment

The Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a self-configuring decentralized network, where the network topology is dynamically modifiable. The IoT (Internet of Things) based Wireless Sensor Network contains more sensors and shares information over the Internet to a cloud server. However, the IoT-based wireless sensor network channel has moderate security is poor compared to MANET and packet loss is increased due to attackers. In IoT, all the sensors forward the detected data frequently to the internet gateway, so the energy saving in the network is low compared to MANET. In this work, the smart environment of IoT, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and MANET make a great heterogeneous network in IT Technology; the combination of this heterogeneous network has new challenging issues. In this heterogeneous network, MANET provides a trusted route between the sensor to gateway nodes into the IoT environment using Energy Saving Optimization Techniques [MANET-ESO in IoT]. It saves energy for each node and reduces the economic level. The results of the ns-3 simulation show that the proposed method provides better results in Alive node counts, residual Energy, throughput, packet delivery ratio and routing overhead.

On The Improving Of Routing Protocols In Ad-Hoc Network By Using Optimization Algorithms

In this paper, a novel improved method is presented to perform the local repair process of AntHocNet protocol. In the novel proposed method, in the case of failed connection, the node that checks the connection looks for the link that leads to node which follows the out-of-service node instead of the destination node. If it is existed, then the path will be repaired and completed quickly.

Neuro Fuzzy Model Based Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs for short) are gaining the importance in the field of wireless communication. The promising feature of MANET is that it can be deployed immediately in demanding situations as they do not require the infrastructure or any centralized structures as compared to traditional wired and wireless networks.An intelligent system has been designed to select an optimum route for various contexts.An efficient protocol is designed to overcome the limits of route finding and link formation in MANET’s. This can be done by making use of the application of soft-computing techniques such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. Traditional techniques are based on statistical techniques such as regression models and probabilistic methods.It can be seen from the simulation outcomes that the route finding time using the HYPER-NF-NET simulator which use soft computingtechniques is 20% to the routing finding time using NS-2 simulator. It is also seen from the simulation results that the HYPER-NF-NET protocol performance is better compared to AODV, DSR and OLSR routing protocols for different node population and various degree of congestion. The simulation results showcase a superiority of HYPER-NF-NET simulator over NS-2 and associated HFNET protocol over other existing protocols.

Research and optimization of GPSR routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc network

Security is one of the most critical issues to Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) since the information transmitted is asynchronous and distributed. Vulnerability and instability are two of the challenges remain to be addressed by the research community and the industry. In this paper, we first proposed a trust reliability based model and extended the GPSR protocol to TM-GPSR protocol. Then, we improved the LET-GPSR protocol based on the link connection time prediction. On this basis, combined the decision index of the TM-GPSR and LET-GPSR protocols, we proposed the RC-GPSR routing protocol. We built the standard testing platform on the NS2 and SUMO, the average end-to-end delay and packet delivery rate of GPSR protocol and the three updates protocols under different node density, node speed, and malicious node ratio are simulated and evaluated. The results showed that under the same conditions, compared with GPSR protocol, RC-GPSR protocol has a lower average end-to-end delay and a higher packet delivery rate, which effectively improves the link stability and security.

MetaLearn: Optimizing routing heuristics with a hybrid meta-learning approach in vehicular ad-hoc networks

Routing protocols in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are typically challenged by high vehicular mobility and changing network topology. It becomes more apparent as the inherently dispersed nature of VANETs affects the Quality-of-Service (QoS), which makes it challenging to find a routing algorithm that maximizes the network throughput. Integrating Reinforcement Learning (RL) with Meta-Heuristic (MH) techniques allow for solving constrained, high dimensional problems such as routing optimization. Motivated by this fact, we introduce MetaLearn, a technique akin to global search, which employs a parameterized approach to remove future rewards uncertainty as well as vehicular state exploration to optimize the multilevel network structure. The proposed technique searches for the optimum solution that may be sped up by balancing global exploration using Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and exploitation through Temporal Difference Learning (particularly Q(λ)). MetaLearn approach enables cluster heads to learn how to adjust route request forwarding according to QoS parameters. The input received by a vehicle from previous evaluations is used to learn and adapt the subsequent actions accordingly. Furthermore, a customized reward function is developed to select the cluster head and identify stable clusters through GWO. An in-depth experimental demonstration of the proposed protocol addresses applicability and solution challenges for hybrid MH-RL algorithms in VANETs.

A Deep Comprehensive Research Architecture, Characteristics, Challenges, Issues, and Benefits of Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

VANETs or vehicular ad hoc networks are essential & promising research areas in the ad hoc networks field. The core objective to set up VANET can upgrade road safety & diminish accidents quantity. Routing has been a complex task in VANET as the nodes are highly mobile and consequently, topology alters very quickly. Hence, it is difficult to distribute packets within the minimum period. Contemporary routing protocols cannot meet all demands and issues in VANETs routing. To provide a suitable routing protocol, the crucial factor is to analyze the VANET's protocols for routing. Hence, the paper begins by presenting the fundamental structural design of VANETs to provide a thorough account of several available routing procedures that incorporate their benefits and drawbacks. The paper concludes by providing a summary of the available routing protocols that are used in VANETs.

Имитационная модель беспроводной ad-hoc сети для исследования алгоритмов маршрутизации трафика

Communication network simulators are software designed to model, explore, test and debug network technologies, including wireless decentralized self-organizing networks or ad-hoc networks. They greatly simplify the research, development and optimization of routing protocols in these networks. However, the well-known simulators have a number of disadvantages, including the difficulty of adding custom extensions to ad-hoc network routing protocols, the lack of the necessary network stack, the lack of routing algorithm visualization modes, low performance, and difficulty in debugging communication protocols. The purpose of this work is to create a simulation model of a wireless network that would allow us to explore, debug and evaluate the developed algorithms and routing protocols for ad-hoc networks. At the same time, the requirements for interface ergonomics and the ability to visualize the operation of algorithms, ensure the collection of statistics, and create various scenarios for the operation of the network come to the fore. The article proposes the structure of the simulation model, which includes the modules of the network subscriber, application software, network layer of the OSI data transmission model, radio module, radio transmission environment, statistics collection, visualization and scenario management. To solve the tasks set, the approach of discrete-event modeling was used. To create a simulator of wireless decentralized networks and routing algorithms, a set of classes was developed that implement the modules of the simulation model. Based on the proposed structure, module classes and discrete event simulation algorithm, a software implementation of the simulation model was created using the C++ programming language and the Qt framework. The developed simulation model was used in the course of an experimental study of the effectiveness of the network routing algorithm. The proposed software will simplify the development and debugging of algorithms and routing protocols for ad-hoc networks.

Enhance the performance of AODV routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks

Enhancing the quality of service is still facing various challenges due to nature and configuration of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) such as free movement of nodes, unpredictable changes in network topology as no infrastructure exist in the network. The large usage of mobile ad-hoc network in various applications raises the demand to enhance the performance as well as reduce loss of packets through various factors. The routing protocols play the most important aspect in MANET. There are three kinds of routing protocols that are: reactive, proactive and hybrid that are utilized to optimize the network’s functionality. Ad-hoc on-demand Distance victor (AODV) routing protocol is the popular used to achieve best output result. The most important objectives of this paper are to enhance the performance of mobile ad-hoc network by using AODV protocol. This paper gives some changes in AODV routing protocols that’s assist the performance enhancement of AODV in mobile ad-hoc network. The simulation is carried out on the network simulator NS2 and the output result show the improved AODV has excellent performance in term of packet delivery ratio, secondly throughput, third is the routing overhead and finally is end to end delay.

Quality of service assessment routing protocols for performance in a smart building: A case study

ABSTRACT Wireless sensor network (WSN) with several sensors is used to group measurements of certain physical quantities or environmental conditions, including sound, temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, or pollution, at various locations and ranges. In WSNs, several protocols address the issue of routing. Sensor nodes in WSN usually have limited energy resources and storage capacities. Therefore, the issue of energy usage in sensors and protocols is very important. This paper analyzes and compares the quality of service (QoS) performances of three important routing protocols of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) including Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), in a smart building case study. The QoS evaluation metrics include residual energy of nodes, instant throughput (IT), average throughput (AT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and route discovery latency (RDL) based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol standard. The simulation is carried out using NS2, and the WSN has 16 fixed and 4 mobility nodes with different speeds and paths. The simulation results illustrate that average throughput in AODV is 1.985118 (kbps), however, the figures for DSR and DSDV are 1.977780 and 1.720700 (kbps), respectively. PDR, also, in DSR stands at 1.0, but the figures for AODV and DSDV are lower with the range of 0.999572 and 0.997930, respectively. Overall, The DSR protocol provides a better performance compared to AODV and DSDV routing protocols in terms of PLR and PDR. Also, AODV has better efficiency in RDL and AT compared to other assumed protocols.

Effect of change of Antenna Model with the Variation of Pause Time for Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

The collection of the many mobile nodes forming a short lived infrastructure with the help of any centralized administration. Since there's a random and dynamic modification in topology due to the quality of host, so the requirement for a study dynamic routing protocol is needed. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes like wireless affiliation, continuously dynamic topology, distributed operation and simple deployment. It establishes a short lived affiliation wherever nodes will be part of or leave the network at any time. Communication takes place by routing protocols in effective and economical manner in wireless network. Economical protocols are accustomed forward information packets while not a lot of packet loss. The target of the present paper is to boost the performance of the reactive and hybrid routing protocols with different directional antenna i.e. Omni and Pattern antenna with variation of pause time. The performance metrics in the research paper is PDR, NRL, Throughput and Routing Overhead.

Cluster and angular based energy proficient trusted routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc network

Cluster and angular based energy proficient trusted routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc network

Analysis on Performance Matrices of Routing protocols of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Abstract: An ad-hoc network is a local area network which has been constructed to connect the one or more devices accordingly. It is a cluster of cellular mobile nodes that are collected with one-another, which form a transitory network, which means to form a temporary structure and there is no need of any permanent support. However, it will attach all nodes with the use of cellular network structure. At compile time, if there is any problem occur that will harm the network, than it can modify the channel from one node to another node. Therefore, because of greatly effective conditions to make networks in very difficult. To avoid these conditions that will harm the network, some protocols are introduced which includes the reactive routing protocols, pro-active routing protocols, cluster- based routing protocol, a hybrid-based routing protocol, Ad- hoc on demand distance routing protocol, optimized link state routing. This review paper gives the performance analysis of routing protocols based on their properties, characteristics, functions, and their shortcomings.

Retraction Note to: EE-FMDRP: energy efficient-fast message distribution routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks

Retraction Note to: EE-FMDRP: energy efficient-fast message distribution routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks