Routing Protocol For Mesh Networks Research Articles

EVALUATING ROUTING ALGORITHMS ACROSS DIFFERENT WIRELESS MESH NETWORK TOPOLOGIES USING NS-3 SIMULATOR

Wireless Mesh Networks are gaining traction as a solution for delivering reliable connectivity without centralized infrastructure. They operate through wireless node interconnections, forming self-configuring networks ideal for scenarios where wired networks are impractical. Routing is crucial in Wireless Mesh Networks to ensure efficient communication among nodes. However, the suitability of routing algorithms for Wireless Mesh Network’s topology requires further investigation. This paper proposes an investigation into the effectiveness of routing algorithms like AODV, DSDV, and OLSR across various Wireless Mesh Networks topologies using NS-3 simulation. It also aims to determine the optimal number of nodes and protocols to maximize throughput and minimize packet loss within a limited area. Through rigorous NS-3 simulations, the study demonstrates that AODV, DSDV, and OLSR exhibit differing effectiveness across random, mesh grid, and Fruchterman-Reingold topologies. These results emphasize the importance of considering topology-specific factors when selecting and optimizing routing protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks. In summary, Wireless Mesh Networks offer decentralized connectivity, but the effectiveness of routing algorithms in different topologies remains understudied. This investigation addresses this gap by evaluating routing algorithms across various topologies, shedding light on their suitability and performance in Wireless Mesh Networks.

Advanced Recursive Best-First Search (RBFS) based Routing Protocol for Multi-hop and Multi-Channel Cognitive Wireless Mesh Networks

Cognitive Wireless Mesh Network (CWMN) is an opportunistic network in which radio channels can be assigned according to their availability to establish connections among nodes. After establishing a radio connection among nodes, it is necessary to find an optimal route from the source node to the destination node in the network. If there remain more channels among nodes, the minimum weighted channel should be taken into account to establish expected routes. The graph theoretic approach fails to model the multi-channel cognitive radio networks due to abrupt failure in finding new successful routes as it can’t figure multi-channel networks. In this paper, a multi-edged graph model is being proposed to overcome the problems of cognitive radio networks, such as flooding problems, channel accessing problems etc. A new channel accessing algorithm has been introduced, and optimal routes have been selected using a heuristic algorithm named RBFS. Simulation results are compared with DJKSTRA based routing protocols.

Fuzzy-based optimization of AODV routing for efficient route in wireless mesh networks

The performance of any communication system heavily relies on the efficient routing of interventions. This article addresses the significant issue of routing protocol selection for optimal path determination in networks. Particularly, when wireless communication occurs among mobile nodes with limited resources, such as batteries, the routing problem becomes even more challenging. This article proposes the Fuzzy Control Energy Efficient (FCEE) routing protocol to overcome these challenges. The FCEE protocol combines the Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol with fuzzy logic techniques to enhance network lifetime and performance. The proposed approach introduces a memory-based channel integrated with fuzzy logic methodologies, which effectively restricts the forwarding of unnecessary broadcast packets based on the energy availability of the operating node. Through extensive simulations, demonstrate the promising capabilities of FCEE as a routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. To further assess the effectiveness of the FCEE protocol, the proposed article compares it with two existing routing protocols: AODV and Intelligent Routing AODV (IRAODV). The simulation results shows that the FCEE routing protocol significantly enhances the reliability of the conventional AODV, providing improved link connectivity and longer route lifetimes. Additionally, our proposed protocol enhances the quality of service (QoS) for mesh routing, with an average throughput of 351.374 (Kbps) compared to 90 (Kbps) for IRAODV and 39 (Kbps) for AODV. Moreover, FCEE exhibits superior energy efficiency with an average energy consumption of 14, while IRAODV and AODV consume 40 and 90 joules, respectively. In conclusion, the FCEE routing protocol demonstrates its potential to address the challenges of efficient routing in wireless mesh networks. By leveraging fuzzy logic and integrating it with AODV, FCEE enhances network lifetime, performance, and energy efficiency, making it a promising solution for future wireless communication systems.

Efficiency analysis of routing protocols in wireless mesh networks

An important direction in the administration of the state is the creation of a single information environment that will provide reliable feedback, timely planning and coordination of the actions of various units and structures of the state for the effective performance of assigned tasks. These issues are very relevant for the armed forces and other power structures of the state. JADC2 (Joint All-Domain Command and Control) technology was adopted in 2022 as an important strategy in the US armed forces and the armies of NATO countries. It is envisaged that JADC2 will cover all branches of the armed forces in order to combine the communications of various devices in the overall structure of command and control. To achieve success, a constant connection between a large number of domains, including sensors and control objects – Internet of Things in the military sector with the use of artificial intelligence AI/ML (Artificial Intelligence/Machine learning) must be maintained. The communication between the elements of the JADC2 architecture at the respective levels should be provided by different telecommunication networks using different physical channels, such as KH and VHF radio links, satellite communication, fixed fiber optic lines, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to transfer large volumes of data through global networks in a timely manner without losing data integrity, so JADC2 networks must be ready for cyber attacks. To solve these problems, it is necessary to switch from existing conventional radio communication networks to high-speed broadband, including MANET mesh networks (Mobile Ad hoc Network). The main advantages of MANET networks are: deployment speed, low cost with high efficiency, the ability to transmit data over long distances without increasing the transmitter power, resistance to changes in the network infrastructure, the ability to quickly reconfigure in adverse interference conditions. Routing protocols in such networks are the most effective means of solving the problem of service quality. This work presents the results of evaluating the effectiveness of routing protocols in mesh networks in accordance with the requirements of the services provided.

Improved Multi-Channel Multi-Interface Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

In recent years, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) are emerging as a potential technology to enhance the ability and availability of wireless networks. WMN consists of wireless mesh routers and terminals connected by wireless multi-hop communication. Besides, in WMN, each wireless node owns many interfaces, and each interface operates on many channels. However, effectively using multiple orthogonal channels and multiple interfaces to increase the performance of WMN and decrease the radio link transmission interference is of significant challenge. In this paper, we consider routing issues in WMN. Then, we proposed an on-demand routing protocol, adaptive multi-channel multi-interface operation, improved from the AODV protocol. This protocol is capable of effectively managing communication in the WMN and limited effects of co-channel interference. The simulation results on NS2 show that our proposed protocol improves throughput, delay and packet delivery rate compared to existing traditional protocols.

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Performance evaluation of energy aware QoS-enabled routing protocol for wireless mesh networks

Improved method of OGM packet statistics and measurement calculation in BATMAN. Adv routing protocol

In the performance test of mesh network routing protocol, it is found that BATMAN. Adv routing protocol has better performance than the existing multi-hop routing protocol, but it also has the defects of poor routing convergence and slow response to network topology changes. Based on the detailed analysis of BATMAN. Adv routing protocol, this paper proposes an improved method. First, the statistical method of OGM package was redesigned, the cumulative sliding window method is used to improve the influence of the latest serial number of OGM, and the calculation method of TQ value is changed from average accumulation to weighted accumulation to further improve the influence of the latest TQ value. At the same time, an improved mechanism is proposed in order to solve the problem of link blocking caused by sudden node failure. Finally, through simulation experiments, the performance of the packet delivery rate and end-to-end delay of the three routing protocols in two different scenarios is compared. It shows that the improved protocol can effectively improve the packet delivery rate, reduce the average end-to-end delay, and improve the network performance.

Cluster Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are emerged as prominent solution to provide seamless connection to the internet. WMNs are typically used for providing broadband wireless internet access to a large number of users and networks. Guaranteeing the quality of service to end users with efficient resource utilization is a challenging issue in WMNs. To accomplish this, we propose a hybrid routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. It is a combination of intra cluster routing protocol (ICR) and inter cluster routing protocol for mesh networks (ICMR). Intra cluster routing protocol is intended to facilitate the communication between mesh clients within a same cluster and inter cluster routing protocol (ICMR) intended to facilitate the communication for mesh clients from different clusters. Intra cluster routing protocol is a proactive type of routing protocol and inter cluster routing protocol is a reactive type of routing protocol. The performance of the proposed protocol is analyzed and the results shown superior performance compared to baseline routing protocols in terms of throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio and jitter.

A hybrid encryption technique for Secure-GLOR: The adaptive secure routing protocol for dynamic wireless mesh networks

As we progress in into a digital era where most aspects of our life depend upon a network of computers, it is essential to focus on digital security. Each component of a network, be it a physical network, virtual network or social network requires security when transmitting data. Hence the dynamic wireless mesh network must also deploy high levels of security as found in current legacy networks. This paper presents a secure Geo-Location Oriented Routing (Secure-GLOR) protocol for wireless mesh networks, which incorporates a hybrid encryption scheme for its multilevel security framework. The hybrid encryption technique improves the network’s overall performance compared to the basic encryption by using a combination of symmetric key as well as asymmetric key encryption. Using the combination of the two encryption schemes, the performance of the network can be improved by reducing the transmitted data size, reduced computational overhead and faster encryption–decryption cycles. In this paper discussed multiple encryption schemes for both symmetric and asymmetric encryption, compare their performance in various experimental scenarios. Proposed security scheme achieves better performance based on the results obtained with most viable options for our network model.

Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol for coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks

Hybrid wireless mesh networks are suitable for complex environment communication in coal mine. Mesh clients with application service and routing function in hybrid wireless mesh networks can form a highly robust hybrid network with mesh routers. The processes of nutrient flux transfer and path choice in Physarum network are similar to data transmission and routing selection in hybrid wireless mesh networks. In this article, we use Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to design a Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol to improve the service quality of coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks. Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol has achieved distributed routing decision by drawing the hybrid wireless mesh network parameters into Poisson’s equation of Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to measure the quality of link and implements two adjustment strategies to make the protocol more adaptive. The resource-dependent adjustment, which considers the irreversible energy consumption and recoverable buffer occupation, makes the energy consumption problem prominent when there is a lack of energy. The position-dependent adjustment makes routing decision efficient according to the load of different positions, which is caused by many-to-one data transmission model in coal mine. Based on NS2, simulation experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol, and the results are compared with those of ad hoc on-demand distance vector, HOPNET, ANT-DSR, and Physarum-inspired routing protocols. The experimental results show that the route path selected by Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol is better than those selected by the other four protocols in the performance of average end-to-end delay and delivery ratio. The balance of energy consumption and network load is achieved and the network lifetime is effectively prolonged when using Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol.

Evaluation of Energy Consumption of Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Wireless Mesh Networks Using 802.11 Standards

This paper provides a deep evaluation of the energy consumption of routing protocols. The evaluation is done along with other metrics such as throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). We introduce two more metrics to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput and e-PDR. Both are ratios in relation to the energy. We consider the three low layers of the stack. Three types of routing protocols are used: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. At the MAC and PHY layer, three radio types are considered: 802.11a/b/g. Finally, the number of nodes is varying in random topologies, with nodes being static or mobile. Simulations are conducted using NS3. The parameters of a real network interface card are used. From the results in mobile position scenarios, no protocol is outperforming the others; even if OLSR has the lowest energy consumption, most of the time. However, in constant position scenarios, AODV consumed a lower energy, apart from the scenarios using the 802.11a standard where HWMP energy consumption is the lowest. Regarding the energy efficiency, AODV protocols provided the best e-throughput and OLSR the best e-PDR in overall configurations. A framework for selecting energy-efficient routing protocol depending on network characteristics is proposed at the end.

Routing protocols in wireless mesh networks: a survey

Routing protocols in wireless mesh networks: a survey

Routing protocols in wireless mesh networks: a survey

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are one of the emerging wireless networking technologies that can deliver self-configuring, scalable, flexible, and market-viable networks. Routing protocols play a crucial rule in the functionality of WMNs since their performance affect the network throughput, connectivity, and the quality of service (QoS) level, among others. Initially, WMNs adopted many routing protocols that were originally designed for other types of networks, e.g., mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, due to the specific characteristics and architecture of WMNs, many new routing protocols with various metrics were specifically developed for WMNs over the past few years. In this paper, we survey these routing protocols with emphasis on their routing metrics, operation, and design considerations. Extensive summaries and many comparisons among different categories of these protocols are discussed throughout this paper. We also highlight the main issues that affect the general design of both protocols and routing metrics in WMNs. The paper concludes with future directions in this vital field.

Contemplation of various routing protocols for wireless mesh networks

Contemplation of various routing protocols for wireless mesh networks

A cross-layer optimization framework for joint channel assignment and multicast routing in multi-channel multi-radio wireless mesh networks

ABSTRACTExisting literature on multicast routing protocols in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) from the view point of the links involved in routing are divided into two categories: schemes are aimed at multicast construction with minimal interference which is known as NP hard problem. In contrast, other methods develop network-coding-based solutions with the main objective of throughput maximization, which can effectively reduce the complexity of finding the optimal routing solution from exponential to polynomial time. The proposed framework in this paper is placed in the second category. In multi-channel multi-radio WMNs (MCMR WMNs), each node is equipped with multiple radios, each tuned on a different channel. In this paper, for the first time, we propose a cross-layer convex optimization framework for joint channel assignment and multicast throughput maximization in MCMR WMNs. The proposed method is composed of two phases: in the first phase, using cellular learning automata, channels are assigned to the links established between the radios of the nodes in a distributed fashion such that the minimal interference coefficient for each link is provided. Then, the resultant channel assignment scheme is utilized in the second phase for throughput maximization within an iterative optimization framework based on Lagrange relaxation and primal problem decomposition. We have conducted many experiments to contrast the performance of our solution against many representative approaches.

Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Mesh Networks

The introduction of heterogeneous wireless mesh technologies provides an opportunity for higher network capacity, wider coverage, and higher quality of service (QoS). Each wireless device utilizes different standards, data formats, protocols, and access technologies. However, the diversity and complexity of such technologies create challenges for traditional control and management systems. This paper proposes a heterogeneous metropolitan area network architecture that combines an IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh network (WMN) with a long-term evolution (LTE) network. In addition, a new heterogeneous routing protocol and a routing algorithm based on reinforcement learning called cognitive heterogeneous routing are proposed to select the appropriate transmission technology based on parameters from each network. The proposed heterogeneous network overcomes the problems of sending packets over long paths, island nodes, and interference in WMNs and increases the overall capacity of the combined network by utilizing unlicensed frequency bands instead of buying more license frequency bands for LTE. The work is validated through extensive simulations that indicate that the proposed heterogeneous WMN outperforms the LTE and Wi-Fi networks when used individually. The simulation results show that the proposed network achieves an increase of up to 200% in throughput compared with Wi-Fi-only networks or LTE-only networks.

Wireless Mesh Network Routing Protocol Based on Multi-Routing Metric

Wireless Mesh Network Routing Protocol Based on Multi-Routing Metric

Topology Update Based on Compressed Sensing in WMNs

Routing protocols in wireless mesh networks considering its special topology has been an open field for years. Routing methods which are used now could be classified to two groups. Some methods based on common wireless routing protocols with some changes in metrics and other methods based on opportunistic routing methods. In this paper we use the compressed sensing idea to suggest a new topology update protocol for backbone nodes in WMNs. Stable nodes with low probability of failure beside its capability of processing could support a compressed sensing problem for detection of failed links in predefined topology. In our proposed routing method, link states of backbone nodes should be randomly sampled. Then this sampled link states would be coded. All backbone nodes of WMN would be advertised about these codes by some a few nodes which broadcast these codes. So we would have a compressed sense of link states in all nodes. Our proposed verification based reconstruction method could be used in nodes to detection of failed links. Simulation results show that about 60% overhead decrease of routing protocol would be reached by this method with up to 95% probability of correct detection of failed links.

A Comparative Analysis of Channel Switching Latency for OLSR Routing Protocols in Conventional and SDN Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh Networks

A Comparative Analysis of Channel Switching Latency for OLSR Routing Protocols in Conventional and SDN Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh Networks