Routing Protocol For Communication Research Articles

A novel routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks based on shifted energy efficiency and priority

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are among the most promising research areas these days due to their unique characteristics and diverse underwater applications. Though a number of routing protocols have been designed and implemented for UWSNs over the past few years, the researchers face several challenges, e.g., low speed of propagation, small bandwidth, limited battery power, etc., while designing routing protocols for communication in UWSNs. Acoustic sensor nodes are equipped with batteries with limited power and it is quite costly to replace or recharge them. The network will not survive for the desired period of time if the power of node batteries is not efficiently used. To effectively resolve this issue, this paper proposes a Shifted Energy Efficiency and Priority (SHEEP) routing protocol for UWSNs. The proposed protocol aims to enhance the efficiency of the state-of-the-art Energy Balanced Efficient and Reliable Routing (EBER2) protocol for UWSNs. SHEEP is built upon the depth and energy of the current forwarding node, the depth of the expected next forwarding node, and the average energy difference among the expected forwarders. Simulation results demonstrate that SHEEP improves the energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio in comparison to EBER2 by 7.4% and 13% respectively.

A multi-frequency communication routing protocol for mobile devices in the Internet of things

A multi-frequency communication routing protocol for mobile devices in the Internet of things

Energy-balanced neuro-fuzzy dynamic clustering scheme for green & sustainable IoT based smart cities

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a pervasive computing technology that provides solutions to critical sustainable smart city applications. Each sustainable application has its own set of requirements, including energy efficiency, Quality of Service (QoS), hardware, and software resources. Even though green IoT devices operate in a resource-constrained environment. Monitoring, recognizing, and responding to activities that entail continuous access to timely information in a partially or fully distributed ecosystem is a difficult task. To overcome the challenges of resource management in the IoT, we proposed an energy-efficient Dynamic Clustering Routing (DCR) protocol using a neuro-fuzzy technique for restricting the resources of IoT devices. The proposed protocol uses a dynamic self-organizing neural network to create dynamic clusters in a network. The test-bed analysis is for computing the real-time event detection and clustering sensor nodes using TinyOS. The simulation result shows that the proposed protocol achieved a significant gain over peer-competing well-known green communication routing protocols like Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy-Centralized (LEACH-C). The proposed model results show that using neuro-fuzzy logic is effective for sustainable IoT devices and green smart city applications in terms of resource management and dynamic clustering. The result analysis shows that the proposed protocol shows an average 35% significant gain on the First Node Dies (FND), Last Node Dies (LND), the number of packets sent to CH & BS, network convergence time, network overhead, and average packet delay to compare with the LEACH and LEACH-C.

A novel routing protocol for reducing packet delay with multi-beam antennas

Ad hoc networks are infrastructureless networks consisting of static and/or mobile nodes. These networks are deployed for a wide range of applications. Having an efficient routing protocol for communication between the nodes can be critical. Our goal in this paper is to design a routing protocol that capitalizes on Multi-Beam directional Antennas (MBAs) to significantly reduce the end-to-end (E2E) delay in multi-hop ad hoc networks that service multiple traffic flows. Previously, we proposed a multi-beam directional antenna MAC protocol, and a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model that exploits MBAs’ capabilities for delay minimization. Solving this model showed that the routes that are selected for different flows need to have certain key characteristics that depart from the traditional shortest-route philosophy. Based on these characteristics, we design, in this paper, an MBA-Delay-Reducing Routing protocol (MBA-DRR) that fully harnesses the benefits of MBAs for delay reduction. The benefits of this protocol apply to all types of multi-hop MBA-based ad hoc networks, both mobile and static. The evaluation on a multi-flow static scenario shows that MBA-DRR, with a delay of just 4.4 ms, gets very close to the optimal solution with a delay of 2.5 ms. Comparatively, Reactive-Geographic hybrid Routing, a shortest-route protocol, has a delay of 48 ms. An evaluation on a representative multi-flow mobile scenario shows that, while a single-beam directional MAC reduces the E2E delay from 700 ms to 40 ms, and a multi-beam directional MAC halves this to 20 ms, our proposed routing protocol further cuts it to 9 ms.

Performance Evaluation of VANET Routing Protocols in Madinah City

Traffic management challenges in peak seasons for popular destinations such as Madinah city have accelerated the need for and introduction of autonomous vehicles and Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to assist in communication and alleviation of traffic congestions. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of communication routing protocols in VANETs between autonomous and human-driven vehicles in Madinah city in varying traffic conditions. A simulation of assorted traffic distributions and densities were modeled in an extracted map of Madinah city and then tested in two application scenarios with three ad hoc routing protocols using a combination of traffic and network simulation tools working in tandem. The results measured for the average trip time show that opting for a fully autonomous vehicle scenario reduces the trip time of vehicles by approximately 7.1% in high traffic densities and that the reactive ad hoc routing protocols induce the least delay for network packets to reach neighboring VANET vehicles. From these observations, it can be asserted that autonomous vehicles provide a significant reduction in travel time and that either of the two reactive ad hoc routing protocols could be implemented for the VANET implementation in Madinah city. Furthermore, we perform an ANOVA test to examine the effects of the factors that are considered in our study on the variation of the results.

Automatic Repair Method for D2D Communication Routing Buffer Overflow Vulnerability in Cellular Network

Repairing D2D communication routing buffer overflow in a cellular network is of great significance in improving communication quality and security. Due to the increase of user usage, the communication data are easy to exceed the boundary of the buffer, resulting in the reduction of covered data information. The traditional repair methods mainly repair through the characteristics of covered data information, ignoring the impact of network topology information transmission delay and packet loss during calculation, resulting in the problem of low communication security. A cellular network routing buffer overflow repair algorithm based on the homomorphic analysis of node residual energy is proposed; the cellular network D2D communication routing protocol is designed; the cellular network D2D communication protocol path index is determined; then, the cellular network D2D communication routing protocol is designed by analyzing node residual energy; and the cellular network D2D communication network routing optimization method based on AHP is designed. Big constructs the energy model of cellular network D2D communication network, solves and sets the routing optimization objective function, realizes the control of network routing, and repairs the buffer overflow. The experiment results show that the improved method can effectively reduce the packet loss rate of communication data, improve the anti-interference ability of the system, and ensure the security of network communication.

Secure And Energy Efficient Stochastic Optimized Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a wireless mobile nodes network, which forms a network without any pre existing fixed network infrastructure support. MANET permits versatile communication between hosts that are moving around. MANETs have numerous advantages compared to traditional wireless networks. In MANET, each mobile node needs the cooperation of other nodes in the network for forwarding data packets from source to destination node. Mobile Ad-hoc Network includes different routing protocols for communication and in MANET each mobile node can act as host as well as sender or receiver at the same time. MANET is design to smartly react to network changes and operates without human interference to support nodes mobility. Mobile Ad-hoc Networks are designed to sustain its survivability in unfriendly and hostile conditions such as natural disasters and other emergency conditions. However unique characteristics of MANETs topology such as open peer-to-peer architecture, dynamic network topology, shared wireless medium and limited resource (battery, memory and computation power) pose a number of non-trivial challenges to security design. These challenges and characteristics require MANETs to provide broad protection and desirable network performance. Due to dynamic nature of MANET it is very challenging work to employ a secure route. The routing protocols play important role in transferring data. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) pose challenges in terms of energy control, due to their fixed transmission power, the mobility of nodes and a constantly changing topology. High levels of energy are needed in wireless networks, particularly for routing. In order to address this problem, energy enhancement is analyzed with the proposed dynamic AODV cluster base trust protocol, with the aim of maximizing the lifetime of the network. We have performed simulation of our approach to justify our research work on network simulator-2 (NS-2). Simulation result presents that our proposed approach result is improved the performance of network than the existing Mobile Ad hoc Network protocol.

A robust multicast communication protocol for Low power and Lossy networks

Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy networks (RPL) is a standardized routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (LLNs) such as the Internet of Things (IoT). RPL was designed to be a simple (but efficient) and practical networking protocol to perform routing in IoT networks that consists of resource constrained devices. These tiny intercommunicating devices are currently in use in a large array of IoT application services (e.g., eHealth, smart agriculture, smart grids, and home automation). However, the lack of scalability and the low data communication reliability due to faulty links or malicious nodes, still remains significant challenges in the broader adoption of RPL in LLNs. In this paper, we propose RECOUP, a robust multicast communication routing protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks. RECOUP efficiently uses a low-overhead cluster-based multicast routing technique on top of the RPL protocol. RECOUP increases the probability of message delivery to the intended destination(s), irrespective of the network size and faults (such as broken links or non-responsive nodes), and in the presence of misbehaving nodes. An implementation of RECOUP is realized in Contiki. Our results show the effectiveness of RECOUP over state-of-art protocols concerning packet delivery ratio to 25%, end-to-end delay down to 100 ms, and low radio transmissions required for per packet delivery to 6 mJ. Moreover, it minimizes the impact of various topologies (i.e., rank and sybil) and data communication (i.e., blackhole, wormhole, and jamming) attacks that targets an IoT networking infrastructure.

Intelligent Routing Protocols for Communication in Internet of Things: A Survey

Intelligent Routing Protocols for Communication in Internet of Things: A Survey

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NON CO OPERATIVE AND CO OPERATIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Underwater communication networks (UWCNs) include sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that interact to perform specific applications such as underwater monitoring. Some of the applications like, Mission critical applications require reliability and network efficiency in Underwater Communication Networks, so for coordination and data forwarding between sensor nodes cooperative communication routing protocols are developed that enhances network efficiency. Cooperation is added to the existing non-cooperative routing protocol at network layer that perform better in terms of reliability and throughput. This paper focuses on evaluation of non co operative routing protocols DBR (Depth Based Routing Protocol), EEDBR (Energy Efficient Depth Based Routing Protocol) and cooperative routing protocols Co DBR, Co EEDBR in terms of packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput and energy consumption. NS2 simulator judge the performance of these protocols. Simulation results show that Cooperative Routing Protocols outperforms than Non Cooperative Routing Protocols.

DK-LEACH: An Optimized Cluster Structure Routing Method Based on LEACH in Wireless Sensor Networks

Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the clustering routing protocols for communication in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It is based on the assumption that each sensor nodes contain equal amount of energy which is not valid in real scenarios, or the sensor nodes are almost spaced evenly. This paper presents an optimized cluster structure routing method called Dynamic K value LEACH (DK-LEACH), which aims at reducing energy consumption within the uneven energy distributed WSNs. DK-LEACH considers the energy factor of Cluster Heads (CHs) in the phase of clusters formation. Furthermore, the distance between CHs and non-CHs nodes is calculated out, and the proportion of this distance and surplus energy of CHs is adjusted dynamically based on the density of node distribution. Then, the most suitable CHs are chosen by non-CHs to form clusters, which balance energy depletion of CHs effectively. Simulation results show that the proposed method performs better than LEACH in terms of energy saving and prolongs the network lifetime, the survival rate of nodes improves 8.75% at least compared with LEACH.

CRB-RPL: A Receiver-Based Routing Protocol for Communications in Cognitive Radio Enabled Smart Grid

As a tool for overcoming radio spectrum shortages in wireless communications, cognitive radio technology plays a vital role in future smart grid applications, particularly in advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) networks with quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper focuses on the investigation of the receiver-based routing protocol for enhancing QoS in cognitive radio-enabled AMI networks, due to their potentials of enhancing reliability and routing efficiency. In accordance with practical requirements of smart grid applications, a new routing protocol with two purposes is proposed: One is to address the real-time requirement while another protocol focuses on how to meet energy efficiency requirements. As a special feature of cognitive radio technology, the protocol has the mechanism for protecting primary (licensed) users while meeting the utility requirements of secondary (cognitive radio) users. System-level evaluation shows that the proposed routing protocol can achieve better performances compared with existing routing protocols for cognitive radio-enabled AMI networks.

GeOpps-N: Opportunistic Routing for VANET in a Public Transit System

GeOpps-N, a new hybrid routing protocol for communications between buses and operation control centers in a Public Transportation System (PTS) is proposed. Bus location must be updated each 30 seconds. We model the system as a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET), which includes buses and Road Side Units (RSU). The network has a low density and is usually clustered, thus requiring relaying of the data. Topology-based routing protocols have proven to be well suited for these low node density scenarios, as compared with other protocols such as geographic-based routing or flooding-based routing. In these protocols, instead of looking for the destination inside the source cluster, the best candidate to transport the message to its destination is found. GeOpps-N searches for relaying nodes which can efficiently transport or relay the data to the closest RSU. GeOpps-N brings together aspects from reactive network topology-based routing and geographic-based routing protocols for delay tolerant networks. In our simulations, it improves the packet delivery ratio by up to 159% over the results of reactive protocols, such as DYMO-UM and DYMO-FAU and up to 59% over GeOpps. GeOpps-N also improves the mean end-to-end delay by up to 36% as compared to GeOpps.

Simulation-Based Performance Analysis Of Wireless Routing Protocols For Smart Metering Applications

There is a growing interest for smart metering applications in wireless environment recently. Wireless smart meter devices are easy to use solutions for recording energy consumption and report back the amount to the utility on a daily basis. This kind of usage of smart meter devices can be considered as a special subset of wireless sensor networks (WSN). The communication protocol used in smart meter networks has to be fast, reliable and secure. The challenge in developing such a protocol is the difficulty to debug software on multiple wireless nodes at the same time. This difficulty highlights the importance of the simulation-based approach. The most laborious part of the wireless communication is the routing protocol in the network layer when it comes to implementation. In this paper different wireless communication routing protocols are compared by simulation including naive Flooding, Gradient-Based Routing (GBR) and Directed Diffusion (DD). The simulation results show that GBR and DD have a superior performance over flooding as expected, and that GBR and DD has similar efficiency in a smart metering application. Since GBR is easier to implement it is the recommended solution for routing in a smart metering network.

Hybrid QoS based routing protocol for inter and intra wireless mesh infrastructure communications

Quality of service (QoS) in wireless mesh networks is an active area of research, which is driven by the increasing demand for real-time and multimedia applications, such as Voice over IP and Video on Demand. In this paper, we propose a novel QoS based routing protocol for wireless mesh infrastructure, called Hybrid QoS Mesh Routing (HQMR). It is composed of two QoS based routing sub-protocols: a reactive multi-metric routing protocol for intra-infrastructure communications and a proactive multi-tree based routing protocol for communications with external networks. The proposed routing protocol enables forwarding real-time and streaming applications with QoS guarantee in a mesh wireless environment, by assigning a specific routing path for each defined service class. To this end, three different QoS service classes are defined, depending on the applications requirements. We analyze in this paper the simulation results of different scenarios conducted on the network simulator ns-3 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the HQMR protocol and to compare it to other routing protocols while forwarding real-time applications with QoS guarantee.

Enhancement in QoS for Hybrid Networks Using IEEE 802.11e HCCA with Extended AODV Routing Protocol

The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) with infrastructure networks (hybrid networks) has several practical uses. The utility of hybrid network is increased in real time applications by providing some suitable quality of service. The quality thresholds are imposed on parameters like end-to-end delay (EED), jitter, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and throughput. This paper utilizes the extended ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol for communication between ad hoc network and fixed wired network. This paper also uses the IEEE 802.11e medium access control (MAC) function HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) to support quality of service (QoS) in hybrid network. In this paper two simulation scenarios are analyzed for hybrid networks. The nodes in wireless ad hoc networks are mobile in one scenario and static in the other scenario. Both simulation scenarios are used to compare the performance of extended AODV with HCCA (IEEE 802.11e) and without HCCA (IEEE802.11) for real time voice over IP (VoIP) traffic. The extensive set of simulations results show that the performance of extended AODV with HCCA (IEEE 802.11e) improves QoS in hybrid network and it is unaffected whether the nodes in wireless ad hoc networks are mobile or static.

Performance Analysis of Extended AODV with IEEE802.11e HCCA to support QoS in Hybrid Network

The integration of the fixed wired network and wireless mobile ad hoc network can be used to eliminate dead zones in the wireless network, and can also be used to extend the coverage of wireless networks. The integration of wired and wireless networks also known as hybrid networks, is gaining popularity due to its usefulness and practical use. Real time applications in hybrid network need some suitable quality of service. The quality thresholds are imposed on parameters like delay, jitter, packet loss and throughput. This paper utilizes the Extended AODV routing protocol for communication between MANET and fixed wired network and IEEE 802.11e MAC function HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) to support quality of service in hybrid network. The performance of extended AODV, with HCCA (IEEE 802.11e) and without HCCA (IEEE802.11) is compared using simulation for real time voice over IP traffic. The extensive set of simulations shows that extended AODV with HCCA provides the drastic reduction in jitter compare to without HCCA.

ZEQoS: A New Energy and QoS-Aware Routing Protocol for Communication of Sensor Devices in Healthcare System

This paper proposes a novel integrated energy and QoS-aware routing protocol with the considerations of energy, end-to-end latency, and reliability requirements of body area network (BAN) communication. The proposed routing protocol, called ZEQoS, introduces two main modules (MAC layer and network layer) and three algorithms (neighbor table constructor, routing table constructor, and path selector). To handle ordinary packets (OPs), delay-sensitive packets (DSPs), and reliability-sensitive packets (RSPs), the new mechanism first calculates the communication costs, end-to-end path delays, and end-to-end path reliabilities of all possible paths from a source to destination. The protocol then selects the best possible path(s) for OPs, RSPs, and DSPs by considering their QoS requirement. Extensive simulations using OMNeT++ based simulator Castalia 3.2 demonstrate that the performance of the proposed integrated algorithm is satisfactory when tested on a real hospital scenario, and all data types including OPs, DSPs, and RSPs are used as offered traffic. Simulations also show that the ZEQoS also offers better performance in terms of higher throughput, less packets dropped on MAC and network layers, and lower network traffic than comparable protocols including DMQoS and noRouting.

An Energy Efficient Communication Routing Protocol Based on LEACH for WSN

Aiming at LEACH protocol in WSN in cluster heads selection disequilibrium, the cluster head nodes energy consumption too fast, and the network uneven energy consumption problem, this paper based on double cluster heads routing algorithms, try to blend in fixed partition network, use multiple hops routing strategy and improve the cluster heads routing algorithms in LEACH protocol, then put forward EDCH-LEACH protocol. The simulation results show that: the EDCH-LEACH protocol can effectively improve the previously mentioned problems of the cluster heads selection imbalance, local energy consumption too fast, achieve the goal of prolong the life cycle of the whole network.

A wireless sensor network based on DFB lasers for water vapor detection

This paper describes the development of a wireless sensor network for remote water vapor detection. The network is composed of three parts: the base station, the router node, and the end node. The end node is fabricated from distributed-feed-back (DFB) laser water vapor detection systems. Multi-node topology is adopted among the water vapor detection nodes with ZigBee multi-hop mesh routing protocol for communication, and acquisition data are transmitted to the data center through wireless communication. The network can detect water vapor down to 1ppm, and an excellent stability is observed in 100 days. The system has been put into an actual test application, and it will be used to monitor environment change with a high precision.